Nutrient Dynamics in Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita Plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia
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1 Nutrient Dynamics in Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita Plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia Takuya Sasaki, Yukiko Sawa, Seiichi Ohta, Agus Wichacsono (MHP) Lab of Tropical Forest Resources and Environments Kyoto University, Japan
2 Introduction Fast wood plantation (FWP) have been expanded in Indonesia (ITTO, 2005)
3 Introduction Fast wood plantation (FWP) have been expanded in Indonesia (ITTO, 2005) FWP would lead depletion of available nutrients in the soil and have severe impact on the productivity and sustainability of forest stands (B du toit et al., 2004; Corbeels M, 2003) Grow up Planting 4~8 years Harvest Harvest residue Input
4 Introduction Fast wood plantation (FWP) have been expanded in Indonesia (ITTO, 2005) FWP would lead depletion of available nutrients in the soil and have severe impact on the productivity and sustainability of forest stands (B du toit et al., 2004; Corbeels M, 2003) The greatest impact from management occurs during operations associated with harvesting and planting (A,Tiarks et al., 2004) Have to be paid attention!! Planting Harvest Harvest residue input
5 Introduction In Indonesia, Acacia mangium (1st) had largest parts in plantation. Reducing the risk of root rot of Acacia mangium, there is increasing introduction of Eucalyptus pellita (3rd ) as plantation trees (Kurinobe., et al 2011) For sustainable nutrient management in Indonesia, information of nutrient dynamics of these two species is important. N-fixing species Use for pulp 100 million ha in Indonesia Risk of root rot non N-fixing species Use for pulp In these days increasing
6 Introduction We focus on Part Ⅰ-Takuya Sasaki Impact of harvesting Objective Understand the nutrient dynamics through harvesting of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita plantation Harvest
7 Introduction Objective Understand the nutrient dynamics through harvesting of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita plantation We focus on Part Ⅰ-Takuya Sasaki Impact of harvesting Part Ⅱ-Yukiko Sawa Synchronization of nutrient release from harvest residues and absorption by subsequent plants Planting Decomposition of harvest residues
8 PartⅠ Impact of harvesting Introduction 1 Estimate the nutrient accumulation into biomass 2 Compare removed nutrient through harvest with nutrient within tree-soil system?
9 Location Industrial plantation of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita located in South sumatora Indonesia. 4-6 years harvesting rotation. Experimetal term Sep 2011 Site description Experimental Design Annual precipitation: mm Mean annual temperature: 27.3 ºC No distinct dry and wet seasons Dryer season: From June to September Wetter season: From October to May 4years neighboring plantation of Acacia mangium ( Acacia) and Eucalyptus pellita (Eucalypt). Before establishing them, both sites were same old Acacia mangium plantation. Initial soil condition are considered to be same between species.
10 Experimental Design Accumulation into biomass Tree destructive sampling in both sites Allometry in both sites were made. T-K, T-P, T-N, T-Ca, T-Mg accumulation into biomass were estimated from allometry and DBH. Estimated nutrient removal Nutrient within stem and stem bark which diamer < 6cm Litter layer Sampling with plastic ring (r = 21.5cm) in both sites (n=8). T-P, K, N, Ca, Mg Mineral Soil Multi sampling down to 30cm every 5cm interval with soil cylinder in both site (n=8) Bray2-P, Ex-Ca, Ex-Mg, Ex-K, T-N
11 t otal in whole syst em removed t hrough harvest kg / ha Total K and Ex-K removal Total K and Ex-K (kg/ha) Acacia Eucalypt (16.5%) 68.0 (24.5%) Acacia Eucalypt litter layer harvest stem+stem bark branch+leave harvest residue root mineral root soil mineral soil litter layer soil Accumulation into biomass Acacia < Eucalypt Especially branch and leaves had a higher accumulation in Eucalypt. Removal from whole system Acacia < Eucalypt Because of higher accumulation into log in Eucalypt Difference in soil was because of difference in accumulation into biomass.
