Raising, Pruning, and Managing Backyard Fruit Trees
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1 Raising, Pruning, and Managing Backyard Fruit Trees Mosbah M. Kushad Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Growing Fruit Trees in the Backyard Advantages A good source of inexpensive fruits A pleasing sight Attracts more birds to the backyard Attracts butterflies and other insects Attracts wild animals Smells good during bloom Adds value to the property Disadvantages More backyard waste to deal with Very ugly if not cared for Attracts more birds to the backyard Attracts undesirable insectsmosquitoes, Japanese beetle, stink bugs, Asian lady beetle Attracts raccoons, possums, skunks, rabbits, etc. Smell of rotted fruits in late summer and early fall Reduce value of property if not cared for
6 Challenges to Growing Fruit Trees Some skills Constant care Winter injury and frost damage Pollination requirement High pest pressure Insects, disease and weeds High maintenance cost Planting Training, pruning, pest control, harvesting, storage
7 Site Requirements Plenty of sunshine Excellent soil drainage Excellent air drainage Adequate soil ph Best if you select the site before you build the house.
8 Site Selection
9 Site Selection Radiant heat loss Warm inversion layer Cold air drainage
10 Pollination Requirement Most varieties of fruit trees will not set a good crop if grown in isolation. Self-Unfruitful Apples Jonagold Pears Plums Self Fruitful Nectarine Peaches Cherries
11 Pollination Requirement Most European plums (Earliblue, Blue Ribbon) require cross pollination. European prune-type Plums (Stanley and Damson) are self-fruitful. Japanese plums (Shiro&Red Heart require pollination)
12 Pollination Requirement
13 Limitations to Growing Fruit Trees Diseases Fireblight- Bacterial diseases of flowers, leaves, twigs Scab- Fungal disease of leaves and fruits Summer diseases- Mostly on fruits leaves and Summer diseases Brooks spot Alternaria blotch Sooty blotch Flyspeck* Black rot* Bot rot* Bitter rot* Glomerella leaf spot Black pox Necrotic leaf blotch
14 Fireblight Symptoms: Shepherd s hook, dark leaves, and dark oozing on trunk and branches -Plant less susceptible varieties and rootstocks -Do not over fertilize with nitrogen -Do not prune during bloom.
15 Apple Scab Symptoms. Green to brown spots on leaves and fruits. Fruit turn scabby late in season. Leaves drop from infection. Collect leaves and burn outside the orchard. Remove mummy fruits. Spray fungicides.
16 Summer Diseases Necrotic leaf blotch GD Flyspec and Sooty Blotch Alternaria blotch Alternaria mali Discard old leaves and pruning wood- Spay fungicides
17 Limitations to Growing Fruit Trees Insects Apple maggot- Sticky traps, apple sphere, traps Codling moth- Frass on fruit surface. Larvae tunnels to the core. Infection can occur from bloom to one month before harvest, depend on number of generations. Use Pheromones Plum curculio- serious on Liberty San Jose scale
18 Disease Resistant Apple Cultivars Redfree. Fruit matures early season. Fruti are medium size with bright red color. Flesh is firm with good texture. Flavor is sweet and aromatic. Fruit stores one month or more in refrigeration. It is good for fresh eating and cooking. The cultivar is field immune to apple scab and cedar apple rust, and is moderately resistant to powdery mildew. It has good resistance to fireblight. Pollinates with other midand late-blooming cultivars. Jonafree Fruit matures mid season. Fruit is medium in size with a 75-90% medium red blush. Flesh is firm, crisp, and moderately rich in flavor. Its flavor is similar to Jonathan and good for fresh eating, sauce, pies, and cider. It is not prone to bitter pit or Jonathan spot. The cultivar is field immune to scab, and is less susceptible to powdery mildew, fire blight, and cedar apple rust than Jonathan. Pollinates with Goldrush or Enterprise
19 Disease Resistant Apples Liberty. Mature in mid September. Fruit is medium in size and is mostly red-striped over a greenishyellow background. Flesh is white, fine-textured, crisp, and juicy. Flavor is very good, sprightly, subacid, and sweet. Good for eating fresh, cooking, canning, and desserts. The cultivar is highly resistant to apple scab, and is resistant to cedar apple rust and fire blight. It is moderately resistant to powdery mildew but very attractive to plum curculio Enterprise. Matures late season (Late September to early October. Fruit is large in size. It has a bright red and glossy finish. It is firm and crisp. Its flavor is spicy and juicy. It is good for fresh eating and cooking. It stores well if refrigerated. The cultivar is field immune to apple scab, is moderately resistant to powdery mildew, and is highly resistant to cedar apple rust and fire blight. Pollinates with Goldrush, Gala, and Golden Delicious.
