Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s. Index

Transcription

1 In d e x A Aechmea fasciata Agar Sigma... 54, 61 Agrimicin Agrobacterium, carnation culture medium and cocultivation medium culture preparation explant infection and cocultivation strain and plasmid vectors Alcantarea imperialis Alcohol dehydrations Amaranthus edulis Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AAs) Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique cluster analysis fingerprinting high bootstrap values Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) significance tests, phylogenetic analysis Anthocyanin , 333 Anthurium andreanum cv Rubrun acclimatization callus proliferation culture media preparation and sterilization... 6 greenhouse conditions... 9, 13 histological analysis (see Anthurium andreanum, histological analysis) micropropagation... 4, 7 8 Murashige and Skoog medium organogenesis... 4, 7 9 plantlets, germinated seeds... 7 plant material... 4 shoot development... 8 shoot formation... 4 spadix... 6 subculture, shoot proliferation... 7, 9 surface sterilization... 4, 6 in vitro germination... 6 Anthurium andreanum, histological analysis alcohol dehydrations series block preparation cut sections fast green/safrnine staining fixing and dehydration paraplast block cutting paraplast inclusion shoot primordia Antirrhinum majus ART 2 algorithm, cluster analysis Artificial neural network. See Neural network Australian fan flower. See Scaevola spp. Axillary shoot culture. See Ranunculus asiaticus L., axillary bud stimulation Azalea, phylogenetic analysis AFLP technique analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) significance tests ancestors expressed sequence tag (EST) markers genetic diversity assessment genetic maps construction mat K sequences based analysis parsimony tree , 355 Rhododendron classification B Begonia rex Begonia tuberous micropropagation acclimatization characteristics culture media and conditions explants floral stalk TCLs culture leaf-like appendages petiole TCLs culture rooting stem TCLs culture sterilization TDZ thin cell layer (TCL) system Benzylaminopurine (BA)... 22, Betalains Blue Parrot. See Tulipa spp. Bromeliaceae...47 Bromeliads micropropagation acclimatization... 52, 58 Alcantarea imperialis culture media

2 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 394 Bromeliads micropropagation (Continued) direct organogenesis induction Dyckia distachya, somatic embryogenesis encapsulated microshoots explants source mass micropropagation process mother plants nodule clusters protocols scale up micropropagation temporary immersion systems tissue culture techniques V. hieroglyfica in vitro morphogenesis Vriesea fosteriana Vriesea fosteriana, encapsulated units Vriesea friburgenesis regeneration Vriesea reitzii, adventitious shoots Vriesea reitzi regeneration Vriesea splendens, adventitious shoots C Carnation. See also Genetic transformation, carnation bottom cooling system culture media , 114 hyperhydric and normal in vitro-derived plantlets hyperhydricity issues , 115 importance leaf explants, adventitious shoot formation , 113 materials nodal segments, micropropagation somatic embryogenesis Carotenoid HPLC analysis marigold Chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T) Chimerism Chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Chrysanthemum spp. acclimatization substrate and method...180, adventitious buds technique adventitious shoots formation axillary buds proliferation method cool storage and root induction explant fragments preparation growth regulators micropropagation multiplication medium pedicel explant preparation plant material root induction medium shoot induction , 181 storage medium surface sterilization , 181 Cocultivation, carnation... 88, Codiaeum variegatum (L) Blume croton donor plant preparation embryogenesis response induction and growth, somatic embryo medium preparation micropropagation morphogenetic response Color modification methods, flowers CaMV35S promoter activity carotenoid gene manipulation chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T) dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene insertion flavonoid biosynthetic genes suppression genetically modified (GM) flowers gentian and chalcone isomerase (CHI ) gene insertion multiple gene regulation orange-flower development RNA interference (RNAi) method targeted plant pigments yellow flower development Conservation methods CO 2 and ethylene determination cryopreservation (see also Cryopreservation) genebank and seed bank slow growth storage method (see also Slow growth storage) Cotyledonary explant , 279 Crataeva adansonii D.C. Prodr., acclimation and plantlets transferring adventitious shoot buds axillary shoots characteristics explant preparation explants Murashige and Skoog medium plant growth regulators (PGRs) plant material regeneration responses shoot and root initiation shoot bud differentiation and plant regeneration somatic embryos... 40, 44 supplies in vitro micropropagation Croton. See Codiaeum variegatum (L) Blume

