Tree Fruit Bacterial Disease Management 2.0: Going Beyond Antibiotics
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1 Tree Fruit Bacterial Disease Management 2.0: Going Beyond Antibiotics 2018 Commercial Tree Fruit School Kari Peter, Ph.D. Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology Penn State University Fruit Research and Extension Center Biglerville, PA Ext
2 FIRE BLIGHT Blossom blight Shoot blight BACTERIAL SPOT on stone fruit
3 Fire blight susceptibility: The fundamentals Host Pathogen Environment Disease Cycle Overwintering Sources of Bacteria Bacteria Dispersal and Colonization Five phases of infection Blossom blight Canker blight Shoot blight Trauma blight Rootstock blight
4 Fire Blight Disease Cycle 101 Tight cluster Pink: Bacteria replicates in cankers Oozing bacteria: Attracts insects insects disperse bacteria to flowers (wind and rain also disperse bacteria) Wetting event + Ave. 60F Bacteria colonize stigmas (favors warm temps): does not cause disease (yet) 5 30 days Dormant Canker: Bacteria overwinters in bordering living tissue Active canker Shoot Blight Canker Blight Trauma Blight Rootstock Blight Blossom Blight
5 Tools to manage blossom blight: Biologicals Serenade Blossom Protect Plant-based Regalia Vacciplant Copper Cueva NuCop XLR Previsto Actigard E. Winzeler K. Peter
6 Blossom blight management Option: Using less antibiotic sprays = Using alternative early during bloom (~20%) (BEST) K. Peter 2017 Bloom 20% 50% 100% % Control Russet? Strep Strep Strep 99 a No Serenade Opti 20 oz/a Strep Strep 95 a No Serenade ASO 4 qt/a Strep Strep 96 a No Untreated 0 b No Mix with strep later sprays: tank mix Actigard, Regalia, Vacciplant some control post bloom Using alternatives later in bloom = not as optimal 2016 Bloom: 50% 100% Late Bloom % Control Russet? Strep Strep Strep 70 a No Strep Strep Serenade Opti 20 oz/a 52 ab No Strep Serenade Opti 20 oz/a Strep 45b No Untreated 0 c No
7 Blossom blight management Alternatives: Blossom Protect (yeast) and copper options 2017 Fire blight trial results K. Peter Bloom sprays: 20% -- 50% % (Amt/A) % Control Russet? Strep 99 a No Blossom Protect 40 c Yes/No Ceuva 2 qt 14 d No Previsto 3 qt 40 c Yes (5%) NuCop XLR 4 qt 80 b Yes (12%) Untreated 0 e No ** Do not use copper with strep (decreases efficacy of strep) Reducing the amount of copper = will russet lessen and still control disease? IF fruit finish is not an issue = copper an excellent alternative to antibiotics
8 Downside of using Blossom Protect during very wet bloom time (and thereafter): Russet Registered for sale in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin Aureobasidum pullulans can cause fruit russeting under certain environmental conditions Good scab weather = russet conditions (*Fungicides are limited when using BP during bloom)
9 Tools to manage shoot blight in young and/or dwarf trees Cover sprays Copper Cueva ~ petal fall (2 qt/a) Fire blight conditions post bloom: young and/or dwarf trees petal fall through terminal bud set Minimal russetting observed Prohexadione calcium Low dose = dwarf Space already filled = 2 oz/a In a bloom spray (multiple apps necessary) Susceptible semi-dwarf trees = ProCa a must and higher label rate! E. Winzeler Plant immune system inducing products (young and/dwarf tree) Actigard: Including in last bloom spray with streptomycin Consider Vacciplant or Regalia from petal fall and covers until terminal bud set
10 Take home messages Can limit the number of antibiotic bloom sprays early in the season Fruit finish not an issue = copper and yeast bloom Low rates of ProCa in dwarf trees = if already filled tree space, 2 oz/a good option (start at petal fall) Semi-dwarf trees: ProCa encouraged (especially those with a history of fire blight canker blight suppression) Copper sprays post bloom = limits shoots blight (dwarf trees, start ~ petal fall/1 st cover) SAR in dwarf trees start at petal fall Smaller trees show better responses than larger (semi-dwarf) trees Younger trees (greenhouse, potted) show better responses than older, established trees (more research needed) Timing is everything!
11 Overall take home messages Fire blight management has to be an integrated approach Sanitation: Canker removal Blossom blight management (monitoring disease pressure: important) Shoot blight management (may start during blossom blight management disease pressure will be a factor for management decisions) Not only will you get control for the current season, but for future seasons
12 FIRE BLIGHT Blossom blight Shoot blight BACTERIAL SPOT on stone fruit
13 Bacterial spot symptoms - Fruit Early Season Lesions 3 weeks after petal fall Irregularly shaped Extend deep into fruit Late Season Lesions Shallow Skin Cracking Secondary infection: brown rot Early season After pit hardening
14 Bacterial spot symptoms - Fruit Peach Scab Circular lesions Dark olive-brown, fuzzy lesions BACTERIAL SPOT Lesions form pattern No fruit surface pitting No foliar symptoms PEACH SCAB
15 Angular Always bordered by the veins Few or many lesions Yellowing associated with lesions Defoliation it does not take many lesions for this to occur Bacterial Spot vs. Copper Injury Bacterial Spot K. Peter, PSU Copper/Chemical Injury Round (like a water droplet) Follows spray pattern Swiss cheese Yellowing not always associated with lesions Defoliation of older leaves Captan and sulfur injury: similar symptoms K. Peter, PSU
16 May 27, 2014 See spots? Ask yourself: Are the spots angular? Are the spots defined by the small leaf veins?
17 Late May early June 2014 See spots? Ask yourself: Are the spots angular? Are the spots defined by the small leaf veins?
18 Bacterial Spot Disease Cycle Spring First infect leaves Polycyclic disease Optimum conditions: Warm and wet Disease slows down: Hot and dry Left untreated: bacterial populations explode Fall/Winter Overwinter in cankers, infected buds, leaf scars Summer Infect leaves and fruit
19 Bacterial spot management - options Copper Bacterial based (Serenade, Double Nickel) Regalia *Oxytetracycline (use only during wet conditions)
20 Bacterial Spot Management: Copper recommendations (N. Lalancette, Rutgers) Recommended rate based on the metallic copper concentration of 0.5% = 1X Can increase concentration to 2X (1% multiply current recommended rate times 2) ** Be sure to monitor shoots for increase in defoliation when using 2X rate**
21 Bacterial spot management - options Several years in a row, we have observed success with a copper rotation program Start bac spot control program: Shuck split 3 wk before harvest (then focus on brown rot) Kocide 3.4 oz/a ROTATED with (rate/a): Serenade ASO 4 qt Serenade Opti 14 oz Double Nickel 2 qt Regalia 32 fl oz Other MUST coppers keep spray (based intervals on previous tight (weekly, table) no more than 10 days) = especially when conditions favorable for disease Option (if necessary): Use oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine) only in rotation during very wet conditions (frequent rain) Phosphorous acid based products (Rampart, ProPhyt) are not effective for controlling bac spot
22 Tree Fruit Bacterial Disease Management 2.0: Going Beyond Antibiotics Questions? 2018 Commercial Tree Fruit School Kari Peter, Ph.D. Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology Penn State University Fruit Research and Extension Center Biglerville, PA Ext
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