Montenegro Greenhouse Ornamental Production Workshop October 2007

Transcription

1 Montenegro Greenhouse Ornamental Production Workshop October 2007 Heiner Lieth Plant Sciences Department University of California, Davis The material that follows in this report consists of material that was supplied to the USDA Foreign Ag Service in support of assembling and delivering a workshop in the country of Montenegro is promotion of the their greenhouse flower production industry. At the time when the program was planned it was unknown what level of interest and expertise would be available on-site in Montenegro. Thus a program was created which could be adjusted dynamically. The attached materials represent the final state of the program as it was actually delivered in Budvar, Montenegro during the period from October 16-19, The material included in this report consists of a printout of a website that was built for the workshop. This website includes most of the visuals that were presented, except the slide-shows that were developed on-site at the request of the participants. Participants receive a CD with all this information, but a lot was modified dynamically to address specific needs, so that a generally-accessible website was created for them at All information on the site was translated into Serbo-croatian by locals in Belgrade and Montenegro.

2 Montenegro Greenhouse Ornamental Production Workshop October 2007 Radionica za proizvodnju ukrasnog cveća u staklenicima, Crna Gora, Okt 2007 Day 1 (Tue Oct 16) Dan 1 (16. oktobar) 8:30 to 9:00 Introduction of organizers and overview of the hand out materials. Uvodna reč organizatora i pregled materijala Professor Heiner Lieth Mr Philippe Chabot 9:00 to 9:45 Introduction to Greenhouse Flower Production (Lieth) Uvod u proizvodnju cveća u staklenicima 9:50 to 10:15 Break and further introductions. Participants introduce themselves to each other and organizers during Coffee break Pauza i dalji uvod. Učesnici se predstavljaju tokom pauze. 10:15 to 11:00 Typical issues for growers in California and North American Tipični problemi uzgajivača u Kaliforniji i Severnoj Americi (Lieth) Day 2 (Wed Oct 17) Dan 2 (17. oktobar) 8:30 Virtual tour of some California greenhouse production of ornamentals as well as some marketing information (in response to previous day s discussion) 9:30 to 10:15 Soilless crop production: Overview of the root zone; physical/chemical properties of various substrate components Proizvodnja biljaka sa malo zemljišta: Pregled korena; fizička/hemijska svojstva različitih komponenata supstrata (Lieth) 10:15 to 10:30 Break Pauza 10:30 to 11:15 Soilless crop production(continued): Various properties of substrates and how these drive irrigation and fertilization Proizvodnja biljaka sa malo zemljišta nastavak (Lieth) 11:00 to noon: 11:15 to noon Treatment of substrates Discussion of Marketing issues: What (pasteurization); rooting medium are the options for Montenegran preparation; Tretiranje supstrata growers: local market; European market (pasterizacija); priprema sredine za and competitors koren (Lieth) Do podneva: Diskusija o problemima tržišta: koje su mogućnosti crnogorskih uzgajivača: lokalno tržište, evropsko tržište i konkurencija (Chabot and Lieth) Day 3 (Thu Oct 18) Dan 3 (18. oktobar) 8:30 9:45 Water management; Irrigation. Overview of technologies (emitters, distribution systems, filters, etc) Upravljanje vodom; navodnjavanje: pregled tehnolgoija (emiteri, distributivni sistemi, filteri, itd) (Lieth) 10:00 depart for: Local Greenhouse Tour in individual (own) cars We'll look at equipment, controls, plant problems, pest management (Note: I would be instructing during the tour to identify specific elements we need a mobile translator for this) Pregledaćemo opremu, kontrole, probleme biljaka, upravljanje štetočinama. (treba nam prvodilac dok smo u poseti) Day 4 (Fri Oct 19) Dan 4 (19. oktobar) 8:30 10:00 Example of a particular production system: Greenhouse Cut flower rose production. Primer određenog proizvodnog sistema: proizvodnja sečenih ruža u stakleniku (Lieth) 10:00 10:15 Break Pauza 10:15 11:00 Greenhouse crop ecology: Light, Temperature, CO2 plant relations and environment optimization Ekologija biljaka u stakleniku: svetlo, temperature, CO2, odnos biljaka i okoline (Lieth) 11:00 11:30 Post production handling of ornamental products Rukovanje ukrasnim cvećem posle proizvodnje (Lieth) 11:30 Check out of hotel room 12:10 to 13:20 Lunch Ručak 12:00 13:20 Lunch Ručak (Box lunch) 12:00 13:20 Lunch Ručak

3 13:30 14:15: Greenhouse structures 13:30 15:00 Plant nutrition and tour continued the full spectrum from simple to highly complex; issue regarding energy, light attenuation, temperature control; Fertilization: Macro and micro nutrients. Nastavak ture Ishrana i đubrenje biljaka: Makro i mikro nutritijenti (Lieth) glazing materials Struktura staklenika pun pregled od jednostavnih do kompleksnih; problemi koji se tiču energije, svetlosti, kontrole temperature (Lieth) 14:15 15:00 Greenhouse environment control: Part 1: Heating Kontrola životne sredine u stakleniku: Deo I: zagrevanje (Lieth) 15:00 15:20 Break Pauza 15:20 16:30 Greenhouse environment control: Part 2: cooling Kontrola životne sredine u stakleniku: Deo II: hlađenje (Lieth) 16:30 17:00 Q&A Pitanja i odgovori 15:00 15:20 Break Pauza Fertigation systems and their operation; Calculating the set up of stock tanks and injection rates Sistemi fertigacije i njihov rad; izračunavanje postavljanja tankova i količina ubrizgavanja (Lieth) 15:20 16:30 Pest management identification of pests Upravljanje štetočinama identifikacija štetočina (Lieth) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) background material Integrisano upravljanje štetočinama (IPM) materijal (Lieth) 16:30 17:00 Q&A Pitanja i odgovori 13:00 to 14:00 Post production handling of ornamental products Rukovanje ukrasnim cvećem posle proizvodnje (Lieth) 14:00 14:30 Virtual tour of an large outdoor nursery in central California. Enphasis on recirculation and water management 14:30 15:00 Professor Lieth s impressions of the Montenegro ornamental production industries and potential for the future 15:00 15:20 Break Pauza 15:20 16:00 Discussion with participants 16:00 17:00 Q&A Pitanja i odgovori

4 Greenhouse Flower Production Proizvodnja cveća u staklenicima This workshop focuses on production in greenhouses, ranging from primitive plastic covers to highly automated glass greenhouses. Most of the emphasis will be on ornamental plants in greenhouse production. We can also discuss some outdoor production, but most of this workshop will focus on soil-less production (not in-ground) Slideshow of products of the industry: This slideshow will show they types of products that this industry produces. Note especially the large diversity in products and plants that are used. Points of discussion Distribution system in the United States grower/shipper wholesale florist flower markets importers garden centers, retail nurseries retail florist chain and grocery store Distribution system in Europe Ovaj seminar odnosi se na proizvodnju u staklenicima, polazeći od primitivnih plastičnih prekrivača do visoko automatizovanih staklenika obloženih staklom. Uglavnom ćemo se baviti proizvodnjom ukrasnih biljaka u staklenicima. Takođe, možemo se pozabaviti i prozivodnjom van staklenika, ali je cilj ovog seminara proizvodnja u uslovima gde nema puno zemljišta (ne u zemlji) Slajdovi proizvoda: Ovi slajdovi će pokazati koji se proizvodi proizvode u ovoj industriji. Obratite pažnju na veliki broj različitih proizvoda i biljaka. Distributivni sistem u SAD uzgajivač/dostavljač cvećare u veleprodaji tržišta cveća uvoznici garden centri, maloprodajni rasadnici cvećare u maloprodaji lanac prodavnica Distributivni sistem u Evropi Focus of issues specific to ornamental horticulture production efficiency disease and pest management marketing Problemi koji su specifični za hortikulturu ukrasnih biljaka efikasnost proizvodnje upravljanje bolestima i štetočinama

