Innovative Rootstocks for Apple crop. Nicola Dallabetta FEM (Italy) Australia November 2017
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1 Innovative Rootstocks for Apple crop Nicola Dallabetta FEM (Italy) Australia November 2017
2 Fruit production in Trentino 6206 km 2 ; ASU ,5 ha; 80% Mountains, Apple: Ha tons (25% of Italy) m a.s.l. Other crops : 2. Grape tons 3. Soft fruits 6700 tons 4. Strawberry 4700 tons 5. Cherry 1700 tons 6. Olive 1600 tons 7. Kiwi 1200 tons 8. Plums 1200 tons 9. Pear 200 tons
3 TIME LINE FEM Administration office & Farm (100 ha) Agricultural school Research center 3A Center BSc on Oenology Transfer Technology center Research & Extension activities Training Systems, Tree density, Pruning Methods, Orchard Management, Fruit Production & Quality Rootstocks Cornell University Nursery Companies EUFRIN working group
4 Experimental sites Maso Maiano ha (Non Valley, 650 m a.s.l.) Maso delle Parti - 10 Ha (Adige Valley, 210 m a.s.l) Spagolle 10 Ha (Valsugana, 400 m a.s.l.) Laimburg Research Institute, International groups (EUFRIN) Private orchards.
5 Layout of experimental fields Map 2015 MASO delle PART N Cultural tech. 6 B A 5 U A M L G 3 F H E D C B A I I 2 P A B 10 D H D E G L M N B F C C E C H I D F N O P Q R S T G B-C H C B A D L I E G F C LM H I A F G F N M 15 B O 1 A 4 9 A D 4 D A N B A E Q POM B C D E N O E 14 A B A CD B 11 I 16 B 8 L I Training systems Rootstocks Varieties Resitstants varieties Cherry Crab Apple collection H C G F N M Pear L M A N B A H F B 7 A L C G 7 D 7 H I S T R A D A P R O V I N C I A L E B C A I D E G G NORD H 4 4 F F E D G B C H E A A H A A A D E F B D E C B G A B C C G E H H N L D M I F A C D BB 1 22 Map 2015 MASO MAIANO Cultural tech. Training systems Rootstocks Varieties Resistants varieties
6 Apple rootstock breeding program (1970s-80s) Quebec Vineland Michigan Geneva Malling Sweden & Norway Russia Poland Germany Israel Czech Japan
7 Apple rootstock breeding program (2005) Malling Russia Japan Geneva S.Korea China New Zealand
8 Rootstock interaction Climate Cultivar Diseases and Pest Tree size Orchard Management: (tree architecture, pruning, thinning, fertilization, irrigation, weed control.) Soil (ph, type, anchorage, water, nutrients )
9 Which is the ideal genotype? Dwarf and/or Semi-dwarf Precocious & productive That induces the development of early branches with wide branch angle With good root system Adaptable to different soil types Resistant and/or Tolerant to: Abiotic & Biotic stresses
10 FEM objectives? Disease resistance: Apple Replant Disease (ARD) Apple Dieback Apple proliferation Fire Blight Crown and root rots (Phytophthora ssp) Pest resistance: Woolly Apple Aphids Resistance to environment stresses: Cold hardiness Drought Adaptable to Different environment Cultivars Training systems Tree densities Tree size: Dwarf - Similar to M9 for HDP Semi dwarf - for Multi Leader Systems (MLS)
11 Main issues for pest and disease Apple Proliferation Canditus Phytoplasma mali Woolly Apple Aphids Eriosoma lanigerum Fire Blight Erwinia amylovora
12 Apple Replant disease (ARD) 170 cm 1 st generation 2 nd generation 3 rd generation M9 Red Delicious Superchief Sandidge on M9 T337 at the 3 rd leaf The present! Use of M9 (99%) High Density Planting(HDP) systems ( trees/ha) Low biodiversity
13
14 Recent problems tied to soil fertility Apple Tree Dieback White Root Rot (Rosellinia necatrix)
15 Type of tree Ratio canopy/root system > 1; Feathered trees ready to produce in the 2 nd leaf; Need fruiting branch selection at planting to reduce AGB. Need a better balance: agb/bgb. above ground biomass (agb) below ground biomass (bgb) AGB/bgb
16 What growers do?
17 New rootstock genotypes
18 Rootstocks in trial at FEM NL UK France Germany Poland Czech Russia USA Geneva NZ Italy M9 T337 M9 EMLA Pajam 1 Lancep M26 Pajam 2 Cepiland Supporter1 (Pi-Au-33) Supporter3 (Pi-Au9-82) M27 Supporter4 (Pi80) Lizzy P16 Last Minute P22 J-TE- E J-TE- F Budagovsky Bud 9 B10/Mitch N G11 Selection 1 CIV-P21 (CIV) G16 Selection 2 Apomictic x M9 (FEM) P14 J-TE- G B496 G41 Selection 3 MM106 Jork 9 P59 J-OH- A G202 Selection 4 M116 P60 G935 Selection 5 AR P67 G6969 Selection 6 AR CG2034 AR CG3001 AR CG4218 AR
19 EUFRIN Working Group Apple & Pear Variety & Rootstock Testing
20
21
22 Trial : Rootstock / cv / environment ISHS XI International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Bologna (Italy) 28 August-2 September 2016
23
24 Fruit weight vs Fruit number/tree
25 Suckers & Burr knots
26 3 treatments: Replanted Fumigated soil Free orchard soil FOS (4 years) Rootstocks: M9 T337 CG 41 CG 16 CG 202 CIV P21 Trial : ARD ISHS XI International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Bologna (Italy) 28 August-2 September 2016
27 Effect of the different soil conditions on Tree size ISHS XI International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Bologna (Italy) 28 August-2 September 2016
28 Tree size Yield Efficiency
29 Training Systems & Tree density Cultivars New genotypes
30 Research of semi-dwarf rootstocks M9 T337 Pajam 2 G 11 G 16 AR M26 M106 Pi80 CIV-P21 G 202 M116 G 935 G 6969 G 4218
31 Trial 2011 M9 T337 G11 G16 G202
32 Trial 2012 M9 T337 Ar M9 T337 M 116
33
34 2 nd leaf New genotypes in 2014 M9 T337 CG 935 CG 6969 Higher Vigor
35
36
37 G935 3 nd leaf G6969
38 3rd leaf
39
40 Research of dwarf rootstocks M9 T337 Jork 9 Supporter 1 Supporter 3 Bud9 Lizzy P16 Bud491 M27 P22 J-TE-G
41
42 M9 T337 Budagovsky 9 (B9) B491
43 M9 T337 P16 P22
44
45
46 Suckers & Burr knots
47 In conclusion M9 is still the most used and productive rootstock in the fruit orchards! G11 and G41 could be a good alternative to M9. G41 is difficult to propagate in the nursery and it is still not available in Europe! G11 Yes! G16 is productive similar to M9 but sensitive to latent viruses! Bud9 represents a good alternative to M9 for vigorous cv such as Fuji. AR 295.6, G935 and G6969 are precocious and productive. They could be suitable for weak soils and/or weak-growing scions! G11, G935 and G6969 produce large fruit size. This might be likely due to their higher capacity of water and nutrient uptake. The use of alternative genotype could improve water consumption efficiency and fertilizer applications. The introduction of new genotypes requires a change in tree management system (pruning, irrigation, fertilization ). Nowadays, new training systems and cultivars have been proposed in modern apple orchards and the choice of rootstock will play an important role. Thank you for your attention
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