12 t otal in whole syst em removed t hrough harvest kg / ha Total P and Bray2-P removal Total P and Bray2-P (kg/ha) Acacia Eucalypt (14.1%) 3.93 (15.5%) Acacia Eucalypt litter layer harvest stem+stem bark branch+leave harvest residue mineral root soil mineral soil litter layer soil Accumulation into biomass Acacia > Eucalypt Especially branch and leaves had a higher accumulation in Acacia. Removal from whole system Acacia Eucalypt Almost same amount of P were removed through harvest.
13 Total N t / ha tot al in whole syst em removed through harvest Total N (t/ha) Acacia Acacia Eucalypt (6.11%) 0.12 (2.9%) Eucalypt litter layer harvest stem+stem bark branch+leave harvest residue mineral root soil mineral soil litter layer soil Accumulation into biomass Acacia > Eucalypt Because of N-fixing ability of Acacia Removal from whole system Acacia > Eucalypt removal N in harvest were small compared to soil N. Acacia increase net N in whole system by N-fixing. 5
14 Total Ca and Ex-Ca removal Total Ca and Ex-Ca (kg/ha) kg / ha tot al in whole syst em removed through harvest Acacia Eucalypt (11.2%) 35.7 (16.4%) Acacia Eucalypt Why? litter layer harvest stem+stem bark branch+leave harvest residue root mineral root soil mineral soil litter layer soil Leaching? Accumulation into biomass Acacia > Eucalypt Especially branch and leaves had a higher accumulation in Acacia. Removal from whole system Acacia > Eucalypt Eucaly kept quite lower amount in whole system. Leaching down to deeper soil? This species specific effect more severe than harvest.
15 Total Mg and Ex-Mg removal Total Mg and Ex-Mg (kg/ha) kg / ha tot al in whole syst em removed through harvest Acacia Eucalypt (7.3%) 9.3 (14.6%) Acacia Eucalypt Why? litter layer harvest stem+stem bark branch+leave harvest residue mineral root soil mineral soil litter layer soil Accumulation into biomass Acacia > Eucalypt Especially branch and leaves had a higher accumulation in Acacia. Removal from whole system Acacia > Eucalypt Eucaly kept quite lower amount in whole system. Same as Ca, this species specific effect more severe than harvest.
16 Summary 1 Nutrient removal through harvest. 2~24.5 % nutrient are removed through harvest Eucaly had potential to remove more K through harvest (24.5%). Higher accumulation of K into stem part in Eucaly. In both plantation, impact of P removal are almost same. N removal were not so big compared to soil stock (2~3%). 2 Loss of Ca and Mg in Eucalypt by other factor!! Eucalypt had lower amount of Ca and Mg than Acacia in whole system. Leaching down to soil layer?
17 Part Ⅱ Nutrient release from decomposing harvest residues and litter on the forest floor, and its absorption by seedling and understory vegetation Photo: Acacia plantation just after planting seedling
18 Introduction of part 2 Harvest residues and litter on the forest floor contain large amounts of nutrients (part 1) Investigate nutrient release rate, pattern, and amounts Evaluate if nutrient release is synchronized with its absorption by subsequent plants (seedling and understory vegetation) Experimental term From September, 2011 to September, 2012 Experimental plot Plot size: 21m 27m (Acacia), 21m 33m (Eucalypt) Cut all trees within the plot and stems were taken out Biomass of harvest residues and litter on the forest floor were calculated from allometry equation and sampling data of Part1
19 Nutrient release - litterbag method - Harvest residues Leaves Branch (0-1, 1-3, 3- cm) Bark Root in litter layer Root in the mineral soil (0-2, 2-5, 5-25, 25-50, 50-mm ) Litter from litter layer 3 month 6 month 9 month 12 month Sep, 2011 Concentration of T-N, P, K, Ca and Mg in each component were analyzed. Amount of nutrient in each component was calculated same way as Part1 (n=10) Composited after weighing
20 Nutrient absorption Sampling seedling Nov, month 4 month 8 month 10 month Allometry equation by destructive sampling of 2-6 trees in each term Biomass increment (kg/ha) Measure diameter of every seedling at 10cm above the ground in each term 3m 3m