5 note that marketing is a ballance between "holiday production"(ie consumer driven) and year-round level production (Preferred by growers) post-harvest treatment End-user issues in the United States marketing zapamtite da je marketing balans između "proizvodnje za praznike"(npr. uslovljena potrošačima) i jednogodišnjom proizvodnjom (uzgajivači je više vole) tretiranje posle žetve Problemi krajnjih potrošača u SAD End-user issues in Europe Problemi krajnjih potrošača u Evropi Summary of Export issues Eco-friendly Socially-responsible production (sustainable methods) Do products need to be Pesticide free? Zero-tolerance for certain pests - how to build a system to handle this Issues faced by growers in the United States (and especially California) Problemi koji se javljaju kod izvoza Mora da bude u skladu sa ekologijom Proizvodnja mora da bude odgovorna prema društvu (održive metode) Da li proizvodi moraju biti bez pesticida? Bez tolerancije za određene štetočine kako izgraditi sistem koji će to kontrolisati Problemi sa kojima se sreću uzgajivači u SAD (naročito u Kaliforniji) One thing that distinguishes the floriculture industry from other forms of agriculture is the degree of volatility in the various problems faced by growers. New pests seem to emerge every 18 months to 2 years. New production pressures emerge about every 2-3 years and government regulation changes continuously, especially with regard to pesticide regulation and worker safety. - Energy Recently energy costs started rising. Last winter energy costs were so high that many greenhouse producers were spending so much to heat and cool their greenhouses that they had trouble making a profit; many went out of business. Similar things may Ono što razlikuje industriju cveća od drugih oblika poljoprivredne porizvodnje jeste stepen nestalnosti u različitim problemima, sa kojima se suočavaju uzgajivači. Izgleda da se nove štetočine pojavljuju svake 2-3 godine, a vladini propisi se redovno menjaju, naročito po pitanju regulisanja upotrebe pesticide i bezbednosti radnika. - Energija U poslednje vreme troškovi energije su počeli da se povećavaju. Prošle zime troškovi energije su toliko bili visoki da su mnogi proizvođači u staklenicima trošili toliko sredstava da zagreju i rashlade svoje staklenike, da su imali problema da ostvare profit;

6 happen this winter, but many growers have found ways to lock in some energy prices that they can live with. We even had some growers that had energy contracts and it was more lucrative for them to sell this energy back than to use it for greenhouse production. This winter things will probably be different (more stable). Note: Energy and Labor represent the two largest portions of production costs in general in the US because energy is not subsidized. (Does your competitor have subsidized energy?) - Environmental concerns and regulations Public sensitivity to the environment has reached high levels in recent years in the US and especially California. Legislation has been developed over the past few years across the country to protect our natural resources, not just from obvious blights, but also from "invisible" pollutants. Nitrate levels in ground water are very high in many places (this comes from the use of fertilizers which can leach into the ground water). (Can you recognize the warning signs for your children?) Pesticides in irrigation run-off can also cause problems. Environmental activists continue to heighten the public's sensitivity, sometimes higher than it needs to be. New Government regulations in many states now require growers to obtain discharge merits for agricultural run-off. In many states run-off is forbidden. (Note that this makes greenhouse production basically impossible). - Imports (cut flowers) mnogi su prestali da rade. Slično se dogodilo i ove zime, ali su mnogi uzgajivači našli načina da zamrznu troškove energije tako da mogu da prežive. Neki su čak potpisali i ugovore o utrošku energije, tako da je za njih ispalo isplativije da ponovo prodaju tu energiju nego da je koriste za proizvodnju u staklenicima. Ove zime stvari će biti drugačije (stabilnije). Beleška: Energija i rad predstavljaju dve najveće stavke u troškovima proizvodnje u SAD jer utrošak energije nije subvencionisan. (Da li vaš konkurent ima subvencionisanu energiju?) - Problemi životne sredine i propisi Javna osetljivost na životnu sredinu dostigla je visok nivo u poslednje vreme u SAD, naročito u Kaliforniji. Zakonodavstvo se tokom poslednjih godina razvijalo u pravcu zaštite prirodnih resursa, ne samo od očitog uništavanja, nego i od "nevidljivih" zagađivača. Nivo nitrite u podzemnim vodama je veoma visok na mnogim mestima (uzrok ovome jeste korišćenje đubriva koje se može sprati u podzemne vode. (Da li možete da prepoznate znake upozorenja za vašu decu?) Pesticidi koji se ispiraju navodnjavanjem takođe mogu da prouzrokuju probleme. Aktivisti koji se bave zaštitom životne sredine nastavljaju da povećaju osetljivost javnosti, nekada čak i više nego što je potrebno. Novi vladini propisi u mnogim saveznim državama sada obavezuju uzgajivače da obezbede kontrolu ispiranja poljoprivrednog zemljišta. U mnogim zemljama ispiranje je zabranjeno. (Što u principu čini proizvodnju u staklenicima nemogućom). - Uvoz (sečeno cveće) The cut-flower production industry in the USA has been affected dramatically by imported cut-flowers. The same issue is important in northern Europe. This is a problem for domestic growers because frequently the imported products are being sold Proizvodnja sečenog cveća u SAD je dramatično ugrožena uvoznim sečenim cvećem. Isti problem se javlja i u severnoj Evropi. Ovo je problem sa domaće uzgajivače zato što se cveće koje se često uvozi prodaje jeftinije nego što je cena koju mogu

7 for prices below what it costs domestic growers to produce their crops (forcing them to sell at a loss). This is possible because in many foreign countries' wages are a fraction of our minimum wage and the governments subsidize these growers in order to build up this industry. Also in many tropical and sub-tropical countries (e.g. Columbia, Venezuela, Kenya,..., Ecuador, Mexico,...) the climate is such that many crops can be grown without heating or cooling. Thus the cost of producing plants is far lower. The problem however is not quite so simple. Although the total cost of production may be substantially cheaper for the off-shore producer, transportation costs and losses due to transit bring the actual cost close to that of the domestic producer. What has hurt domestic growers the most is something called "dumping": the practice of importers of selling products for less than what it cost the foreign producer to produce the crop. There are several reasons why an importer might sell "at a loss". da ostvare domaći proizvođači za proizvodnju svojih biljaka (što ih uslovljava da prodaju sa gubitkom). Ovo je moguće zato što je u mnogim stranim zemljama plata samo deo naše minimalne plate, a vlada subvencioniše ovu proizvodnju kako bi je ojačala. Takođe, mnoge tropske i suptropske zemlje (npr. Kolumbija, Venecuela, Kenija, Ekvador, Meksiko ) imaju takvu klimu gde se mnoge biljke mogu gajiti bez hlađenja ili zagrevanja. Stoga su troškovi proizvodnje niži. Ipak, problem nije tako jednostavan. Iako je ukupan trošak proizvodnje možda značano jeftiniji od of-šor proizvođača, troškovi transporta i gubici usled transporta čine stvarne troškove skoro istim kao što su i troškovi domaćih proizvođača. Ono što povređuje domaće proizvođače jeste ono što se naziva "damping": praksa uvoznika da prodaju proizvode za nižu cenu nego što to zaista košta strane proizvođače da proizvedu biljku. Postoji nekoliko razloga zašto uvoznik može prodavati "sa gubitkom". 1. Foreign government subsidies artificially bringing the cost down (i.e. no loss to the grower or importer) 2. Attempting to capture the market and to force the domestic producers out of business so that prices can be raised later. 3. Too much competition in the market at various times forces prices down; domestic growers respond by not harvesting; importers already have the product and must try to get whatever they can for it, thus selling below cost In the past few years legal actions have been taken to prevent "dumping". Tariffs are being imposed to prevent blatant dumping. But most growers are not satisfied that all this is working. Most importers feel that it has gone as far as it should go. Related issue: intellectual property and plant patent royalties Sudden Oak Death and Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (for Container Nurseries) 1. Subvencije stranih vlada veštački snižavaju troškove (npr. nema troškova za proizvođača ili uvoznika) 2. Pokušaj da se zauzme tržište i da se nateraju domaći proizvođaći da napuste posao, tako da se cene mogu kasnije podići. 3. Isuviše jaka konkurencija na tržištu u različito vreme snižava cene; domaći uzgajivači odgovaraju tako što ne seku cveće; uvoznici već imaju xvoje proizvode i moraju da pokušaju bilo šta, stoga prodaju ispod cene. U poslednjih nekoliko godina preduzete su zakonske akcije da se spreči "damping". Postavljene su tarife da bi se sprečio damping. Ali većina uzgajivača nije zadovoljna. Većina uvoznika da je sve otišlo predaleko. Drugo: intelektualna svojina i autorsko pravo za biljne patente Phytophtora ramorum i Homalodisca coagulata (za uzgajališta kontejnere)