3 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 395 Cryopreservation chimerism cold hardening description droplet-freezing method droplet-vitrification encapsulation-dehydration explants preculture genetic instability optimization process rapid warming step slow cooling or one-step freezing method , 319 survival ability vitrification Cut flower and pot plant production export values import values per capita consumption total production area turnover, quantities sold, and average price of Cyclamen persicum acclimatization callus culture and maintenance culture media and sieves differentiation and germination, somatic embryos explant preparation liquid culture systems packed cell volume determination somatic embryogenesis , 285 surface sterilization D Dendranthema grandiflora Dianthus caryophylus L. See Carnation Direct regeneration, rose Domenica. See Germplasm storage, rose Droplet-freezing method Dyckia distachya , 64 E Embryogenic suspension culture Encapsulation-dehydration storage cryopreservation slow growth storage Euphorbia pulcherrima. See Poinsettia, organogenesis Expressed sequence tag (EST) markers, azalea development genetic diversity assesment genetic variation transferability F Flavonoids biosynthetic pathway flavonols/flavones synthesis , Floricultural and ornamental plants (FOPs). See Thin cell layers (TCLs), FOPs Floriculture status, Europe. See also Cut flower and pot plant production cut flower and pot plant production distribution of energy factor globalisation greenhouses nurseries production values social issues statistics trade and market Flow cytometric analysis...128, 134, 136 G Genebank Gene-silencing technology. See Chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T) Genetically modified (GM) flowers Genetic diversity assessment, azalea Genetic engineering advantages anthocyanin and modifications method , 333 betalains biosynthetic gene suppression method carotenoid biosynthesis delphinidin synthesis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway flavonoids, flavonols/flavones synthesis , genetically modified (GM) flowers metabolic engineering multiple genes regulation pelargonidin synthesis prominent traits promoter effect transcription factors regulation transgenic rose and considerations Genetic map, azalea Genetic transformation, carnation acetosyringone (AS) adventitious shoot regeneration Agrobacterium , 90 antibiotics b-glucuronidase (GUS)...90, 92, 93, 95 cocultivation... 88, 93 94

4 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 396 Genetic transformation, carnation (Continued) efficiency explant and agrobacterium culture preparation leaf explants limitations neomycin phosphotransferase (nptii) gene node explants , 91, 92 plant acclimation and greenhouse care selection medium... 91, 94 stock solutions in vitro mother plants culture media Gentiana spp Geraniums. See Pelargonium spp. Gerbera jamesonii Germplasm storage, rose introduction and establishment, shoot culture slow growth storage thermotherapy and shoot-tip culture virus-free shoot culture Gesneriaceae. See Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. Giewont. See Tulipa spp. Gladiolus, regenerated shoots. See also Matrix supported liquid culture, gladiolus; Photometric sorting, gladiolus adaptive resonance theory , 105 hyperhydricity matrix supported liquid culture membrane raft... 98, 101 neural network...98, 104, 106 photometric clustering photometric sorting and biological validation shoot regeneration , 102 Gladiolus spp b-glucuronidase (GUS)...90, 92, 93, 95 Guglielmo Betto. See Passiflora Guglielmo Betto H Helianthus annuus L acclimatization cotyledonary explant response culture media explant and seed germination growth regulators stock solutions hyperhydricity...272, iron chelated and vitamin solution Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts solution organogenic regeneration primordia and shoot induction rooting , 277 shoot development Heliconia psittacorum Hyperhydricity I Iris pallida J Jasminum officinale L. acclimatization axillary shoots , 122 Bavistin and Pantomycine charcteristics developmental stages donor plant selection explant collection , 120 explants cleaning field transfer...119, inoculation and establishment, explants , 121 media phenolic leaching poly bags rooting of shoots , 123 shoots elongation shoots multiplication surface sterilization , 121 L Lathyrus odoratus L. acclimatization culture initiation and multiplication , 299 disinfection and excision, explant flowering and/or rooting induction genetic transformation interspecific hybridization mutation breeding odoratism Leucojum vernum L. bulbs, induction and growth culture media constituents economic importance embryogenic callus induction flow cytometry analysis fruit explant callus initiation germination growth regulators effect leaf explant callus initiation materials required maturation ovary explant callus initiation scale explant callus initiation somatic embryogenesis Lilac. See Synthetic seed Lilium longiflorum...382

