MAGAZINE SINCE Insecticide, Miticide, & Fungicide Guide Sponsored by

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1 MAGAZINE SINCE 1937 Insecticide, Miticide, & Fungicide Guide Sponsored by

2 editorial EDITOR Chris Beytes MANAGING EDITOR Jennifer Zurko RETAIL EDITOR Jennifer Polanz EDITOR-AT-LARGE Ellen C. Wells CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Jennifer D. White columnists Dr. Brian Corr, Albert Grimm, Heather Hydoski, Roger McGaughey, Amy Morris, Art Parkerson, Paul Pilon, Sylvia Schaap, Bill Swanekamp, Abe VanWingerden contributing writers Anne-Marie Hardie, Society of American Florists, SHS Griffin Technical Services PRODUCTION MANAGER Kathy Wootton CREATIVE DIRECTOR Chris Truesdale PHOTOGRAPHER Mark Widhalm COPY EDITOR Sue Olsen SALES PUBLISHER, SALES MANAGER Paul Black ACCOUNT MANAGER Kim Brown SALES ASSISTANT Adriana Heikkila CUSTOMER SERVICE Allison Westbrook CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING A Friend Remembered G. Victor Ball, Editor from GrowerTalks general offices are located at: PO BOX 1660, West Chicago, Illinois U.S.A. PH: FAX: TOLL-FREE: GrowerTalks (ISSN ) is published monthly by Ball Publishing, PO Box 1660, West Chicago, Illinois 60186, United States. Subscriptions are free to qualified readers in the US. Subscription price for non-qualified readers is $35 per year US and Canada. All other foreign subscriptions must pay $99/year to receive/continue to receive GrowerTalks and Green Profit. GrowerTalks is a registered trademark of Ball Horticultural Company in the U.S. Periodicals postage paid at West Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: send address changes to GrowerTalks Magazine, PO Box 1660, West Chicago, Illinois 60186, United States GrowerTalks Magazine. All rights reserved. Posted under Canada publications mail agreement # Canada returns to be sent to International Delivery Solutions, PO Box 456, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6V2, Canada. Printed in the U.S.A. GreenProfit Supplement Enclosed On the cover: A western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) being attacked by Nemasys beneficial nematodes. In collaboration with GrowerTalks, BASF takes pride in sponsoring the edition of the Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide. We consistently hear from growers that they value industry resources that put them on the forefront of the latest information and techniques for the most effective crop protection in greenhouse and nursery ornamental production. In 2019, BASF will be celebrating its 10th anniversary year in the introduction of its Intrinsic brand fungicides that provide growers with outstanding, broad-spectrum disease control and the foundation for an effective resistance management program. Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide, Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide and Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicides comprise the original EPA-registered fungicide brand to demonstrate specific plant health benefits. Over the past decade, growers have come to learn, understand and experience firsthand the results gained from greater stress tolerance and increased growth efficiency producing stronger, denser roots and leading to more consistent, highquality plants. The future is bright. BASF is investing in more innovative ornamental crop protection solutions to join the ranks of Sultan miticide, and Nemasys and Millenium beneficial nematodes. The Inscalis brand insecticide will be introduced in 2019 under the commercial trade name, Ventigra insecticide, providing a new subgroup class of chemistry for fast, effective control of piercing/sucking insects. Altogether, BASF is delivering a comprehensive resistance management program for growers to confidently use and are compatible with beneficial predator and pollinator releases in greenhouse production. We wish you all success and good health in the coming 2019 season. Joe Lara, Senior Product Manager BASF Professional & Specialty Solutions Disclaimer: These recommendations may not be appropriate for conditions in all states and may not comply with laws and regulations in every state. These recommendations were current as of September Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before purchasing or applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension Agent or pest control advisor. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by Ball Publishing.

3 Pesticide Rotation Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd, Kansas State University Pesticide rotation is the temporal alternation of pesticides, such as insecticides and/or miticides, that have different modes of action. One of the main ways of mitigating the potential for insect and mite pest populations to develop pesticide resistance and extending the effectiveness of currently available pesticides is to rotate pesticides with different modes of action. Mode of action, or mode of activity, refers to how a pesticide affects the metabolic or physiological processes in an insect or mite pest. Previous recommendations involved rotating pesticides based on chemical classes, however, some chemical classes have the same mode of action, such as organophosphates and carbamates. Examples of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides include acephate (Orthene), chlorpyrifos (DuraGuard) and methiocarb (Mesurol). Use an insecticide or miticide with the same mode of action within an insect or mite pest generation before switching to another insecticide or miticide with a different mode of action. Rotation recommendations General recommendations include rotating different modes of action every two to three weeks or within an insect or mite pest generation to decrease selection pressure, which is associated with the frequency of applying pesticides. The concept is to use one mode of action within a generation early in the crop production cycle and then switch to different modes of action in subsequent generations. However, the frequency of rotating pesticides with distinct modes of action depends on the time of year and temperatures in the greenhouse because development from egg to adult is contingent on temperature. In fact, higher temperatures can result in faster population growth, thus leading to simultaneous presence of overlapping generations at different life stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, pupae and adults). The occurrence of overlapping generations can lead to increased pesticide applications, consequently enhancing the frequency of resistance. Therefore, the ideal situation is to utilize a variety of pesticides with different modes of action. A potential problem associated with pesticide rotations is that insect or mite pest populations may evolve different ways to resist the same pesticide. In addition, if cross-resistance (which is affiliated with a single resistance mechanism that s responsible for resistance to pesticides in similar chemical classes and/or with the same mode of action) occurs in a pest population, then rotating insecticides with different modes of action won t be effective in mitigating resistance. The rotation of pesticides with distinct modes of action assumes that the frequency or proportion of individuals in a pest population resistant to one pesticide will be reduced when an alternative pesticide with a different mode of action is applied. Consequently, the frequency of resistant individuals declines in subsequent generations when the initial pesticide isn t applied, so when the first pesticide is re-applied, there s a high frequency of susceptible individuals present. As such, the initial pesticide will provide effective suppression of a pest population when re-introduced into the rotation program. The rotation of pesticides with different modes of action will reduce selection pressure, as opposed to using only one pesticide, resulting in exposure of individual pests to only one mode of action during their lifetime. Furthermore, rotating pesticides with different modes of action will help preserve existing pesticide products, as well as help effectively manage insect and/or mite pest populations. However, a factor that may influence pesticide rotations is the stability of resistance, where resistance to certain pesticides may be retained in future generations despite rotating different modes of action. Therefore, rotation programs need to include a number of pesticides with different modes of action. Another strategy is to rotate pesticides with specific modes of action with those having non-specific, multiple or broad modes of activity, such as insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, selective feeding blockers, beneficial fungi and bacteria, and micro-organisms. The use of pesticides with broad modes of activity may reduce the rate at which insect or mite pest populations develop resistance. However, be sure to rotate insect growth regulators with different modes of action since certain insect pests including aphids and whiteflies have developed resistance to a number of insect growth regulators. In conclusion, always use pesticides judiciously to avoid problems with pesticide resistance by rotating pesticides with different modes of action, and more importantly, implementing non-pesticidal strategies, including scouting, cultural control, sanitation, physical and biological control. Benefits of pesticide rotation: Mitigates the potential for pest populations to develop resistance Extends the effectiveness of existing pesticide products Reduces selection pressure Insect or mite pest populations may evolve in different ways to resist the same pesticide. Key Takeaway: Rotation programs need to include a number of pesticides with different modes of action. 4 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide

4 Superior, Broad-Spectrum Disease Control to Help Plants Grow Strong and Vital Dr. Kathie E. Kalmowitz, BASF Technical Specialist Intrinsic brand fungicides such as Pageant Intrinsic, Empress Intrinsic and Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicides based on the active ingredient pyraclostrobin are known for their solid disease control in ornamentals. These fungicides deliver both disease control and plant health through the inhibition of respiration in both fungal diseases and in plants. In fungi, the reason why all three products are effective in controlling the target disease is because they effectively block the production of energy fueling fungal growth, stopping infection. In plants, this inhibition of mitochondrial respiration causes a cascade of positive events that can result in improved tolerance to stresses and increased efficiency in growth. Enhanced rooting of cuttings: Pageant Intrinsic at 6 oz./100 gal. applied to stock plant 7 days and at 1 day before cutting/sticking. Photo taken at 13 days after sticking. (BASF Trials RTP, NC) Over 10 years ago, BASF laboratory studies both in Germany and in the United States confirmed the differences in pyraclostrobin s plant responses versus other recognized strobilurins. When Intrinsic brand fungicide is applied, CO 2 normally lost through night respiration is conserved, making carbon available for plant growth. BASF has continued to demonstrate disease control, stress reduction and increased growth efficiency that lead to plant health benefits observed when Intrinsic brand fungicides are used in ornamental production. For ornamental growers to produce top-quality plants, the plants must make the best use of carbon and nitrogen assimilation processes and limit energy wasted on stresses caused by disease. Environmental conditions during production and processes, such as cutting, sticking and transplanting, can cause stress to the plants. Through research with growers, improvements in overall production have been shown when Intrinsic brand fungicides are used in a management program. BASF completed a series of studies to demonstrate the use of Pageant Intrinsic and Empress Intrinsic brand fungicides use in cutting and plug propagation on callus and root development. These trials showed plants, such as dianthus, geranium and New Guinea impatiens, were quicker to root and developed better branching at the crown, resulting in better branched top growth and rooting within the first 24 days. Empress Intrinsic Provided Increased Rooting Speed of Dianthus Plugs Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide-treated plants have superior root systems compared to Heritage or the UTC at 18 DAT. Superior rooting allows for quicker finishing because once the plants are fully rooted, they can efficiently put resources into growth and flower production. UTC Empress Intrinsic Heritage These results were followed with trials that showed the beneficial responses of herbaceous plants to cold temperature extremes, drought and high temperatures. Plant response across species varied due to plant species diversity. Species respond differently to stress Plants bred for colder weather, such as pansy, don t tolerate heat and drought, where geraniums, petunias and warmer weather plants, don t tolerate extremes with cold temperatures. The common link in the trials is Intrinsic fungicide applications can lead to more marketable plants due to increased ability to withstand unexpected stresses that occur in production. The stimulation of ethylene in plants where leaves yellow, buds abort and plant growth ceases occurs with environmental shifts outside of optimum growing conditions. BASF laboratory studies reported Intrinsic brand fungicides help to regulate the enzyme in ethylene production, resulting in less yellowing of leaves and bud drop. When compared to untreated plants, Intrinsic-treated plants continue growing through stress events. Research was documented from replicated trials repeated over years and is referenced in the 2012 BASF Intrinsic Brand Fungicides Plant Health Research Report. u Percent (%) Increases Compared to Untreated Percent (%) Increases Compared to Untreated 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Pageant Intrinsic Increases Fresh Weight Following Drought Stress 25% Averaged Over Application Dates Before Drought Stress as Compared to Untreated 46% 33% 6% Petunia Geranium Impatiens Pansy Summary of 12 trials conducted at BASF Research Triangle Park, Turf and Ornamental Plant Health Program, Pageant Intrinsic sprayed at 12 oz. / 100 gal. 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Pageant Intrinsic Increases Fresh Weight Following Cold Stress 13% Averaged Over Application Dates Prior to Cold Stress as Compared to Untreated 30% 33% Petunia Geranium Impatiens Summary of 9 trials conducted at BASF Research Triangle Park, Turf and Ornamental Plant Health Program, Pageant Intrinsic sprayed at 12 oz / 100 gal 6 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 7

5 Superior, Broad-Spectrum Disease Control to Help Plants Grow Strong and Vital continued Intrinsic fungicides have shown positive response across species, as well as specific, enhanced rooting in trials compared to no fungicide or a competitive treatment chosen by a grower. Work with Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide has focused on establishment of unrooted cuttings and use during production for disease and stress prevention, predominately in herbaceous crops. Evaluation of Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide plant response in plug production and transplanting shows grower benefits of quicker rootball formation and a vigorous plant canopy. Poinsettia growers, for example, have remarked that a drench with Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide at transplanting or during the finishing weeks results in a robust root system protected from root rot pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Phytophthora. Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide provides the foundation for a healthy higher quality plant. Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide, the newest of the BASF Intrinsic brand fungicides, shows the greatest utility in woody and outdoor production areas in nurseries and landscapes. Although registered for all use sites where ornamentals are grown, the product formulation and actives (an SC formulation with pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad) have gained recognition in outdoor production for stopping fungal infection quickly and providing excellent longevity and rainfastness the residual control needed when plants are exposed to daily overhead irrigation and or rainfall events. Outdoor production can bring on greater temperature extremes, triggering potential disease outbreaks. Orkestra Intrinsic brand When Intrinsic brand fungicide is applied, CO2 normally lost in night respiration is conserved, making carbons available for plant growth. I ve never seen lateral branching on woody roots before Kevin Jones, Weatherford Farms fungicide has shown excellent activity on Cercospora, Alternaria and other leaf spots, powdery mildews, rusts, anthracnos, and many of the crown and root blights. Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide is the first BASF fungicide that delivers protection from Thielaviopsis, a crown and root rot of annuals, foliage and woody ornamentals. This problem has limited control options presently where Orkestra Intrinsic fungicide can be used in a planned rotation, such as Terraguard, Orkestra Intrinsic and Cleary s 3336 or OHP In bulb crop production in the Pacific Northwest, Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide delivers Botytris control across species and excellent below-ground protection, resulting in more bulbs of the highest grade per acre. Washington State University annual bulb trial results show Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide delivering overall outstanding plant quality ratings in repeat years of testing. Establishing good rotation programs in any production setting herbaceous, foliage or woody allows you to maintain protection from propagation to shipping. Providing a foundation of disease control, overall high-quality plants are produced when Intrinsic based fungicides are used. Access the BASF Foundational Fungicide Programs at betterplants.basf.com for recommended rotations and to help you make Intrinsic brand fungicides a foundation in your program. 8 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide

6 How to Maximize the Effectiveness of Pesticide Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd, Kansas State University Pesticides, such as insecticides and miticides, are commonly applied by greenhouse growers to suppress insect and mite pest populations. In general, horticultural crops grown in greenhouses typically require inputs from pesticides to maintain the aesthetic quality of plants for salability. However, it s important to use pesticides properly to maximize effectiveness. There are three key factors associated with maximizing pesticide effectiveness: timing, coverage and frequency. Timing Timing refers to applying pesticides (in this case, insecticides and miticides) when the most susceptible life stage of a given insect or mite pest is present. For insect and mite pests, the most susceptible life stages, in general, are the larva/nymph and adult. The egg and pupa tend to be more resilient, and thus less susceptible to pesticide applications. Therefore, growers need to understand the biology of a given insect and/or mite pest to increase the effectiveness of a pesticide application. When applying systemic insecticides to the growing medium (as drench applications), always conduct applications prior to noticing phloem-feeding insects, such as aphids and whiteflies. The reason for this is the active ingredient of the systemic insecticide can take time to move or translocate throughout plants following application, although this depends on water solubility (the higher the water solubility, the faster the active ingredient will translocate through the plant vascular system). Examples of systemic insecticides that may be used on greenhouse-grown horticultural crops include: imidacloprid (Marathon) dinotefuran (Safari) thiamethoxam (Flagship) cyantraniloprole (Mainspring) spirotetramat (Kontos) Take note that temperature influences the life cycle and, consequently, the presence of susceptible life stages. The higher the temperature, the faster insects and mites complete development. Therefore, the effect of temperature on insect and mite development needs to be taken into consideration when timing applications of pesticides. Coverage Coverage is especially important when using contact pesticides. Always thoroughly cover all plant parts, including the leaves, stems, flowers and fruit. The use of an adjuvant may be required to enhance coverage by increasing the spreadability of the spray solution, thus enhancing coverage especially on waxy leaves. An adjuvant is a material added to a pesticide mixture or solution to improve or alter deposition, toxicity, mixing ability, persistence and/ or other attributes that will enhance effectiveness. One type of adjuvant is a surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of spray droplets, thus allowing for better coverage on waxy or hairy leaf surfaces of certain plants or the outer covering (cuticle) of insects and mites. How important is coverage with regard to translaminar pesticides? Translaminar pesticides are those in which the material (spray solution) penetrates leaf tissues and forms a reservoir of active ingredient within the leaf, providing residual activity against a number of plant-feeding pests, such as the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Regardless, always thoroughly cover all plant parts, especially the upper and lower sides of leaves, as many insecticides and miticides with translaminar properties have contact activity as well. Examples of insecticides/miticides that have translaminar activity include: abamectin (Avid) chlorfenapyr (Pylon) etoxazole (TetraSan) pyriproxyfen (Distance/Fulcrum) spinosad (Conserve) spiromesifen (Judo) To minimize harm to honey bees and bumblebees, apply pesticides in the early morning or late evening when honey bees and bumblebees are less active. Frequency Frequency depends on the residual activity (persistence) of a given pesticide. Always read the product label to obtain information on the frequency of application. In general, recommendations favor making pesticide applications once every seven days. However, frequency of application will depend on the residual activity of the pesticide (shortterm vs. long-term). Nonetheless, too many applications may also result in plant injury or phytotoxicity to certain greenhouse-grown crops. For example, plant injury may occur if you apply insecticidal soaps (potassium salts of fatty acids) or horticultural oils (mineral, petroleum or neem-based) too frequently (three times per week). Furthermore, applying the same pesticide continuously may promote resistance developing in insect and/or mite pest populations, which is why you always rotate pesticides with different modes of action after completion of a generation. In addition, the time of year or season (spring vs. summer) may affect the frequency of application due to the influence of temperature on the life cycle (egg to adult) of an insect and/or mite pest. As temperature increases, the time required for the life cycle to be completed is reduced, which usually results in the need for more frequent applications. When applying systemic insecticides to the growing medium, always conduct applications prior to noticing phloem-feeding insects, such as whiteflies. Be sure to take note that temperature influences the life cycle of insects and mites the higher the temperature, the faster insects and mites complete development. Applying the same pesticide continuously may promote resistance developing in insect and/or mite pest populations, which is why you always rotate pesticides with different modes of action after completion of a generation. In conclusion, timing, coverage and frequency are important factors to consider to insure success when using pesticides to suppress insect and/or mite populations on greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. However, proper pesticide stewardship is critical in avoiding problems such as plant injury and resistance. Finally and most importantly read the label of all pesticides prior to use and follow label directions explicitly. 3 factors to maximize pesticide effectiveness: Timing Coverage Frequency Proper pesticide stewardship is critical to avoid problems, such as plant injury and resistance 10 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 11

7 2019 Pest Control Materials for Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Greenhouse-grown Horticultural Crops Raymond A. Cloyd Department of Entomology Kansas State University Insect or Mite Pest Common Name Greenhouse pest management/plant protection involves using a multitude of strategies in order to minimize the prospect of dealing with insect and mite pest populations. The use of pest control materials (insecticides and miticides) is one component of a pest management/plant protection program, which also includes pest identification and monitoring along with cultural, physical, and biological control. Proper stewardship of pest control materials involves resistance management by rotating products with different modes of action. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) has developed a grouping, based on mode of action, to facilitate the implementation of appropriate rotation programs. Pest control materials have been assigned a designated number (sometimes number and letter combinations) associated with their mode of action. For more information, consult the IRAC website ( The information presented in this chart is not a substitute for the label. Always read and understand all information presented on the label before using any pest control material. Also, be sure to check county and state regulations to determine if there are any local restrictions associated with the use of specific pest control materials listed in this chart. Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) APHIDS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA 1 chloride channel activator (6) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ Precise 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) *Afidopyropen Ventigra 12 hours Disrupts the gating of TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid) channel complexes (9D). 4/12/4/ Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Flupyradifurone Altus Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 NoFly Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Methiocarb Mesurol 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B) Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Pyrifluquinazon Rycar 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B) Insect or Mite Pest APHIDS continued Common Name Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hours Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) BROAD MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Spiromesifen Savate 12 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) CATERPILLARS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 4/12/4/ Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Dipel Midgut membrane disruptor (11) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unknown mode of action Methoxyfenozide Intrepid Ecdysone agonist: mimics action of molting hormone (18) Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hours and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C) Spinosad Conserve and GABA chloride channel activator (5) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) CYCLAMEN MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) q Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) * Ventigra insecticide is registered by US EPA. It currently has not received registration in all states. Consult CDMS and your local state regulations. 12 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 13 (Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.)