8 I am presenting this as an example to show the strange things that can happen that seem unimportant until they suddenly shut down part of your distribution system. Predstavljam vam ovo kao primer da vam pokažem da se čudne stvari mogu dogoditi, koje izgledaju potpuno nebitne sve dok ne zatvore deo vašeg distributivnog sistema. Many nurseries are being barred from shipping product into particular states and countries (e.g. Canada) for fear that the nursery products may be carrying the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death Glassy-winged sharpshooter is an insect that causes little damage to plants by itself, but it carries the bacterium that is responsible for Pierces Disease which can wipe out entire orchards and stands of woody plants. Because the nursery industry transports huge amounts of plants and some of the plants carry this insect, the industry is seeing restrictions to movement of plants. Many nurseries have faced bankruptcy because they suddenly could not ship any product out of their county or region. Suddenly any woody plant in a container and any substrate that includes wood from trees that are in the host range of the SOD organism (phytophthera) are restricted. This affects sales dramatically... These are not the only severe issues that affect greenhouse growers of ornamental crops in the US. Mnoga uzgajališta su izuzeta od slanja proizvoda u određene zemlje (npr. Kanada), iz straha da proizvodi iz rasadnika mogu nositi patogene koji izazivaju iznenadno izumiranje hrastova Homalodisca coagulata je insekt koji izaziva malu štetu samoj biljci, ali prenosi bakteriju koja je ogovorna za pojavu Pierce bolesti, koja može zbrisati čitave voćnjake i drvenaste biljke. Pošto rasadnici prenose ogromne količine biljaka a na nekim biljkama se nalazi ovaj insekt, industrija nalazi načine da ograniči kretanje biljaka. Mnogi rasadnici su bankrotirali zato što odjednom nisu mogli da pošalju ijedan proizvod van svoje zemlje ili regiona. Odjednom, bilo koja drvenasta biljka u kontejneru ili bilo koji supstrat koji sadrži drvo koje se smatra mogućim domaćinom SOD organizama (fitoftora) su zabranjeni. Ovo se dramatično odrazilo na prodaju... Ovo nisu jedini veliki problemi koji utiču na proizvodnju ukrasnih biljaka u staklenicima u SAD.

9 Greenhouse Production Heiner Lieth Greenhouse Production: Crops Vegetables Ornamentals Cut flowers Potted flowering and foliage plants High value crops because the input costs are high and only high value crops will result on a return on investment. I will show you all the tools that are available; everything costs money; be careful to grow a crop that you can market and get enough money to pay your bills (and make a profit) 1

10 Greenhouse Production: Levels of technology I will show you the full range of technology. The key to profitability is to use the most appropriate level of technology that is right for you. Factors that dictate Appropriate level of technology : Market Climate Labor costs Energy costs Infrastructure reliability Greenhouse technology glass Expensive; Low maintenance; Long life (this is an investment) Unlimited capability to install control technology 2

11 Greenhouse technology film Inexpensive, Frequent maintenance; Short life (film: 2 4 years) Limited control capability Greenhouse technology in between Intermediate; plastic houses Ability to have some controls 3

12 Greenhouse Production: Levels of technology I will show you the full range of technology. The key to profitability is to use the most appropriate level of technology that is right for you. Factors that dictate Appropriate level of technology : Market do you need to precision control timing? Climate do you need to deal with low temperatures? Labor costs does it make sense to install automation? Energy costs heating/cooling insulation? Infrastructure reliability can you count on energy/water/ labor when you need it? Points of discussion Later today we will talk about Greenhouse structure Glazing materials (the transparent material) General cost information I will NOT talk about: Specific costs You will have to calculate the details yourself We will not discuss engineering details, energy management calculations, thermal loss data, etc (Greenhouse engineering would be a separate workshop) 4

13 Points of discussion Greenhouse production of any crop is NOT static. It changes very fast; every year there are different forces that affect production Examples Shift from soil based to soilless production More and more tools become available every month. Be sure to stay informed Always be open to new tools, but evaluate carefully whether each is right for you Points of discussion Some high tech examples are these right ihtf for you? Robotic transplanting: Robotic shifting of plants for ease of harvesting: Robotic plant handling: Flower grading machine: 5

14 Greenhouse construction Greenhouse structure: Various styles lean-to single span Izgradnja staklenika Struktura staklenika: Različiti stilovi oslanjaju se jedan otvor ridge and furrow sleme i brazda A-frame Quonset (plastic glazing) A-ram Quonset (plastično zastakljivanje)

15 high-profile visoko kvalitetno vs low-profile (Venlo-style) U odnosu na nisko kvalitetno (Venlo-stil)

16 Types which allow the entire roof to be opened: Tipovi staklenika kod kojih se kompletan krov može otvoriti: "Retractable" "Krov se "Open roof" Support structure: materials typically used: wood, aluminum, steel stronger materials can be spread farther apart - less light loss Greenhouse glazing material: Criteria for electing glazing material: heat versus light penetration can they tolerate the forces of the environment: snow, wind fire hazard construction costs / maintenance costs life expectancy condensation / light environ. & dripping on plants glass the only material used prior to 1950 heavy - requires lots of structure expensive very durable its now possible to get large panes so light interception is less uvlači" se otvara" Potporna struktura: materijali koji se obično koriste: drvo, aluminijum, čelik jači materijali mogu još više da se prošire gubi se manje svetla Materijal za zastakljivanje staklenika: Kriterijum za odabir materijala za zastakljivanje: toplota u odnosu na prodor svetlosti da li mogu da podnesu prirodne sile; sneg, vetar opasnost od vatre troškovi izgradnje / troškovi održavanja očekivani vek trajanja kondenzacija / svetlost & kapljanje na biljke staklo jedini materijal koji se koristio pre 1950 teško zahteva dobru strukturu skupo vrlo dugotrajno sada je moguće dobiti veće ploče tako da je presretanje "Krov

17 films serious problem double-paning is possible - obviously even more expensive polyethylene cheap to buy short life (3 years) with various filters (3-5 years) good light penetration when new double layering - inflate with fan (use air from outside) problems with crud between layers frequent replacement represents high labor (maint. cost) vinyl, mylar - not used here polyvinyl fluoride similar to polyethylene but lasts longer (10 years) but cost is almost 10x higher rigid panels fiberglass-reinforced panels acrylic and polycarbonate Credits: Prof Heiner Lieth, University of California, Davis CA, USA folije svetlosti manji problem moguće je duplo postavljanje što je očito još skuplje polietilen jevtine kratkotrajne (3 godine) sa različitim filterima (3-5 godina) dobar prodor svetlosti kada su nove dupli sloj mogu se naduvati ventilatorom (koristi spoljašnji vazduh) problemi sa prljavštinom između slojeva česta zamena zahteva dosta rada (toškovi održavanja) vinil, milar ne koriste se ovde polivinil fluorid sličan polietilenu ali traje duže (10 godina) troškovi su skoro 10x veći čvrsti paneli fiberglas ojačani paneli akrilni ili polikarbonatni Zahvaljujemo se: Profesoru Hajneru Litu, Univerzitet SD Kalifornija, Dejvis, Kalifornija, SAD