5 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 397 Liquid culture systems. See Embryogenic suspension culture Liquid nitrogen. See Cryopreservation Lutein marigold transmission electron microscopic analysis Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. acclimatization callus proliferation and suspension culture , 133 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) , 133 direct shoot regeneration and callus induction, leaf...128, endangered species flow cytometric analysis...128, 134, 136 genetic transformation leaf explants , 137 NAA in plant growth regulators effect , 134 rooting , 133 root primordium-like structures shoots regeneration...130, 134, 135 tetraploids in vitro plant preparation M Machine vision analysis. See Photometric sorting, gladiolus Marigold. See Tagetes erecta Matrix supported liquid culture, gladiolus explants preparation medium preparation and culture setup multiple shoot clusters poisson regression modeling in vitro corm induction , 103 in vitro shoot cultures establishment Maturase K (mat K) Moondust Moth Orchid. See Phalaenopsis micropropagation Myrtle. See Myrtus communis L. Myrtus communis L. acclimatization , 268 auxin/cytokinin effect benzylaminopurin (BA) effect chlorophyll determination...259, 261, culture media preparation economic importance IAA/IBA effect micropropagation process photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) effect rooting and biomass induction medium effect sterilization agents sucrose effect N a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)... 22, 50, 56, 72, 89, 132 Nerium oleander L. See Synthetic seed Neural network...98, 104, 106 Nitrofoska O Odoratism Oleander. See Synthetic seed Orchids, TCLs Organogenesis, Anthurium andreanum callus proliferation subculture, shoot proliferation... 7, 9 Organogenesis, poinsettia See also Poinsettia, organogenesis Organogenic regeneration Ornamental avenue tree. See Crataeva adansonii D.C. Prodr., Ornamental plant germplasm cente (OPGC) P Passiflora Guglielmo Betto apical young tendrils auxin transport in culture conditions distribution features flower garden pot plant hardening , 160 plant material shoot elongation and root induction medium...156, shoot induction media (SIM)...155, , 161 shoot multiplication media...155, statistical analysis sterilization , 157 tendrils , 158 Pelargonidin synthesis Pelargonium spp. acclimatization substrate basal medium (BM) colony and callus formation explants culture...200, greenhouse requirements leaf discs and bud regeneration meristem culture micropropagation mother plant establishment plant regeneration, mesophyll protoplasts protoplast culture...200, seed germination shoot regeneration