8 Insect or Mite Pest CYCLAMEN MITE continued FUNGUS GNAT LARVAE FUNGUS GNAT ADULTS Common Name Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Spiromesifen Savate 12 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 4/12/4/ Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Gnatrol Midgut membrane disruptor (11) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (17) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Pyriproxyfen Distance/Fulcrum 12 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7C) Steinernema feltiae Nemasys, NemaShield, Scanmask, and Entonem Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) LEAFHOPPERS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 4/12/4/ Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (16) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Flupyradifurone Altus 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 14 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 15 (Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.) Insect or Mite Pest LEAFHOPPERS continued Common Name Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 Trade Name(s) NoFly Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) LEAFMINERS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ Precise 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 4/12/4/ Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) MEALYBUGS q Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (17) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Spinosad Conserve and GABA chloride channel activator (5) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ Precise 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) * Afidopyropen Ventigra 12 hours Disrupts the gating of TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid) channel complexes (9D) 4/12/4/ Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (16) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor

9 Insect or Mite Pest MEALYBUGS continued Common Name Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Flupyradifurone Altus Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 NoFly Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Pyrifluquinazon Rycar 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B) Spineotram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hours and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) PLANT BUGS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) SCALES (HARD AND SOFT) a Flupyradifurone Altus Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 NoFly Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ Precise 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) * Afidopyropen Ventigra 12 hours Disrupts the gating of TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid) channel complexes (9D) 4/12/4/ Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (16) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) q Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Insect or Mite Pest SCALES (HARD AND SOFT) a continued SHORE FLY LARVAE Common Name (Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.) Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Pyriproxyfen Distance/Fulcrum 12 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7C) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) 4/12/4/ Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (17) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Pyriproxyfen Distance/Fulcrum 12 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7C) Spinosad Conserve and GABA chloride channel activator (5) SLUG AND SNAIL Iron phosphate Sluggo 0 hours Inhibits calcium metabolism Metaldehyde Deadline Refer to Label Central nervous system toxin SPIDER MITE (TWOSPOTTED) Methiocarb Mesurol 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1A) Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Acequinocyl Shuttle 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (20B) Bifenazate Floramite Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (20D) Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor Clofentezine Applause 12 hours Growth and embryogenesis inhibitor (10A) Cyflumetofen Sultan 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (25) Etoxazole TetraSan/Beethoven 12/2 Chitin synthesis inhibitor (10B) Fenazaquin Magus 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Hexythiazox Hexygon 12 hours Growth and embryogenesis inhibitor (10A) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 Met52 Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Spiromesifen Savate 12 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 17

10 Insect or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) THRIPS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Precise Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) 4/12/4/ Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 NoFly Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 Met52 Methiocarb Mesurol 2 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unknown mode of action Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hours and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C) Spinosad Conserve and GABA chloride channel activator (5) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) WHITEFLIES Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6) Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/ Precise 24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) *Afidopyropen Ventigra 12 hours Disrupts the gating of TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid) channel complexes (9D) 4/12/4/ Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard q Insect or Mite Pest WHITEFLIES continued Common Name Trade Name(s) Restricted Entry Interval (REI) Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6) Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (16) Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil Triact Suffocation or membrane disruptor Cyantraniliprole Mainspring Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Cyfluthrin + Imidaclorpid Discus 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Fenazaquin Magus 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Fenpropathrin Tame 2 Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29) Flupyradifurone Altus Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Ancora Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901 NoFly Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 Met52 Kinoprene Enstar Juvenile hormone mimic (7A) Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X Suffocation or membrane disruptor Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15) Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B) Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) Pyrifluquinazon Rycar 12 hours Selective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B) Pyriproxyfen Distance/Fulcrum 12 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7C) Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hours and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C) Spiromesifen Savate 12 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 2 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23) Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A) * Ventigra insecticide is registered by US EPA. It currently has not received registration in all states.consult CDMS and your local state regulations. a Refer to label for specific scale species. 1 GABA=Gamma-aminobutyric acid. 2 Additional azadirachtin products include the following: AzaGuard, Aza-Direct, and AzaSol. For more information contact Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd, Professor and Extension Specialist in Horticultural Entomology/Plant Protection at Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS Phone: (785) ; rcloyd@ksu.edu Updated: November, GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide (Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.) GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 19

11 Whiteflies Through the Seasons Dr. Juang Horng JC Chong, Clemson University It seems like no matter what or where you grow, whiteflies will be there to enjoy the feast you ve prepared for them. It shouldn t be a surprise how prevalent whiteflies are when you consider the fact that the most common species, the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), can feed on more than 500 plant species. Management of whiteflies is a process that takes place during every stage of the crop cycle. Management goals and approaches are different from one stage of production to the next. Before you stick the cuttings Whiteflies don t show up from nowhere because of their wide host range, whiteflies can establish populations on weeds and stock plants. Sanitation, including weed management and removal of unsold or pet plants in and around propagation and finishing units, is important in reducing the sources of whiteflies. Adults can also fly into the greenhouses from surrounding fields through unscreened doors and vents. Keep doors closed at all times. A blower installed at the door to blow away whiteflies (and other pests) hitchhiking on worker s clothing also helps. An insect exclusion screen (typically micron) could be installed over the in-take vents. Airflow capacity should be increased to reduce humidity and diseases. During propagation Whiteflies can also be introduced on infested cuttings or plugs. The management goal during the propagation stage is to ensure the cuttings and plugs are as pest-free as possible. Pest-free cuttings can reduce the need for pest management later in the production stage. If you propagate your own cuttings, maintaining whitefly-free stock plants through planned insecticide treatments will go a long way in producing clean cuttings. These treatments may include drenches of neonicotinoids, flupyradifurone and cyantraniliprole, or foliar applications of neonicotinoids, flupyradifurone, entomopathogenic fungi (such as Beauveria bassiana) and feeding blockers (such as pyrifluquinazon). If you buy cuttings, they should be inspected carefully for whiteflies before sticking. Despite propagators best efforts, whiteflies can still come in on propagated materials because they re small (mostly as eggs or nymphs) and hard to detect. Dipping cuttings is one method to ensure that incoming cuttings (whether purchased or propagated in-house) are relatively pest-free. This method is particularly useful in areas where whiteflies are introduced primarily through cuttings. A three-year study conducted by Dr. Rose Buitenhuis and colleagues demonstrated that dipping of poinsettia cuttings in a mixture of 0.5% insecticidal soap and Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP at 1 lb. per 100 gal.) or 0.1% SuffOil-X killed 69% to 70% of whiteflies. Cuttings will need to be protected through insecticide applications in areas where there s a persistent influx of whiteflies. At this stage, a drench of systemic insecticides isn t a good management option because the cuttings haven t developed a functional root system. Insect growth regulators (buprofezin, s-kinoprene and pyriproxyfen) and Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators (formerly referred to as feeding blockers) (afidopyropen*, pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazon) are good options against nymphs. If adults are present, they can be knocked down with abamectin, acephate or one of the pyrethroids. There are three considerations in selecting products to protect cuttings: If biological control will be practiced during the finishing phase, you should select insecticides that have minimal impacts on the biocontrol agents or short residual longevity. Secondly, use foliar spray only when the cuttings have developed some roots and firmly anchored in the media. For unanchored cuttings, foggers and aerosols may be the only options. Photo: Dr. Juang Horng JC Chong, Clemson University Lastly, insecticide rotation starts at propagation, meaning that products used during the propagation phase shouldn t be used during finishing. So plan your insecticide program from propagation through finishing. During growth A biological control program should begin as soon as cuttings and plugs are transplanted, so plan ahead. Regular releases of Eretmocerus spp. and Amblyseius swirskii are effective against whiteflies in some operations, particularly in poinsettia production. Dr. Buitenhuis and her colleagues reported that dipped cuttings that also received parasitic wasps had fewer whiteflies than plants that were dipped or had received parasitic wasps alone. Dipped cuttings had fewer whiteflies to begin with, which gave the parasitic wasps a leg up. Use other biocontrol agents or biorational products, as well as compatible insecticides, if a biological control program is being implemented for whiteflies or other pests. A large number of products can be used against whiteflies during the finishing stage. Foliar applications of insect growth regulators (buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and s-kinoprene), Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators (afidopyropen*, pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazon), spiromesifen, pyridaben, entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea), horticultural oil and insecticidal soap can be made when needed. Rotating among insecticides of different modes of action and selecting insecticides based on whitefly biotype (B vs. Q) are crucial at this stage. Include a spreader-sticker or use a high-volume spray when adequate spray coverage is difficult to achieve. When root systems are established or on plants with a thick canopy, drench applications of systemic insecticides (cyantraniliprole, flupyradifurone, neonicotinoids and spirotetramat) can be effective in providing protection to the plants. Whether you re practicing biological control, chemical control or a combination of both during the finishing stage, it s crucial to monitor whitefly populations with sticky cards and frequent visual inspections. Even with the best program, populations may be missed and hot spots can develop. These hot spots have to be found and dealt with quickly. Selecting a bract-safe product is particularly important for poinsettia production. Some products (such as spiromesifen), although generally bract-safe, can cause low level injury on certain poinsettia cultivars. Do a test spray on a small number of plants before making a broadcast application. Just before shipping There s currently no option for whitefly control inside a shipping container, therefore, whiteflies detected on plants ready for shipping should be controlled while still inside the greenhouse. At this time, reducing the number of annoying adult whiteflies is the primary management goal. Foliar application of abamectin, acephate and acetamiprid typically work well against adults. Plan your application around the re-entry interval (REI) of each product; loading for shipment cannot be done within the REI. *Afidopyropen, the new active ingredient in Ventigra insecticide, is U.S. EPA registered, but not yet registered in all states. For status in your state, consult CDMS and state regulators. Photo: Rose Buitenhuis. Right: The most common species of whitefly, the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), can feed on more than 500 plant species. Facing page: Dipping poinsettia cuttings in 0.5% insecticidal soap and Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard 22WP at 1 lb. per 100 gal.) or 0.1% SuffOil-X can significantly reduce whitefly populations. 20 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 21