18 Open Roof Greenhouse View of open roof View of open roof View of pot mums View of pot mums Credits: Pictures from

19 Light and heat transmission for various greenhouse covering material (prenos svetlosti i toplote za različite materijale za prekrivanje staklenika) Covering - Prekrivači Glass Staklo Fiberglass reinforced plastic Fiberglas, ojačana plastika clear, double strength, 3.2 mm čisto, duplo ojačano, 3.2 mm clear, 3.0 mm čisto, 3.0 mm clear, 0.64 mm čisto, 0.64 mm Flat Ravno Corrugated Neravno Fraction of light transmitted through material Delovi svetlosti koja prolazi kroz materijal 0.89 * 0.86 * 0.10 mm 0.92 * Heat transmission coefficient x (Btu.h -1 ft -2 F -1) Koeficijent prenosa toplote Polyethylene Polietilen Polyvinyl fluoride Polivinil fluorid Vinyl (PVC) Vinil Acrylic twin-walled panels Akrilni dupli paneli za zidove Polycarbonate twin-walled panels Polikarbonatni dupli paneli za zidove 0.15 mm single layer jednoslojan Double dvoslojan (0.10 mm) 0.93 * Clear Čist Haze nijansiran 8 mm 0.86 * * * * mm 0.83 *# 0.58 # 4.0 mm 0.85 # 0.74 # 6.5 mm 0.80 * 8.0 mm 0.56 # 16.0 mm 0.73 *,0.83 # 0.39 # * from Greenhouse Operation and Management, Paul Nelson, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall + Liu et al., 1969 as cited by Mastalerz, J.W., The Greenhouse Environment, John Wiley & Sons, Sheldrake and Langhans, Proc. Amer. Hort. Soc., 80:

20 # from Sharp & Sons 1988 sales catalog x Heat transmission = each square foot of material will transmit this many Btu for each degree F difference between the inside and outside temperatures. Prenos toplote = svaka kvadratna stopa materijala će preneti toliko Btu za razliku u svakom stepenu (F) između unutrašnje i spoljašnje temperature.

21 Greenhouse Climate Control TEMPERATURE CONTROL: Main design considerations: uniformity over time availability of heating or cooling when needed minimal fluctuations spatial uniformity few hot or cold spots; small temperature difference between hottest and coldest spots manage/minimize temperature gradients in greenhouse horizontal air-flow fans convection tube capacity be able to handle the hottest and coldest days be able to accommodate entire nursery's heating/cooling needs at any time Other considerations thermostatic control is a must; shield from direct sun; thermostat in a representative location (near crop, at crop height) manual control must be available in case of system failure (may not be possible with heating) both heating and cooling should occur in stages Factors to remember hot air rises ethylene (frequently found in combustion exhaust) negatively impacts most flowers; combustion directly into greenhouse needs: pure fuels, proper adjustments. inventory of cool or hot spots should be made; can be used to speed up and slow down portions of crops. uniformity can be enhanced with horizontal air flow (HAF) Kontrola klimatskih uslova u stakleniku KONTROLA TEMPERATURE: Osnovna konstrukcija: stalna uniformnost mogućnost grejanja i hlađenja kada je potrebno minimalne promene prostorna uniformnost ponegde postoje hladna ili topla mesta; mala temperaturna razlika između najtoplije i najhladnije tačke kontroliše/minimalizuje srazmerni odnos temperature u stakleniku horizontalni ventilatori konveksna cev kapacitet može da izdrži i najtoplije i najhladnije dane može da ispuni potrebe hlađenja/grejanja staklenika u bilo koje vreme Drugo kontrola termostatom je obavezna; zaštititi od direktnog sunca; termostat na vidljivom mestu (blizu biljke, na visini biljke) mora postojati manuelna kontrola u slučaju da sistem zakaže (možda nije moguće sa zagrevanjem) i hlađenje i zagrevanje treba da se dešava periodično Faktori koje treba zapamtiti topao vazduh se diže etilen (često se nalazi u izduvnom sagorevanju) negativno utiče na većinu cveća; sagorevanje direktno u stakleniku zahteva: čista goriva, pravilno prilagođavanje. trebalo bi zabeležiti hladna i topla mesta; može se koristiti da ubrza i uspori delove biljaka. unifmnost se može pojačati horizontalnim protokom vazduha (HAF)

22 horizontal air-flow fan HEATING SYSTEMS Ventilator za horizontalni protok vazduha GREJNI SISTEMI Several factors to consider for design: air infiltration glazing material heat transmission outdoor wind speed - affects heat loss Hot Water: piped through greenhouse in metal pipes, sometimes with fins temperature of water can vary; the hotter - the less pipe is needed water is moved with circulating pump control: water temperature, number of circuits, circulating pump speed or on/off Steam: piped through greenhouse in metal pipes, sometimes with fins temperature of steam will not vary much; steam carries a lot more heat than hot water; less piping is needed. heating coils change temperature very rapidly steam can be moved over long distances control: number of circuits, motorized valves open/closed. Za konstrukciju treba uzeti nekoliko faktora u obzir: vazdušna infiltracija materijal za zastakljivanje prenosi toplotu brzina spoljašnjeg vetra utiče na gubitak toplote Topla voda: sprovodi se metalnim cevima kroz staklenik, nekad sa rashladnim rebrima temperature vode mogu se razlikovati; što je toplija potrebno je manje cevi voda se pokreće pomoću cirkularne pumpe kontrola: temperature vode, broj strujnih kola, brzina cirkularne pumpe ili uključena/ isključena Para: sprovodi se metalnim cevima kroz staklenik, nekad sa rashladnim rebrima temperatura pare neće se mnogo menjati; para nosi mnogo više toplote nego topla voda; potrebno je manje cevi. kalemi za grejanje menjaju temperaturu veoma brzo para se može prenositi na velike udaljenosti kontrola: broj strujnih kola, motorizovani ventili otvoreni/zatvoreni.

23 Forced Hot Air: air is heated by burning natural gas; exhausted to outside (otherwise air pollutants and ethylene can cause damage) Horizontal discharge unit heaters mounted either overhead or on the ground measures should be taken to distribute the hot air uniformly: perforated tube attached to heater is used to blow hot air to all areas of the greenhouse. Heater should be adjusted properly to prevent melting of tube. Vertical discharge unit heaters: mounted overhead, blow hot air directly down many units are needed, uneven heating (hot spot directly below heater) Infrared Heat consists of small heater which fires directly into a steel tube suspended over the plants (reflector behind tube). just as light is diminishes as it passes through the canopy, so does infrared radiation. Consequently there is a problem with any crops with high LAI or large canopy (plenty of heat at the Izbacivanje toplog vazduha: vazduh se zagreva sagorevanjem prirodnog gasa; izduvava se napolje (u suprotnom zagađivači vazduha i etilen mogu da nanesu štetu) Horizontalni izbacivači toplote postavljeni ili na tavanici ili na zemlji treba sve izmeriti da bi se topao vazduh jednako raspoređivao: izbušena cev se prikači uz grejač i koristi se da duva topao vazduh u sve delove staklenika. Grejač se mora pravilno podesiti da bi se sprečilo topljenje cevi. Vertikalni izbacivači toplote: postavljaju se na tavanici, duvaju vazduh direktno na dole potrebno je dosta jedinica, nejednako zagrevanje (vrele tačke tačno ispod grejača) Infracrveno zagrevanje sastoji se od malog grejača koji ispušta toplotu direktno u čeličnu cev koja visi direktno iznad biljaka (reflektor iza cevi). kao što svetlo slabi kako prolazi kroz nadstrešnicu, tako i infracrveno emitovanje. Stoga postoji problem kod biljaka sa visokim LAI ili gde je velika nadstrešnica (dosta toplote na