6 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 398 Petunia hybrida Phalaenopsis micropropagation acclimation acclimatization and potting clonal propagation culture media culture media preparation and sterilization explants... 80, 82 leaf segment... 81, 83 media composition MS medium, macro-and micro salts of nursery establishment plantlets formation... 81, 82 plant materials PLBs regeneration surface sterilization in vitro culture... 78, 83 Photinia fraseri Dress. See Synthetic seed Photometric sorting, gladiolus ART 2 algorithm, cluster analysis image acquisition and feature extraction machine vision-neural network in vitro shoot regeneration Plant growth regulators (PGRs)... 44, 134 Plantmax...52, 59, 63 Poinsettia, organogenesis acclimation , 73 auxins and cytokinins, stock solutions of culture and explants maintenance media formulations Murashige and Skoog formulation as ornamental plant... 67, 68 plant source material and surface sterilization preparation and sterilization of root development shoot regeneration... 72, 74 stages stem nodal explants surface sterilization tissue culture Polyamines (PAs) Prominence. See Tulipa spp. R Ranunculus asiaticus L., axillary bud stimulation acclimatization breeding programs classification commercial production initiation phase materials media production and operations steps rooting shoot multiplication tuberous roots preparation Rhododendron micropropagation acclimatization azaleas callus induction cytokinins embryo rescue floral structures and seeds initiation interspecific hybridization isopentenyladenine (2iP) , 150 materials meristems initiation multiplication polyploidy induction rooting R. simsii shoot induction sport regeneration subgenera vegetative shoot tips initiation Rosa Sant Antonio di Padova. See Germplasm storage, rose Rosa spp Rose block making and section cutting method culture medium preparation culture vessel, rooting microshoots dewaxing process direct regeneration method explant hardening , 173 histological studies materials required mounting and stretching rooting microshoots shoot proliferation , 172 somatic embryogenesis surface sterilization and inoculation transgenic plant waxing process S Saintpaulia ionantha Scaevola spp. acclimation culture media economic importance microprogation stages origin

7 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 399 shoot and root initiation shoot cutting preparation Slow growth storage age, size, and physiological state cold conditions container usage description encapsulation method low light intensity shoot cultures and synthetic seeds synthetic seed virus-free rose germplasm Somatic embryogenesis Cyclamen persicum Dyckia distachya explant sterilization germination and histological studies hardening and acclimatization process proliferation and maturation Spring snowflake. See Leucojum vernum L. Sunflower. See Helianthus annuus L. Sweet peas. See Lathyrus odoratus L. Sylvania Synthetic seed Syringa vulgaris L. See Synthetic seed T Tagetes erecta callus and flowers, TEM micrograph carotenoid pigment analysis chromatographic supplies lutein content microscopy requirements northern blot analysis regeneration process transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Temporary immersion systems (TIS) , 65 Thermotherapy Thidiazuron (TDZ) Thin cell layers (TCLs)...FOPs African violet, Saintpaulia ionantha Amaranthus edulis Begonia rex callogenesis cell division chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora easter lily, Lilium longiflorum explants Gentiana spp., 383 geranium hybrid, pelargonium hortorum Gerbera jamesonii Gladiolus spp., 384 Heliconia psittacorum Iris pallida orchids Petunia hybrida PLBs rhizogenesis Rosa spp., 385 snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus somatic embryogenesis...380, 381, 385 sunflower, Helianthus annuus tissues and organs formation totipotency Thin cell layer (TCL) system, Begonia tuberous 6-benzyladenine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid floral stalks petiole transverse-tcls (ttcls) Tulipa spp. bulb development...247, bulb drying stage countrywise production culture media donor plant preparation , 247 ELISA, virus indexing , 252 infective viruses micropropagation stages rooting and plant growth , 251 shoot culture initiation shoot multiplication somaclonal variation Turfa Fértil, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61 V Vanda teres micropropagation acclimation acclimatization and potting explants media composition NAA and BA nodal segment... 24, 26 plantlets formation plantlets stages plant materials preparation and sterilization, culture media protocorm like bodies (PLBs) surface sterilization , 25 in vitro culture VW medium Virus-free shoot culture Virus indexing, ELISA , 252

8 Pr o t o c o l s f o r In Vi t r o Pr o p a g a t i o n o f Or n a m e n t a l Pl a n t s 400 Vitrification...305, Vriesea brusquensis Vriesea fosteriana , 62, 64 Vriesea friburgenesis...54, 63 Vriesea hieroglyfica Vriesea reitzii...63 adventitious shoots, nodule cluster regeneration Vriesea splendens...59, W Waxing, rose