12 Fall Disease Prevention Dr. Kathie E. Kalmowitz, BASF Technical Specialist Photos courtesy of D. Norman, University of Florida. Preventing disease when growing ornamentals is a year-round task. Regardless of the operation herbaceous annuals and perennials, holiday plants, foliage and woody ornamentals susceptibility to infection is possible. As weather changes going into the fall, the growing environments in your operations do also. Host crops associated with occurrence of Phytophthoras and/or downy mildews can be vulnerable due to fall growing conditions. This article spotlights these two groups of diseases for three key reasons: 1) There are numerous crops in fall production that fall prey to one of these diseases; 2) Phytophthoras and downy mildews can cause symptoms that can be similar to leaf blights, and root and crown rots that look and act similar to other true fungi (though downy mildew and Phytophthoras are different; they re in the groups of water mold fungi ); and 3) chemicals used to control these diseases can be different from powdery mildews, or blights and rots. We need to recognize the ways of preventing disease development and the different chemical choices we have when problems occur/arise. In this article, we ll look at Phytophthora species and the host plants in which they may cause disease. Start clean and stay clean is always the best prevention in any operation. Cultural practices with emphasis on sanitation has been an effective measure to avoid infecting plants. As cuttings are brought in for propagation, whether from outside sources or taken from plants within your operation, a clean source for plants is essential. Know your source downy mildew of rose has been known to arrive on dormant bareroot roses that are asymtomatic. The best prevention is starting with cuttings taken from disease-free stock plants. Do you know if your cutting source is disease-free? There are numerous examples that illustrate why you should know your plant source and start clean. In the propagation house, avoid introducing cuttings to root rots. Use clean, well-drained potting medium held in clean containers or benches away from the ground where splashing from the surfaces could introduce Phytophthora spores. A good sanitation practice is to always clean your propagation areas, benches, floors and tools prior to each crop with a good disinfectant, such as Greenshield II (a quaternary ammonium). Always remove all plant stems and leaves from the propagation bench left from the prior crop to avoid potential of passing on a problem. Control water within your propagation bench both on the cuttings and address possible drainage problems of the potting media. We pay careful attention to water management in preventing Phytophthoras because sporangia, zoospores or chlamydospores are dispersed by rain, irrigation or in surface runoff water. Diseases caused by Phytophthoras species are numerous and can vary by host plant. Specifically, Phytophthora cinnamomi is the causal agent of root rot in hundreds of woody ornamental species and is associated with wet feet, it s a key condition in production that contributes to disease development. Camellia, azalea, Aucuba, Andromeda, dogwood, Forysthia, fir, yews, pines and many others are all very susceptible. In greenhouses and landscapes, several other Phytophthora species can contribute to significant root rot problems, such as, P. drechsleri, P. nicotianae, P. cryptogea and P. cactorum. Expression of symptoms varies from slight stunting and a slow progression of yellowing to severe root rot and plant decline. u A pothos infected with P. nicotianae. A Begonia infected with P. drechsleri. English Ivy infected with P. tropicalis. A tray of Spathiphyllum infected with P. nicotianae. An African Violet infected with P. nicotianae. 22 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 23 (Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.)