24 top; not enough at the bottom). studies have shown reduced quality for some pot crops (pot roses, easter lilies) resulting in taller plants suitable in some situations (e.g. propagation) or in conjunction with other heating systems (e.g. bottom heat) heat object without heating air; air temperature can be somewhat cooler thermostat must be shielded from direct infrared rays Bottom-heat or bench-top heating warm or hot water is pumped through tubes immediately below plants; heats root-zone, rising warm air heats foliage from below. root-zone dries out much faster most growers raise pots so they are not in direct contact with the tubes to prevent accidents and having root zone temperature much higher than foliage temperature COOLING SYSTEMS vrhu; nedovoljno pri dnu). studije su pokazale smanjen kvalitet za neke biljke u saksijama (ruže u saksijama, ljiljani) tako što biljke postaju više pogodno je u nekim situacijama (npr.razmnožavanje) ili zajedno sa drugim grejnim sistemima (npr. zagrevanje na dnu) grejač bez vazduha koji se zagreva; temperatura vazduha može biti nešto niža termostat mora biti zaštićen od direktnih infracrvenih zraka Zagrevanje pri dnu ili na polici topla ili vrela voda se pumpa kroz cevi direktno ispod biljaka; zagreva zonu korena, topao vazduh koji se diže zagreva lišće odozdo. zona korena se mnogo brže suši većina proizvođača gaji biljke u saksijama tako da one nisu u direktnom kontaktu sa cevi, tako da se spreči nezgoda ili previsoka temperatura korena u odnosu na temperaturu lišća SISTEMI ZA HLAĐENJE Ventilators, Vents roof or side vents - a must for every greenhouse used to replace air inside with air from the outside which has a more desirable temperature. if outside temperature is extremely cold, care should be taken not to let blast of cold air hit plants directly Ventilatori, ventilacija ventilatori na krovu ili sa strane svaki staklenik mora da ih ima koriste se da zamene vazduh unutra sa spoljašnjim vazduhom, koji ima poželjniju temperaturu.

25 control: degree to which vents are open, number of vents opened useful only for small temperature reductions; only if outside air is significantly cooler than desired temperature. direction of prevailing winds will affect effectiveness cooling of up to 10F can be achieved, slow without wind ako je spoljašnja teperatura izuzetno niska, moraju se preduzeti mere da se ne dozvoli da takav vazduh direktno udari na biljke kontrola: stepen otvorenosti ventilacije otvoreni, broj otvorenih prozora koriste se samo za malo smanjenje temperature; samo ako je spoljašnji vazduh znatno hladniji od željene temperature. smer preovlađujućih vetrova će uticati na efikasnost može se postići hlađenje do 10C, polako bez vetra Forced-air ventilation Exhaust fans pull air out of greenhouse; outside air enters through open vents. control: fan motor speed, number of fans on. if outside temperature is extremely cold, care should be taken not to let blast of cold air hit plants directly; mix cold air into greenhouse air use perforated tube attached to intake vent to mix and distribute air uniformly. cooling of up to 20F (maximally) can be achieved there will be a gradient if side vents are used exclusively Fan-and-pad cooling in addition to exhaust fans, walls on opposite side are replaced with pads through which the air enters the greenhouse. When the pads are wetted, evaporation cools this air. roof vents and doors should be closed cooling degree depends on relative humidity; i.e. less effective at night control: same as forced-air plus on/off for pump delivering water to pads. there will be a gradient; should be a design criterion: path Ventilacija sabijenim vazduhom Ventilatori za izbacivanje povlače vazduh iz staklenika; spoljašnji vazduh ulazi kroz otvorenu ventilaciju. kontrola: brzina motornog ventilatora, broj uključenih ventilatora. ako je spoljašnja temperatura izuzetno hladna, treba preduzeti mere da izuzetno hladan vazduh ne udari direktno na biljke; mešajte hladan vazduh i vazduh iz staklenika koristite izbušenu cevi prikačenu na usisni ventilator da bi se vazduh mešao i jednako raspoređivao. hlađenje do 20C (maksimalno) postojaće srazmera ako se ventilacija sa strane koristi Hlađenje kliznim ventilatorima kao dodatak ventilatorima koji izbacuju, zidovi na suprotnoj strani su zamenjeni klizačima kroz koje vazduh ulazi u staklenik. Kada su klizači vlažni isparavanje hladi vazduh. ventilacija na krovu i vratima trebala bi da bude zatvorena stepen hlađenja zavisi od relativne vlažnosti; npr. manje efikasno noću kontrola: ista kao kod sabijenog vazduha plus

26 traveled by air should be short enough so that gradient is less than 7F pads extend full length of wall - no gaps. material should be durable cooling: 20F cooler than with just vents, can be achieved uključena/isključena pumpa koja dovodi vodu do klizača. postoji srazmera; trebala bi da bude kriterijum za konstrukciju: putanja kojom ide vazduh trebala bi da bude dovoljno kratka tako da je razlika manja od 7C klizači moraju biti po čitavom zidu bez rupa. materijal mora biti trajan hlađenje: 20C hladnije nego samo sa ventilacijom Greenhouse Pads. Water flows over these as an evaporative cooling method Klizači na stakleniku. Voda teče preko njih, kao metod hlađenja isparavanjem Fog high pressure generated water droplets; evaporate before striking plant or ground operates in cycles (pulses) evaporation results in cooling - resulting humid air must be removed when relative humidity raises above 90% potential problems with water on foliage - disease control must be very precise; water must be very clean mist (1000 microndiameter) vs fog (40 micron diameter) Exterior of pads where air intake occurs. Note the vents that can be opened or closed to control air flow. Spoljašnjost klizača gde ulazi vazduh. Ventilacija se može zatvarati i otvarati da bi se kontrolisao protok vazduha. Magla kapi vode nastale pod visokim pritiskom; isparavaju pre nego što padnu na biljku ili zemlju rade ciklično rezultat ispravanja je hlađenje vlažan vazduh koji nastaje mora biti uklonjen kada se relativna vlažnost podigne iznad 90% mogući problemi sa vodom na lišću - oboljenje kontrola mora biti veoma precizna; voda mora biti izuzetno čista izmaglica (prečnika 1000 mikrona) u odnosu na maglu

27 Shading prevent some solar energy from striking plants and heating things up Shade compounds: applied to exterior of glazing in summer; washed off in winter Shading material (cloth, saran) over outside Shade curtains: inside greenhouse, used to shade plants from direct sun, reducing heat-load on plants automated curtains, thermostatically controlled cheese cloth or other material (prečnika 40 mikrona) Zastori sprečava da sunčeva energija direktno udari na biljke i izvrši zagrevanje delovi zastora: postavljaju se na spoljašnjost stakala tokom leta; spiraju se zimi materijal (platno, saran) spolja zavese: unutar staklenika, koriste se da zaštite biljke od direktnog sunca, smanjuju toplotu na biljkama automatizovane zavese, kontrola pomoću termostata platno ili drugi materijal Zavese unutar staklenika Shade curtains inside a greenhouse Exterior shade cloth Air-conditioning (ie using compressors) not feasible too expensive per btu relative to the alternatives Platno kao spoljašnji zastor Klima (npr. korišćenjem kompresora) nisu izvodljivi preskupi ali mogu postojati kao alternativa