20 Disease Resistant Apples Goldrush. Matures late season. Fruit is large, very crisp. The skin is greenishyellow with some russet. Fruit is semitart and juicy and has exceptional storage life. It is good for fresh eating and cooking. It is field immune to apple scab, moderately resistant to powdery mildew, and highly resistant to fire blight. Pollinates with Enterprise, Gala, and Golden Delicious.
21 New fireblight-resistant European Pears
22 Backyard Tree Establishment Rootstocks selection Training systems Pruning tips Fertilizers Harvesting Storing
23 Backyard tree Management Decisions A. Tree Establishment B. Tree Maintenance
24 Decisions made during tree establishment have the greatest impact on future management of that tree
25 Site Selection and Preparation Avoid planting trees very close to walls, so roots will not be constricted Avoid planting on the northern and western end of the house because of hade in the former and poor fruit drying in the later. Avoid planting in a refill location or if there is a soil hardpan. Avoid planting next to black walnut, pine, or other alleleopatic trees. Do not plant in the path of shade trees Install drainage pipes in we siets Check soil ph
26 Facts About Growing Fruit Trees A well trained tree at a young age is much easier to manage at an older age A well trained tree requires minimum follow up maintenance A well trained tree does not go bad unless neglected Some trees are harder to train than others, but it can be done Training requires constant monitoring and adjustments Constant care What does these facts remind of?
27 Orchard Establishment Considerations Planting considerations Rootstock selection Many on the market but a few will fit your needs Pay attention to size, yield, vigor, disease resistance, runting,, and compatibility Varieties Texture and flavor preference Disease and insect resistance Rootstock compatibility
28 Rootstock Selection
29 Other Noteworthy Rootstocks Bud 491 and 490 P.22 Geneva rootstocks- Fireblight resistant Geneva 65, Geneva 16 and Geneva 30 M.9 clones
30 Malling Rootstocks MM.106 and MM. 111 too big for a backyard unless you have the space. Trees could reach feet. M.7 EMLA. Tree is relatively big (12-16 feet at full maturity. Some resistance to fireblight, does not need support beyond first two years. Does not need much irrigation. M.26 EMLA. Medium size tree feet. Excellent yield and fruit quality, but susceptible to fireblight and need support and water. M.9 EMLA. Many clones.. Most used is M9.T.337. Small to medium size 8 to 12 feet. Very good yield and fruit quality. Susceptible to fireblight, need support and water. Incompatible with Gala.
31 Budagovsky 9 (Bud-9) Advantages Excellent cold hardiness Good for a small backyard Moderately resistant to fireblight Some collar rot resistance Compatible with most varieties Proven performance in north America Disadvantages Needs support Develops burrknots on some varieties Not as productive as EMLA 9 clones
32 Planting Factors Planting location Plenty of light Fruit trees do not like wet feet Avoid replant sites Spacing Rootstock and scion Support Rootstock and scion Irrigation A must for dwarf trees
33 Planting Methods
34 Planting considerations
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37 Training Systems Training systems Central leader Vertical axis Slender spindle Lincoln canopy Palmette Tatura Ebro Espalier What to look for in a training system Light penetration efficiency Effect on fruit quality (sunburn, fruit color, and size) Establishment cost
38 Preferred Training Systems Central Leader Vertical Axis
39 Light and Fruit Distribution as a Function of Training Systems Central Leader Light Vertical Axes Light Light Overgrown central Leader Fruit Fruit Fruit
40 Central Leader
41 Training apple trees to vertical axe or central leader at planting Remove all and head 40 to 50 above ground keep all and head 3-5 above a usable branch
42 How to train trees to the Vertical Axe system
43 Vertical Axis
44 A six-year old Gala tree on Bud-9 trained to the vertical Axis
45 What not to do
46 Pruning Considerations When to prune? What to prune?
47 Simple facts helps you take the guess work out of pruning
48 Naturally: -Horizontal branches produce laterals, while vertical branches seldom do. -Vertical branches are more vigorous than horizontal branches -Branches with wide angle are stronger
49 Branches response to heading
50 Branch Angle and Fruiting
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52 Prune for Fruit Size and Color
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54 Weed management
55 Other Cultural Practices Fertility management Nutrients availability is compromised by inadequate ph. Adjust soil ph before adding any nutrients Moisture control -- Mulching
56 Recommended rates of nutrient sprays Nutrient type Rate (lb/acre) Timing Urea 6 to 12 Immediately after bloom but not later than 2 nd cover Calcium (chloride) 2 to 8 All cover sprays Solubor or 3 to 4 Petal fall and first cover Soil applied boron actual Boron Before bloom
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58 Boron & calcium nutrition
59 Never use straw mulch around the trunk of apple trees
60 Pine Voles
61 Dear and Mole control For deer control.. Fences, soap, hot pepper, ammonia Chemicals- Plantskydd For moles.. Traps, chemicals. For chemicals Talpirid contains lethal doses of bromethalin
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