13 Fall Disease Prevention continued The most effective control is a preventive or early curative application prior to symptom development. Consider including two to three modes of action when repeat applications are planned. (Consult betterplants. basf.com for the BASF Foundational Fungicide Programs for recommended rotations, and the BASF Resistance Management Guide for a Fungicides Guide and the FRAC Chemical Group Number). Nurseries should consider additional protection in the fall as the nights get cooler and the growing daylengths get shorter. If you re in outdoor production, the perfect environment for wet feet and root rot development exists in many crops due to the amount of rainfall that s occurred in many locations. A good rotation program for Phytophthora crown & root rot protection Some of the same Phytophthora species in woody production can also infect annuals, perennials and foliage species. Susceptible host species and popular production units, are pansy, gerbera, gerbera daisy, petunia and calibroachoa, snapdragons, begonia, dianthus, lavender, rosemary, heuchera and osteopermum. Symptoms may differ by host species, but, in general, on herbaceous crops, you may see foliage turn brown, stems develop lesions and roots blacken before total plant collapse occurs. Besides from P. nicotianae root rot found associated with root rot in many plants, P. palmivora and P. tropicalis have also been identified as problems for growers of foliage and tropicals, causing foliar and stem rots that ultimately can reduce the crop to culls. In a crop, such as poinsettia, prevention of P. drechsleri, a crown and root rot, is important. However, this is an example of a crop where root diseases caused by Rhizoctonia, Pythium, foliar powdery mildew and Botrytis may be of even greater occurrence through the growing season. When evaluating your fungicide options in this situation, use of both a Phytophthora-specific product, such as Orvego fungicide combined in rotation with a broader spectrum fungicide, would be the better choice for a rotation program. Figure 1 Example of a Poinsettia Protection Rotation Program Orvego 14 fl. oz. (Groups ) Empress Intrinsic 3-4 fl. oz. (Group 11) Aliette (Group 33) Palladium (Groups ) Pageant Intrinsic 12 oz. (Groups ) Figure 1 is an outline of a program that begins with protecting the crop from root diseases (Orvego fungicide, Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide, Aliette) to broader control of root and foliar pathogens later in the production cycle (Palladium and Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide) for powdery mildew and Botrytis protection. So why discuss all these different species of Phytophthora? For you, the grower, why is it important to recognize that potentially more than one species can be causing the infection in your crop? The reason is that research shows that not all fungicides appear to be active on all species. Labels may state control of Phytophthora species, but not list the specific species. If Phytophthora is suspect in your production, consider getting it diagnosed by sending it to your state plant disease and insect clinic. Ask to have your sample be identified by pathogen species. If you haven t been satisfied with your spray program, look at the products you ve chosen for your specifically identified disease. Your fungicide selection should reflect products to address your needs, and when Phytophthora is concerned, know which one you have. Phytophthoras can be a significant operational problem. We may not be able to change the plants we produce, but we can identify cultivar susceptibility and improve cultural practices and fungicide selection to improve our overall success. A bench of Liriope infected with P. palmivora. A tray of Dianthus infected with P. nicotianae. 24 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide

14 Important Disease Control Facts Disease Symptoms Conditions that Promote Disease Common Hosts Anthracnose (Colletotrichum) Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas) Bacterial Soft Rot (Pectobacterium =Erwinia) Botrytis Blight (gray mold) Downy Mildew Fungal Leafspots (Alternaria, Cercospora, Helminthosporium, Corynespora, Septoria, Phyllosticta) Foliar Nematodes Fusarium Stem Rot or Wilt Myrothecium Crown Rot, Leaf Spot and Petiole Rot Anthracnose can cause discrete leaf spots, blight of stems and leaves. The fungus forms masses of pinkish-orange spores in the affected area. The spots are often round and the fruiting bodies form in concentric rings in the dead tissue. They are black and resemble pin cushions when viewed with a hand lens. Small, angular, water-soaked lesions sometimes surrounded by a purple or yellow halo on leaves. Spots start yellow or light green, to dark brown or black. When conditions are unfavorable they may appear tan. Watery decay of any plant tissue; rotten fish odor; rapid collapse of plant (meltdown). Symptoms vary with host and tissue invaded; leaf spots; bud rot; flower blight; cutting rot; stem canker, stem and crown rot; proliferation of fluffy, brown/gray fungal mycelium containing spores; damping-off. White/purple/gray fuzz (spores) on undersides of leaves. Yellowish or pale green mottling on upper leaf surface. On garden impatiens, foliage appears to have yellow stippling similar to spider mite injury. Downward curling of leaves. Emerging leaves may be small or discolored. Can become systemic in plants, resulting in stunting or distorted new growth. Round to irregular leaf spots; often with a border (red/purple/brown). Center of lesions becomes tan with age; size of lesion increases over time. Fruiting bodies may be present within lesion. Pattern of damage is stripes or patchwork and easily confused with bacterial leaf spots. Leaves turn yellow and eventually brown and die. Lower leaves yellow and dry; can be followed by rapid wilting of the one side of the plant is common. Vascular system has reddish-brown streaks. Yellowing and stunting of older plants. Crown rot may occur with reddish coloration at the rotted area. Petioles rot at the soil line, leaf collapses. Circular leaf spots initially appear watersoaked, and eventually turn brown or light tan in color. Dark green-to-black masses of spores surrounded by a white fringe appear on upper surfaces within the dead tissue. They are often formed in a ring spot pattern. Previously presented in GrowerTalks for BASF, written by Dr. Ann Chase, Chase Agricultural Consulting. Warm, moist conditions with high humidity favor disease development. Avoid wounding and over-fertilization. High humidity, wet leaf surfaces. Splashing water moves bacteria and allows infection of new leaves. Reducing nitrogen may reduce many bacterial diseases. Bacterium is ubiquitous in environment. Too much water or nitrogen promotes disease. High humidity more than 85%; poor air circulation; 70 to 77F optimum temp for spore germination; spores must have free moisture to germinate; old flowers and decaying vegetation source of spores; rapidly colonizes wounded tissue. Favored by high humidity, long durations of leaf wetness and cool weather (60 to 74F daytime). Can survive in plant debris in soil. Spores are spread by splashing water and air currents. Increasingly detected during warm months and in warmer regions. Prolonged leaf wetness, high humidity and warm temperatures favor most fungal leafspot diseases. Spread by vegetative propagation, splashing water, plant-to-plant contact, worker movement and tools. Fungus may be present on seed coats or in stems of symptomless cuttings. Drought or flowering stress can result in rapid and severe symptoms. Can be spread by fungus gnats. Spores and fungal fragments move via irrigation water. Warm, moist, humid conditions favor infection and disease development. Wounds are quickly colonized by this soilborne fungus. It is often spread on symptomless infected cuttings. Cyclamen, many woody plants, mandevilla, sansevieria, palms, hosta, aglaonema, pansy, spathiphyllum, hydrangea, cordyline, ficus, anthurium Zinnia, snapdragon, basil, ivy, begonia, poinsettia, impatiens, rosemary, lavender, hydrangea, diffenbachia, aglaonema, anthurium Poinsettia, orchids, many foliage plants relatively rare on bedding or woody plants Nearly all plants especially in propagation or when flowering Bracteantha, coleus, garden impatiens, snapdragon, veronica, pansy, agastache, rudbeckia, digitalis, hebe, galium, lamium, basil, rose, salvia Nearly all plants get one or more fungal leaf spot diseases. Ferns, hosta, heuchera and many other herbaceous perennials Chrysanthemum, cyclamen, gerbera, lisianthus, pansy, annual vinca, cacti and succulents New Guinea impatiens, pansy, syngonium, dieffenbachia, aglaonema, ferns, gardenia Disease Symptoms Conditions that Promote Disease Common Hosts Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot Powdery Mildew Pythium Root Rot Rhizoctonia Crown Rot and Aerial Blight Rust Sclerotinia Blight (White Mold) Thielaviopsis Root Rot (Black Root Rot) Tospoviruses (INSV and TSWV) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMW) Mainly attacks crown and stems; roots are brown and disintegrate. Plant dies suddenly. Fluffy white patches on upper leaf surface, turning gray with age. Can also infect stems and flower petals when severe. Damping off; lower leaves yellow and wilt; stunting; root rot with outer cortex easily removed; irregular growth. Damping off; infection starts at soil-line and can cause constriction (wire stem); rotted crown (shredded, dry-appearance); roots sometimes affected. Brown, irregular-shaped spots can develop on leaves and stems. Aerial web blight can develop when the fungus grows from the potting medium surface into the plant canopy. Chlorotic spots appear on tops of leaves. Yellow, orange or brown spore masses or pustules form on the underside of the leaf and erupt through the leaf tissue. On geranium and snapdragon, pustules can form in a bullseye pattern. Water-soaked spots on the stems or leaves become covered in a white cottony mass of fungal mycelium. The plant rapidly becomes soft and slimy. Hard black structures (sclerotia) that resemble rat droppings develop usually at the edge of the dead zone. Yellow, stunted growth; black root rot; wilting. Symptoms vary with host; yellow or necrotic spots on stems or leaves; leaf mosaic; black leaf spots; black ring spots; line patterns, overall yellowing; stunting. In some plants wilt occurs. Symptoms highly variable but include mosaic, stunting, distortion and tan spots. Symptoms may disappear but the plants remain infected. Generally the same as Pythium. Worst disease usually under high temperatures when plants are stressed. Favored by warm days and cool, damp nights; free water inhibits spore germination. This fungus can infect at low relative humidity and is common in spring and fall. Over-watering and over-fertilization may predispose plants to infection. Can be spread by irrigation water especially when recycled or in ebb and flood. Poorly draining potting media and reuse of potting media or dirty containers. Very wide host range and survives in plant debris and soil on benches, floors and pots. Web blight occurs often under high temperatures but decreases when they are over 95F. Plant crowding increases disease spread and severity. Infect under mild, moist conditions. Spores easily spread in air currents. Spread is primarily by airborne spores. High soil moisture, high humidity and cool temperatures favor disease development often as spring turns into summer. Potting medium ph above 5.5 can be found in some peat mixes. Temperature stress. Transmission from infected to healthy plants via thrips; introduction into the greenhouse via infected plants or insect vector several types of thrips including Western flower thrips. Vegetative propagation and mechanical movement (on benches or cutting tools) most important means of spread. Can clean benches and tools with various disinfestants and nonfat dry milk. Gerbera daisy, poinsettia, pansy, African violet, lavender, annual vinca, azalea, gardenia, liriope, petunia, spathiphyllum Gerbera, petunia, rosemary, rose, verbena, poinsettia, begonia, hydrangea, dahlia, lonicera, sedum, kalanchoe, coreopsis, scabiosa Geranium, chrysanthemum, calibrachoa, all seed propagated bedding plants, ivy, pothos Chrysanthemum, celosia, osteospermum, annual vinca, rosemary, garden and New Guinea impatiens, hydrangea, poinsettia and many foliage plants including ferns. Dianthus, geranium, snapdragon, heuchera, daylily, grasses, rose, penstemon and other herbaceous perennials Lobelia, marigold, petunia, zinnia (most bedding and flowering plants), osteospermum, lilies, iris, delphinium Calibrachoa, pansy, petunia, annual vinca Many plants including impatiens (common and New Guinea), cyclamen, gloxinia, aster, begonia, cineraria, dahlia, kalanchoe, lisianthus, lupine, nemesia, ranunculus, chrysanthemum, orchids Petunia, tomato, pepper, calibrachoa, phlox, orchids 26 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 27