28 Root media Purpose of root media: anchor - support the plant reservoir/conduit of water - so roots have direct access to water reservoir/conduit of nutrients - most nutrients (building blocks) come through the roots reservoir/conduit of gasses - allow for exchange of gases between roots and atmosphere Soil-based versus Soilless production Reference book on soilless production: Koren Svrha korena: učvršćuje podržava biljku rezervoar/podzemni kanal za vodu korenje ima direktan pristup vodi rezervoar/podzemni kanal za nutritijente većina hranljivih materija (izgrađeni blokovi) dolazi kroz korenje rezervoar/podzemni kanal za gasove omogućava razmenu gasova između korena i atmosfere Proizvodnja u zemljištu u odnosu na onu sa malo zemljišta Soilless Culture by Michael Raviv and Heiner Lieth Publisher: Elsevier, Nov 2007 Components (in general): soils: clay (particle size<0.002mm diameter) silt (particle size >0.002mm and <0.05mm diameter) sand (particle size>0.05mm diameter) Komponente (uopšte): zemljišta: glina (veličina delića<0.002mm u prečniku) prah (veličina delića >0.002mm i <0.05mm u prečniku) pesak (veličina delića>0.05mm u prečniku)

29 loam - combination of these three mined and artificial materials: vermiculite, perlite, rock wool, polystyrene,... involves processing - be aware of possible by-products plant products/byproducts: sawdust, peat moss, bark frequently must be composted before use in root media if composting yourself: follow guidelines: make sure pile is not too big or too small interior must achieve killing heat without pile catching fire turn surface layer in occasionally may need to add nitrogen to speed up process Variables affecting rooting media design height of root zone plant requirements irrigation system; application method volume of root-zone Properties and characteristics of root-zone and rooting medium: texture and structure texture: particle size distribution structure: degree of aggregation "friable" = good structure will vary over time as organic matter decomposes stability of organic matter desirable: slow decomposition C:N ratio amount of C in relation to N (pounds/pounds) want 30 g/g or less (else: decomposition process will compete for N) bulk density relates to support/anchorage don't want bulk density too high: heavy pots acceptable range: lb/ft 3 ( g/liter) Total porosity ilovača kombinacija ova tri mineralni i veštački materijali: vermikulit, perlit, kamena vuna, polistiren,... uključuje i preradu budite svesni da ima mogućih nus-proizvoda biljni proizvodi/nus-proizvodi: piljevina, tresetna mahovina, kora drveta često mora istruliti pre nego što se koristi u korenu ako sami vršite truljenje: pratite smernice: postarajte se da gomila ne bude prevelika ili premala unutrašnjost mora postići dovoljnu toplotu a da se gomila ne zapali povremeno promešajte površinski sloj možda ćete morati da dodate azot da biste ubrzali proces Promenljive koje se odnose na konstrukciju korena visina korenske zone zahtevi biljke sistem navodnjavanja; metod primene zapremina korena Svojstva i karakteristike korena i sredine: tekstura i struktura tekstura: raspodela po veličini čestica struktura: stepen gomilanja "drobiv" = dobra struktura menjaće se tokom vremena kako se organska materija raspada stabilnost organske materije poželjno: sporo raspadanje C:N razmera količina C u odnosu na N (funte/funte) poželjno 30 g/g ili manje (ili: process raspadanje će se boriti za N) gustina gomile odnosi se na potporu/ankerovanje ne želite preveliku gustinu gomile: teške saksije prihvatljiv raspon: lb/ft 3 ( g/litar) Ukupna poroznost

30 total pore space (for water and air) total porosity + % solids= 100% most mineral soils: 50% most organic media: >70% Moisture / aeration water holding capacity, available water, readily-available water, unavailable water, container capacity moisture release curve hydraulitc conductivity effect of depth of root medium aeration Air space: volume of air at container capacity ukupan prostor pod porama (za vodu i vazduh) ukupna poroznost + % čvrste materije= 100% većina mineralnih soli: 50% većina organske sredine: >70% Vlaga / vazduh kapacitet da zadržava vodu, dostupnost vode, uvek dostupna voda, nedostupna voda, kapacitet kontejnera kriva ispuštanja vlage hidraulična provodljivost efekat dubine korena provetravanje vazdušni prostor: količina vazduha u kapacitetu kontejnera cation exchange capacity (CEC) a measure of the negative electrical charge on the root medium (me/100cc for soilless media) relates to ability of medium to hold on to nutrients desirable: 6-15 meq/100cc or higher ph measure of magnitude of hydrogen ion concentration <7 is acidic; >7 is alkaline desirable: kapacitet razmene katjona (CEC) merenje negativnog električnog napona u korenu (me/100cc za sredinu bez zemljišta) odnosi se na mogućost sredine da se veže za nutritijente poželjno: 6-15 meq/100cc ili više ph izmerite koncentraciju vodonikovih jona <7 je kisela; >7 je alkalna poželjno:

31 5.4 to 6 for soilless media 6.2 to 6.8 for media with more than 20% mineral soil soluble salts initial level should be low if seedlings will be used Specific components peat and peat moss several types from Sphagnum grown in bogs where the material does not decompose; peat is drained and harvested 5.4 do 6 za sredinu bez zemljišta 6.2 do 6.8 za sredinu sa više od 20% mineralnog zemljišta rastvorljive soli početni nivo trebalo bi da bude nizak ako će se koristiti sadnice Posebne komponente treset i tresetna mahovina nekoliko vrsta iz Sphagnum sp (sporofit bele mahovine) koji raste na vlažnom tlu gde se materijal ne raspada; treset se cedi i sakuplja holds lots of water; low ph, good CEC quality of peat may vary year-to-year bark wide variety composting may be desirable C:N around 300 low CEC sawdust composting to deal with bad C:N ratio (1000) most wood: rapid decomposition redwood is OK coir, coconut husk - peat substitute has become an attractive substrate in "hydroponic" rose production zadržava dosta vode; niska ph, dobro CEC kvalitet treseta može se razlikovati iz godine u godinu kora drveta puno vrsta truljenje može biti poželjno C:N oko 300 nizak CEC piljevina truljenje da bi se sredila loša C:N srazmera (1000) većinom drvo: brzo raspadanje sekvoja je u redu kokosovo vlakno, kokosova kora zamena za treset postao je atraktivan supstrat u "hydroponic" proizvodnji ruža stajnjak

32 manure problems when used with heat pasteurization high CEC; source of nutrients other Agricultural by-products: rice hulls "green waste", sewage sludge, composted garbage quite variable vermiculite light weight mineral material, low bulk density high CEC makes good addition to soilless media (collapses in soil-based media) calcined clay (expanded clay) highly porous aggregates CEC: 3-12 me/100cc sand (Bulk density lbs/ft 3 ) use coarse, washed sand only (free of clay, silt and organic matter) don't use beach sand or sand marketed for use on iced highways used in media to increase bulk density perlite volcanic rock converted into light-weight white material good substitute for sand (much lighter) (6 lbs/ft 3 ) small CEC, neutral ph 7.5 more expensive than sand polystyrene - don't has several positive features but is pollutant rock wool was used as soil amendment - not much anymore slabs of rockwool are used in "hydroponic cut-flower production, particularly in Europe) field soil most pot plants are grown with no field soils in the medium most cut flower production is in media that has some portion field soil various other goofy things: chopped tires (don't - too much Zinc),... Amendments Dodaci problemi kada se koristi sa pasterizacijom toplotom visok CEC; izvor nutritijenata drugi poljoprivredni nus-proizvodi: ljuske pirinča "zeleni otpad", talog u kanalizaciji, istrulelo đubre prilično promenljivo vermikulit lak mineralni materijal, mala gustina gomile visok CEC dobar je dodatak za sredinu bez zemljišta (pada u sredini sa zemljištem) glina (ekspandirana glina) visoko porozni agregati CEC: 3-12 me/100cc pesak (gustina gomile lbs/ft 3 ) koristite samo grub, oprani pesak (bez gline, prašine ili organske materije) ne koristite pesak sa plaže ili onaj koji se koristi za zaleđene puteve koristi se da bi se povećala gustina gomile perlit vulkanska stena pretvorena u lak beli materijal dobra zamena za pesak (dosta lakši) (6 lbs/ft 3 ) mali CEC, neutralna ph 7.5 skuplja od peska polistiren - nemojte ima nekoliko pozitivnih osobina ali je zagađivač kamena vuna koristi se kao dodatak zemljištu ne baš mnogo blokovi kamene vune se koriste u "hydroponic proizvodnji sečenog cveća, naročito u Evropi zemljište u polju većina biljaka u saksijama graji se bez takvog zemljišta u sredini većina proizvodnji sećenog cveća je u sredini gde donekle postoji ovakvo zemljište druge smešne stvari: iseckane gume (nemojte previše cinka),...

