Potential Disease Issues in Young Apple Nurseries. Sara M. Villani February 24, 2016 Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University
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1 Potential Disease Issues in Young Apple Nurseries 1 Sara M. Villani February 24, 2016 Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University
2 General Thoughts on Nursery Disease 2 Generally going to face same onslaught of diseases as in established blocks Fruit rots won t be an issue In general-more susceptible to foliar diseasesnew flush green tissue emerging Different application schedule and different fungicide/bactericide choices Fruit finish not a concern, don t want to promote resistance Cultural practices and diligent scouting
3 Fire Blight concerns in Nurseries 3 Increase acreage in susceptible cultivars Bud wood & nursery trees Availability of resistant rootstocks Different management paradigms Asymptomatic fire blight infections in bud wood Invisible cankers and proximity to strike Gala Pink Lady
4 Asymptomatic Fire Blight 4 Tim Smith, Washington State University Western US,1999: Severe fire blight outbreak ~3 weeks after budding with clean bud wood Greatest losses on specific cultivar Budded prior: Symptomless; Budded after: Mild/moderate FB symptoms Trees lost= 47,100!
5 Asymptomatic Fire Blight 5 Newly Established Honeycrisp Planting, Hudson Valley, 2014 Trees have no flowers, but FB symptoms in trunk or shoots-what is infection source? Presence of strep-resistant FB Erwinia amylovora PCR confirmation
6 Asymptomatic Fire Blight 6 The Problem Erwinia amylovora is systemic and hides in wood without causing symptoms Pruning of fire blight strikes in summer fire blight What about small invisible cankers? disguises The Question What is the safe distance from fire blight strike for cutting bud wood? Same Tree? Adjacent Tree? Different Block?
7 Asymptomatic Fire Blight 7 Block 1: > 1 m > 20 m < 1 m Block 2: Clean
8 Incidence of E. amylovora in sample Asymptomatic Fire Blight Incidence of E. amylovora in sample Topaz 100 Gala >20m >1m <1m >20m >1m <1m Distance from FB strike Distance from FB strike % Fire blight incidence/sample: 5 buds/ sample, 30 samples
9 Mean CFU/sample/5 buds Asymptomatic Fire Blight Mean CFU/sample/5buds 9 20 Topaz 20 Gala <1m >1m >20m Distance from FB strike <1m >1m >20m Distance from FB strike Quantification of E. amylovora (cfu) per sample (5 buds)
10 Fire Blight Management in Nurseries 10 Cultural Considerations DO NOT plant next to infected orchard or old orchard with FB history Keep tools clean If pruning fire blight strikes next to bud wood source trees, mark where strikes were pruned Be cautious about taking bud wood from trees <20 m away (>20 m in some cultivars) Do not allow any bloom If infections become established, rogue any symptomatic trees and monitor planting weekly Keep deer away
11 Fire Blight Management in Nurseries Bactericide Considerations 11 Copper efficacy on shoot blight variable under high disease pressure: Real-life situation?
12 Fire Blight Management in Nurseries 12 Antibiotic Considerations Apply low-mce coppers (Badge, MasterCop, Cueva) at low-label rates Apply strep or other antibiotics if high risk of infection predicted, after hail and high winds accompanied with rain Actigard: Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance $$$$: 32-64/A
13 Phytophthora Concerns in Nurseries Collar Rot (scion), Crown Rot (rootstock), Root Rot: Phytophthora spp. Symptoms: Typical of dysfunctional root system 13 Collar Rot CrownRot
14 Phytophthora Concerns in Nurseries Aboveground symptoms often indistinguishable from other root diseases or winter injury Stunting, sparse, chlorotic foliage,wiliting, reduced terminal growth, premature fruit coloring 14
15 Phytophthora Concerns in Nurseries 15 Below-ground and Crown Rot Symptoms: Reddish brown coloration of cambium/inner bark underneath outer bark Crown Rot: Dark delineated margin between healthy and diseased tissue
16 Phytophthora Risk Factors 16 Saturated/free standing water: zoospore movement (chemotaxis) Low lying planting or poorly drained soils Phytophthora ubiquitous in soils May show up even in elevated areas in young plantings if heavy rain and susceptible scions/rootstock Susceptible rootstocks: MM.106, MM.111, M.26, M.7
17 Phytophthora Management in Nurseries 17 Plant on well drained soils and hillsides to promote drainage Slightly raised berms? Select resistant rootstocks: Geneva series, B.9 (M.9?) Avoid susceptible cultivars to minimize collar rot (Topaz) Avoid puddling with irrigation-monitor closely If necessary: Phosphite fungicide, Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold)
18 Black Stem Borer and Associated Fungi18 Tree decline and death, esp. in young trees Black Stem Borer (BSB): Xylosandrus germanus : Ambrosia beetle Most common in ornamentals, not apples
19 Black Stem Borer and Associated Fungi19 Liz Tee 2013 Attracted to ethylene produced by stressed tree High density plantings, drought, flooding, winter damage, FB injury, nutrient deficiencies
20 Black Stem Borer and Associated Fungi20 BSB are farmers too! Adult carries food (on outside and in gut) into tunnel galleries and fungi colonize vascular tissue wilting symptoms Management Addressing stressors more effective than insecticides or fungicides
21 Viruses in Apple Nurseries 21 Common viruses transmitted through grafting, budding, top-working: Apple Stem Pitting Virus (ASPV) Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus (ACLSV) Apple Stem Grooving Virus (ASGV) Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV) Tomato Ring Spot Virus Disclaimer: I m not a virologist, nor do I have diagnostic tools/equipment in the lab
22 Viruses in Apple Nurseries 22 ASPV + ACLSV Red Delicious/G.935 Asymmetric leaf distortion Inner bark necrosis Stunting Terminal Dieback
23 Viruses in Apple Nurseries 23 ASPV: SweeTango/B.9 Latent infection Decreased yield, heightened sensitivity to cankers & nutrient deficiency More prone to russeting
24 Viruses in Apple Nurseries 24 G.16 rootstock: Very susceptible to common viruses transmitted through infected but asymptomatic bud wood Jonagold, Gala, Fortune carry latent viruses: May not show up until orchard is established G.65 rootstock: Tomato ring spot, apple stem grooving virus
25 Viruses in Apple Nurseries 25 What to Look For: Foliar discoloration/deformity Slow maturation Union necrosis Lack of vigor/tree decline Inability to handle other stresses
26 Other Concerns 26
27 Summary for Success 27 Inspect rootstock liners and grafted trees prior to planting Plant on a well drained site Conduct soil analysis-keep Out BSB Be aware of weather conditions promoting disease Consider disease pressure in adjacent mature blocks Practice good horticultural practices
28 Acknowledgements/Questions? 28 P H G
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