15 Chemical Class Chart for Ornamental Fungicides FRAC group Chemical Class Active Ingredient common name Trade Name 1 Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates (Thiophanates) thiophanate-methyl AllBan Flo, Banrot*, 3336, ConSyst*, OHP 6672, Spectro 90*, SysTec 1998, T-Storm, TM 4.5, TM/C*, 26/36*, Zyban* 2 Dicarboximides iprodione Chipco 26019, Lesco 18 Plus, OHP 26GT-O, 26/36* 3 Demethylation Inhibitors (imidazole, metconazole Tourney pyrimidine, triazole) myclobutanil Clevis*, Eagle, MANhandle* propiconazole Banner MAXX, Concert II* tebuconazole Torque triadimefon Bayleton, Trigo* triflumizole Terraguard triticonazole Trinity, Trinity TR 4 Phenylamides mefenoxam Subdue GR, Subdue MAXX, Hurricane* 5 Amines Morpholines (Piperadines) piperalin Pipron 7 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors - SDHI benzovindiflupyr Mural* (Pyridine carboxamides, phenylbenzamides, pyrazole-4-carboxamides) boscalid Pageant Intrinsic* fluropyram Broadform flutolanil Contrast, ProStar fluxapyroxad Orkestra Intrinsic * 9 Anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil Palladium* 11 QoI-fungicides (strobilurins) azoxystrobin Heritage, Mural* fluoxastrobin Fame pyraclostrobin Pageant Intrinsic*, Empress Intrinsic, Orkestra Intrinsic* trifloxystrobin Compass, Broadform* Imidazolinone fenamidone Fenstop 12 Phenylpyrroles fludioxonil Medallion, Hurricane*, Palladium* 14 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (chlorophenyl) dicloran Botran pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) Terraclor Thiadiazole etridiazole Banrot*, Terrazole, Terrazole CA, Truban 17 Hydroxyanalide fenhexamide Decree 19 Polyoxins polyoxin - D Affirm WDG 21 Quinone inside inhibitors (Cyano-imidazole) cyazofamid Segway O 28 Carbamate propamocarb Banol 33 Phosphonates fosetyl-al Aliette phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite Alude, Biophos, Fosphite, Reliant, Vital 40 Carboxylic Acid Amines dimethomorph Stature SC, Orvego* (cinnamic acid amides, mandelic acid mandipropamid Micora amides) 43 Benzamides (Pyridinemethyl-benzamides) fluopicolide Adorn 44 Microbials Bacillus amyloliquifaciens (D747) Triathlon BA Bacillus amyloliquifaciens (MBI600) Subtilex NG Bacillus amyloliquifaciens (QST Cease, Companion 713) 45 Quinone x Inhibitor ametoctradin Orvego* 49 piperidinyl-thiazole-isoxazolines oxathiapiprolin Segovis Chemical Class Chart for Ornamental Fungicides FRAC group Chemical Class Active Ingredient common name Trade Name M1 (multi-site) Inorganics copper salts Camelot O, Champion, Copper-Count N, CuPro 5000, Cuproxat, Junction*, Nordox, Nu-Cop, Phyton 27, Phyton 35 M3 (multi-site) Dithiocarbamate mancozeb Clevis*, Dithane, Fore, Junction*, Pentathlon, Protect, Zyban* M5 (multi-site) Chloronitriles chlorothalonil Clevis*, ConSyst*, Concert II*, Daconil Ultrex, Daconil Weatherstik, Echo, Exotherm Termil, Manicure 6FL, Spectro 90*, TM/C* P5 plant extract complex mixture, ethanol extract Regalia, Milsana Not Classified Microbial/Biopesticides Gliocladium catenulatum (J1446) PreStop Streptomyces griseoviridis Mycostop Streptomyces lydicus (strain Actinovate SP WYEC 108) Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain Rootshield Trichoderma harzianum T22, RootShield Plus* Trichoderma virens G41 Not Classified Inorganic Protectants botanical extract Neem Oil, Triact 70 hydrogen dioxide Zerotol hydrogen peroxide X3, Xeroton oil Ultra-Pure Oil, SuffOil-X potassium bicarbonate Armicarb 100, Kaligreen, MilStop quaternary ammoniums KleenGrow * Indicates a product that contains more than one active ingredient in a pre-pack mixture. Consult label for specific use site where the product will be used on ornamentals since not all products are registered for both production greenhouses and outdoor nurseries or for use in landcapes. Dilution Tables* Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide (1.0 ounce = gram) Use Rate (fl oz product) Spray Volume Rate (g) Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide / 100 gal / 100 gal / 50 gal / 10 gal / 2 gal 6 oz 170 g 85 g 17 g 3 g 8 oz 227 g 114 g 23 g 5 g 12 oz 341 g 171 g 34 g 7 g 16 oz 454 g 227 g 46 g 9 g Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide (29.57 ml = 1.0 fl ounce) Use Rate (fl oz product) Spray Volume Rate (ml) Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide / 100 gal / 100 gal / 50 gal / 10 gal / 2 gal 2 fl oz 59 ml 30 ml 6 ml 1 ml 3 fl oz 89 ml 44 ml 9 ml 2 ml 4 fl oz 118 ml 59 ml 12 ml 2.4 ml 6 fl oz 177 ml 89 ml 18 ml 4 ml * Rates are rounded to nearest whole number. Always read and follow label directions. Non-BASF products are included in this guide to provide a rotation of products with known efficacy, good plant safety and different modes of action. Always evaluate products that are new to your operation for safety on the plant species and cultivars you grow, and under your specific growing conditions prior to large-scale application. Orkestra is a trademark, and Empress, Intrinsic, Orvego, Pageant, Stature, Trinity, Attain, Sultan, Pylon, DuraGuard, Subtilex and Ultra-Pure are registered trademarks of BASF. Aliette, Banol, Chipco, Rhapsody and Serenade are registered trademarks of Bayer Environmental Science. Cease is a registered trademark of BioWorks, Inc. Segway is a trademark of FMC Corporation. Spectro is a registered trademark of Cleary Chemical LLC. OHP 6672 is a trademark, and Terraguard and Terrazole are registered trademarks of OHP, Inc. Phyton 27 is a registered trademark of Phyton Corporation. Banrot and Truban are registered trademarks of Scotts Sierra Crop Protection Company. Camelot and Junction are trademarks of SePRO Corporation. Daconil, Medallion, Taegro and Palladium are registered trademarks of Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC. Tame is a registered trademark of Valent USA LLC Professional Products BASF Corporation. All rights reserved. 28 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 29