33 wetting agent nutrients, micro nutrients materials for ph correction: limestone other goofy things: polyacrylamide (don't waste your money); but... Design of a medium Sredina agensi za vlagu nutritijenti, mikro nutritijenti materijali za korekciju ph: krečnjak druge smešne stvari: poliakril (ne trošite pare bezveze); ali... You should be very careful when designing media to optimize all 7 functions of the medium; usually it is best to go with proven formulations or products generally two to four components are mixed together two major categories: Soil-based and Soil-less media Soil-based media primarily with in-ground production (cut flowers) potting media containing soil may well vary over time Soil-less media development of soilless media revolutionized potted plant production ("UC system") peat-moss-based formulations e.g., UC Mix bark-based formulations Morate biti veoma oprezni kada uspostavljate sredinu da biste doveli do optimuma svih 7 funkcija; obično je najbolje da se držite proverenih formula ili proizvoda obično se mešaju dve do četiri komponente dve glavne kategorije: sredina gde ima zemljišta i sredina za manje zemljišta Sredina gde ima zemljišta pre svega u proizvodnji u zemlji (sečeno cveće) saksije koje sadrže zemlji mogu se dosta razlikovati tokom vremena Sredina sa manje zemljišta razvoj sredine sa manje zemljišta doveo je do revolucije u proizvodnji biljaka u saksijama ("UC sistem") formule zasnovane na tresetnoj mahovini e.g., UC Mešavina formule zasnovane na kori drveta

34 Preparation and handling of media It may well be cheaper to buy commercial media than to mix them yourself. There are firms which will custom mix media to your specification and provide analyses remember: "uniformity" - best with automated mixing systems Priprema i rukovanje Može biti jevtinije da kupite već pripremljenu mešavinu nego da je sami pravite. Postoje kompanije koje će spremiti mešavini prema vašoj specifikaciji i uraditi analize. zapamtite: "jednoobraznost" najbolje je sa automatizovanim sistemima za mešanje steam pasteurization not sterilization! - coldest spots: 30 minutes at 160F; hottest spots <180F to eliminate: disease organisms, nematodes, insects, weeds do it to final mix, at final moisture level, unless that results in problems (e.g. CRFs) if medium contains weed seeds capable of high temperatures, then germinate these first potential problems of over-pasteurization high temperatures of soils: can result in build-up of manganese; more than 30 minutes may lead to toxicity if lots of organic matter: ammonium nitrogen may be released, possibly leading to suboptimal ammonium/nitrate balance, possibly contribute to toxicity pasterizacija parom ne sterilizacija! najhladnije tačke: 30 minuta na 160F; hottest spots <180F za eliminaciju: bolesnih organizama, nematoda, insekata, korova uradite za konačnu mešavinu, na krajnjem nivou vlažnosti, osim ako to ne prouzrokuje probleme (npr. CRFs) ako sredina sadrži seme korova koje može da izdrži visoku temperaturu, onda neka prvo proklijaju mogući problemi preterane pasterizacije visoka temperatura zemljišta: može prouzrokovati gomilanje mangana; više od 30 min može prouzrokovati toksičnost ako ima dosta organske materije: amonijak iz azota može biti ispušten, koji može dosveti do nedovoljnog balansa amonijaka/nitrite, i doprineti toksičnosti

35 eliminating too many organisms creates a "vacuum" which may allow pathogens to come in more readily. chemical pasteurization Methyl bromide - very effective, very dangerous suitable for field pasteurization; not used much in greenhouses Chloropicrin (tear gas) - not a particularly good choice new methods are being tested Make sure you know the physical and chemical characteristics of your media test each batch EC ph nutrients CEC test-grow some plants in medium if medium is stored for many weeks, re-test Credits: Photos and text: Heiner Lieth, UCDavis. eliminisanje previše organizama stvara "vakuum" koji može dozvoliti patogenima da spremno prodru. hemijska pasterizacija Metil bromid veoma efikasan, veoma opasan pogodan za pasterziaciju u polju; ne koristi se mnogo u staklenicima Suzavac nije baš dobar izbor nove metode se testiraju Potrudite se da saznate fizičke i hemijske karakteristike sredine testirajte svaku pošiljku EC ph nutritijenti CEC uzgajajte neke biljke u toj sredini kao test ako sredina stoji uskladištena nekoliko nedelja, ponovite test Zahvaljujemo se: Fotografije i tekst: Hajner Lit, Univrzitet Kalifornije, Dejvis, Kalifornija.

36 Fertilization and Fertigation Plant (leaf) dry matter composition: 89%: C, H, and O Macronutrients: present in large quantities Primary macronutrients: nitrogen: N 4% phosophoroous: P 0.5% potassium: K 4% Secondary macronutrients: calcium: Ca 1% magnesium: Mg 0.5% sulfur: S 0.5% Micronutrients: present in small quantities iron: Fe 0.02% manganese: Mn 0.02% zinc: Zn 0.003% copper: Cu 0.001% boron: B 0.006% molybdenum: Mo % nickel: Ni % chloride: Cl 0.1% some others: sodium: Na, Si, I, Se... Historical perspective pre 1980: provide everything to excess, but not at toxic levels 80's and 90': regulatory/public pressures force growers to re-think this 1990's: attempt to provide exactly what plants need; reduce or eliminate fertilizer movement into environment Fertilization program: knowing how much of each element is needed Fundamental principle: deliver a program which leaves nothing out and has no toxic excesses Đubrenje Sastav biljne (lisne) suve materije: 89%: C, H, i O Makronutritijenti: prisutni u velikim količinama Primarni makronutritijenti: azot: N 4% fosfor: P 0.5% kalijum: K 4% Sekundarni makronutritijenti: kalcijum: Ca 1% magnezijum: Mg 0.5% sumpor: S 0.5% Mikronutritijenti: prisutni u malim količinama gvožđe: Fe 0.02% mangan: Mn 0.02% cink: Zn 0.003% bakar: Cu 0.001% bor: B 0.006% molibden: Mo % nikal: Ni % hlorid: Cl 0.1% drugi: natrijum: Na, Si, I, Se... Istorijska perspektiva pre 1980: obezbediti sve za preterane, ali ne toksične nivoe 80-te i 90-te: pritisci nadležnih organa/javnosti naterali su uzgajivače da razmisle o ovom 1990-te: pokušaj da se biljkama obezbedi upravo ono što žele; smanjiti ili eliminisati kretanje đubriva u životnu sredinu Program đubrenja: mora se znati koliko je potrebno svakog elementa Osnovni princip: postaviti program za kojim ništa ne ostaje i koji nema preteranu toksičnost

37 tracking the nutritional status of the plant Preplant fertilization Once a rooting medium is constructed, a soil test should be used to make decisions as to what needs to be added. This is interpreted using the following tools: Diagrams below: Zones shaded with lines are optimum; white zone is suboptimal; zones with dotted shading is bad. From Bailey 1996 in D.W.Reed ed., A Grower's Guide to Water, Media and Nutrition for Greenhouse Crop. Ball Publishing Influence of ph level in a mineral soil on availibility of essential nutrients praćenje nutritivnog statusa biljaka Đubrenje pre sađenja Kada je sredina za koren postavljena, treba testirati zemljište da bi odlučili šta treba da se doda. Ovo je prikazano korišćenjem sledećeg: Dijagrami ispod: Zone osenčene linijama su optimalne; bele zone su manje optimalne; tačkaste zone su loše. Izvor: Bailey 1996 u D.W.Reed ed., A Grower's Guide to Water, Media and Nutrition for Greenhouse Crop. Ball Publishing Nitrogen=Azot Phosphorous=Fosfor Potassium=Kalijum Sulfur=Sumpor