21 Nutrient absorption Sampling seedling Nov, month 4 month 8 month 10 month Allometry equation by destructive sampling of 2-6 trees in each term Biomass increment (kg/ha) Measure diameter of every seedling at 10cm above the ground in each term Sampling understory vegetation 4 month 8 month 10 month Acacia plot Cutting and weighing within subplot (1m 1m, n=5) 3m 3m Concentration of T-N, P, K, Ca and Mg were analyzed. Amount of was calculated same way as Part1 Eucalypt plot Cut over in the plot, and then sampling and weighing within subplot (2m 3m, n=8)
22 Nutrient release Amounts of nutrients released from harvest residues and litter, and release rate (their proportion to the amounts of initial contents of nutrients) in one year Acacia Eucalypt Released amounts (kg ha -1 ) Release rate (%) Released amounts (kg ha -1 ) Release rate (%) N P K Ca Mg Most of K was released in one year in both species Release of N proceeded only below 20% in both species Release rates of K, Ca, and Mg were higher in Eucalypt Eucalypt has less function as a source of nutrients in long-term
23 Release patterns of nutrients Time courses of the nutrient content in decomposing harvest residues and litter Nutrient remaining (%) Acacia Nutrient remaining (%) Eucalypt N P K Ca Mg Days after setting litter bag Days after setting litter bag Rapid release of K in first 6 months (173 and 101 kg ha -1 were released in first 6 months, which accounted 115 and 89 % of total released amounts in 1 year in Acacia and Eucalypt stand, respectively) Release of P and Mg proceeded mostly in first 6 month ( Ca)
24 Nutrient absorption and release Amounts of nutrients absorbed by seedling and understory vegetation in one year, and their proportion to the amounts of nutrients released from harvest residues and litter Acacia Absorbed amounts (kg ha -1 ) Absorption / Release (%) Eucalypt Absorbed amounts (kg ha -1 ) Absorption / Release (%) N P K Ca Mg More than 50% of released K and Ca in both species and Mg in Eucaly were not absorbed by subsequent plants If leaching occurred, substantial amounts of these nutrients might be lost from the tree - soil system, especially K
25 Nutrient absorption Amounts of nutrients absorbed by seedling and understory vegetation in one year, and proportion of the amounts of nutrients absorbed by understory vegetation Acacia Eucalypt Absorbed amounts (kg ha -1 ) Contribution of understory vegetation (%) Absorbed amounts (kg ha -1 ) Contribution of understory vegetation (%) N P K Ca Mg Understory vegetation is major contributor to stock nutrients If weeding is conducted, most released nutrients might be lost, especially in Eucalypt stand ( Nutrients absorption by seedling: Eucalypt > Acacia)
26 Conclusion Harvest K removal through harvest Eucalypt > Acacia Ca and Mg lost by other factor Eucalypt > Acacia
27 Conclusion Harvest K removal through harvest Eucalypt > Acacia Ca and Mg lost by other factor Eucalypt > Acacia Decomposition of harvest residues Eucalypt has less function as a source of nutrients in long-term If leaching occurred, substantial amounts of nutrients might be lost from the tree - soil system, especially K Planting Over 50 % of Ca and K were not absorbed in both species and Mg in Eucalypt stand Understory vegetation is important to stock nutrients If weeding is conducted, nutrients loss might be occurred especially in Eucalypt
28 Conclusion Harvest K removal through harvest Eucalypt > Acacia Ca and Mg lost by other factor Eucalypt > Acacia Decomposition of harvest residues Eucalypt has less function as a source of nutrients in long-term If leaching occurred, substantial amounts of nutrients might be lost from the tree - soil system, especially K Through harvest and planting, More nutrients, especially cation like Ca, Mg and K might be lost from tree soil system in Eucalypt, than Acacia stand Planting Over 50 % of Ca and K were not absorbed in both species and Mg in Eucalypt stand Understory vegetation is important to stock nutrients If weeding is conducted, nutrients loss might be occurred especially in Eucalypt
29 Thank you for your attention Acknowledgements We thank for Mr. Arisman Hardjono, Maya Liony Lioe, and all staff members of Research of Development Division of PT. Mushi Hitan Persada for their help in our field work Photo: Ninnaji temple in Kyoto (18/11/2012)
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