16 Fungicide Rotational Guide Key Rotational Partners: A guide to how you choose a good program Suggested Rotations by Key Diseases and Rotations: Note at least three different chemical groups are included for overall program to target the disease. 1. Mix modes-of-action for a good rotation. Use one to two broad spectrum fungicides as a foundation that your program is developed around. (Examples, but not limited to, Group or Group 1 below) 2. For disease control, use contacts when curative applications are targeted; combine with systemics or local penetrants in the overall program. (Examples, but not limited to, Groups M3 or M5 below) 3. Use specialist fungicides such for Pythium, Phytophthora and downy mildew problems and combine with broad spectrum fungicides in the overall program. (Examples, but not limited to, Group 40, Group 21, Group 33) 4. Recognize that bacterial products such as cop-perbased formulations may be needed to control specific production problems caused by Xanthomonas, Erwinia and other bacteria diseases. Consult the label of specific products for use on which pathogen. Examples, but not limited to, Groups M1 and M3 below) Disease Targets Rotation 1 Rotation 2 Rotation 3 Anthracnose Powdery Mildews and Rusts Flower and Stem Blights, Scab Leaf spots Myrothecium, Diplocarpon (Black Spot) Alternaria, Cercospora, Entomosporium Spectro 90 Group 1 + M5 Pageant Intrinsic Group Pageant Intrinsic Group Pageant Intrinsic Group Pageant Intrinsic Group Phyton 27 or mancozeb Group M1 Palladium Group Cleary s 3336 Group 1 or Spectro 90 Group 1+ M5 Palladium Group Terraguard Group 3 Chipco Flo Group 2 Cleary s 3336, or 26/36 Group 1 or 1+ 2 Palladium Group Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Cylindrocladium Empress Intrinsic (drench) Group 11 or Pageant Intrinsic Group 7+11 Medallion Group 12 Cleary s 3336 Group 1 or 26/36 Group or Spectro 90 Group 1 + M5 Rotate with Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, , 12, 40, M1, M3, M5, more find examples below* Group 1: Cleary s 3336 or alternative such as a mixture formulation Banrot (Group ) Group 2: Chipco Flo or mixture formulation such as 26/26 (Group 1 + 2) Group 3: Trinity, Banner Maxx, Eagle, Terraguard, Torque, Tourney Group 7: Prostar WG, Contrast Group : Pageant Intrinsic, Orkestra Intrinsic, Broadform or Mural Group 11: Empress Intrinsic, Compass, Fenstop or Heritage Group 12: Medallion or mixture formulation such as Palladium (Group ) Thielaviopsis Downy Mildews Pythiums Phytophthoras Banrot Group or Cleary s 3336 Group 1 Stature Group 40 Segway O Group 21 Orvego Group Terraguard Group 3 Segovis Group U15 Banol Group 28 or Terrazole/Truban Group 14 Aliette Group 33 or Segway O Group 21 or Segovis Group U15 Orkestra Intrinsic Group Segway O Group 21 or Aliette Group 33 Empress Intrinsic (drench) Group 11 Empress Intrinsic (drench) Group 11 Group 40: Stature or Micora or mixture formulation such as Orvego (Group ) Group 21: Segway Group 33: Aliette, Alude or phosphoric acids Bacterial diseases see labels for specific pathogens Copper Kocide 2000 or copper based Phyton 27 or Camelot O Group M1 Cease or Rhapsody Biopesticide Junction copper + mancozeb Group M1 + M3 Group 49: Segovis Group M1: Copper formulations such as Camelot, Phyton 27 and Kocide 2000 Group M3: Mancozeb formulations such as Dithane, Protect, Junction Group M5: Chlorothalonil formulations such as Daconil; or mixtures such as Spectro 90 (Group 1 + M5) *Above list is not all inclusive and is meant to show some examples of Chemical Groups and products that are within these groups. For a complete listing of current products used in ornamental production consult the BASF Resistance Management Guide found on the website. Not all products are registered for all use sites where ornamentals are grown. Always consult the specific label. Read and follow label directions. 30 GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide Always read and follow label directions. GROWERTALKS Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 31

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