38 Calcium=Kalcijum Magnesium=Magnezijum Iron=Gvožđe Manganese=Mangan Boron=Bor Copper=Bakar Zinc=Cink Molybdenum=Molibden Uticaj ph vrednosti u mineralnom zemljištu na dostupnost osnovnih nutritijenata Influence of soilless medium ph level on availibility of essential nutrients Nitrogen=Azot Potassium=Kalijum

39 Phosphorous=Fosfor Calcium=Kalcijum Magnesium=Magnezijum Iron=Gvožđe Manganese=Mangan Boron=Bor Zinc=Cink Copper=Bakar root medium ph range depends on soil content of medium and crop; desirable ranges: soil-based media: soil-less media: outside of these ranges: low ph: increases availability to Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu decreases availability of Ca, Mg increases leaching of P high ph: tie-up of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B adjusting medium ph: most greenhouse media have low ph to raise ph: limestone=calcium carbonate (various forms) (to lower ph: elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, aluminum sulfate) Nutrient addition (preplant) to substrate (note rates differ with soil-bases vs soilless substrates) phosphorus (in soilless media this may not last the entire crop period) superphosphate (0-45-0) may be better added with fertigation program (later) Ca and Mg dolomitic limestone (also raises ph) gypsum for Ca Epsom salt for Mg Uticaj srednje ph vrednosti zemljišta na dostupnost osnovnih nutritijenata srednja ph vrednost korena stepen zavisi od sadržaja zemljišta i biljke; poželjan raspon: sredina zasnovana na zemljištu: sredina sa manje zemljišta: van ovih raspona: niska ph: povećava dostupnost Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu smanjuje dostupnost Ca, Mg povećava rastvaranje P visoka ph: vezuje P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B prilagođavanje ph sredine: većina staklenika ima nisku ph za povećanje ph: krečnjak=kalcijum karbonat (različiti oblici) (za snižavanje ph: osnovni sumpor, sulfat gvožđa, aluminijum sulfat) Dodavanje hraniva (pre sađenja) kao supstrata (stepen zavisi od sutrata za zemljišnu osnovu u odnosu na one bez zemljišta) Fosfor (u sredinama gde je malo zemljišta možda neće trajati tokom čitavog perioda biljke) superfosfat (0-45-0) možda ga je bolje dodati uz fertigation program (kasnije) Ca i Mg Krečnjak Dolomita (takođe povišava ph) gips za Ca

40 micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo incorporate in the medium (pre-plant) a commercial product which provides all this in a form which will be available for a long time could be added as a liquid after planting could be handled in on-going program N and K can also be supplied pre-plant providing a supply for one or two weeks "fertigation"= application of dilute fertilizer solution with each irrigation Epsemska so za Mg mikronutritijenti: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo uključite ih u sredinu (pre sađenja) komercijalnog proizvoda gde će sve ovo biti postavljeno u obliku koji će biti dostupan dugo vremena može se dodati u tečnom obliku posle sađenja može se koristiti tokom programa N i K takođe se mogu dodati pre sađenja, tako da će obezbediti zalihe za nedelju dve "fertigation"= primena rastvora razređenog đubriva sa svakim navodnjavanjem On-going program most growers inject dissolved fertilizer into irrigation water either at each irrigation (fertigation) or whenever needed at whatever concentration dealing with fertilizer N-P-K analysis: percent of elemental N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O e.g.: means: 15% elemental nitrogen, 16% phosphate, 17% potassium note: fertilizer recommendations are in oz/100 gal; crop recommendations are in ppm conversion oz/100 gal <=> ppm Program većina uzgajivača dodaje rastvoreno đubrivo u vodu za navodnjavanje ili pri svakom navodnjavanju (fertigation) ili kad god je potrebno i u bilo kojoj koncentraciji rad sa đubrivom N-P-K analiza: procenta osnovnih N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O npr.: znači: 15% osnovnog azota, 16% fosfata, 17% kalijuma beleška: savet za primenu šubriva je unca/100 gal; savet za biljke je u ppm

41 ppm = (oz/100 gal)(fraction given in analysis)75 (oz/100 gal)=[(ppm)/75]/(fraction given in analysis) Selection of fertilizer: depends on plant species recommendations are available (in ppm) source of recommendations: crop production guides, plant producers,... if no recommendations can be found for greenhouse production, start with complete fertilizer at and run tests which deviate from that to find best recommendations depends on crop growth phase rapid vegetative growth: lots of N is needed more balanced while there is both vegetative and reproductive growth at end of production period (finishing crop) reduce fertilizer, particularly N depends on irrigation system and substrate characteristics depends on crop climate if lots of water is needed by the plant for cooling then fertilizer rate can be lower. Importance of on-going testing do nutrient analyses to see if any of the needed nutrients is falling below the recommended (needed) rate Issues to address in selecting fertilizer (in this order:) Frequency of application with each application (fertigation) less frequently, at higher concentration desired nitrogen rate customize to crop recommendations range from ppm (weekly: ppm) if no recommendation is available try ppm and adjust from there desired proportion of potassium (third number in analysis) most cases can use same level of potassium as nitrogen konverzija oz/100 gal <=> ppm ppm = (oz/100 gal)(razlomak koji se prikazuje u analizi)75 (oz/100 gal)=[(ppm)/75]/(razlomak dat u analizi) Odabir đubriva: zavisi od vrste biljaka saveti (u ppm) izvor saveta: uputstva za proizvodnju biljaka, proizvođači,... ako ne možete pronaći savete za proizvodnju u staklenicima, započnite sa kompletnim đubrivom od i testirajte, tako da pronađete najbolje rešenje zavisi od faze rasta biljke brz vegetativni rast: potrebno je dosta N bolja izbalansiranost gde postoji i vegetatvni i reproduktivni razvoj na kraju proizvodnog perioda (završetak biljke) smanjite đubrivno, naročito N zavisi od irigacionog sistema i karakteristika supstrata zavisi od klime ako biljci treba dosta vode da bi se hladila onda procenat đubriva može biti niži. Važnost neprestanog testiranja uradite analize nutritijenata da biste videli da li koncentracija pada ispod preporučene Na šta treba obratiti pažnju pri izboru đubriva (ovim redom:) Učestalost primene uz svaku primenu (fertigation) ne tako često, viša koncentracija poželjan procenat azota zavisi od biljke preporučuje se od ppm (nedeljno: ppm) ako ne znate koliko se preporučuje probajte ppm i počnite prilagođavanje odatle poželjna proporcija kalijuma (treći broj u analizi) u većini slučajeva koristi se isti nivo kalijuma kao i azota izuzeci:

42 examples of exceptions: azalea 3:1 (N:K) (e.g could work) foliage carnation 2:3 (N:K); cyclamen (1:2) desired proportion of phosphate many cases half of N if none is provided pre-plant none is needed at start if pre-plant incorporation test media to track when phosphate is removed (from leaching and by the plant); then start supplying it as the initial charge runs out. form of nitrogen three common forms ammonium, urea, and nitrate urea becomes ammonium ammonium acts different from nitrate plant takes up luxuriant amounts of N; excess nitrate is no problem; excess ammonium can be toxic if providing exactly what the plant needs (no build-up in plant) then there will be no ammonium toxicity we don't know how to do this reliably nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrate (so this rate will affect how much ammonium you can have) in general: keep ammonium N to no more than 40% of N another effect: effect on medium ph ammonium&urea lower ph; nitrate raises ph secondary macronutrients (Ca, Mg, S) present to varying degree in many fertilizers - you need to control this track these nutrients and make adjustments micronutrients most fertilizers come with this - verify on label at low ph micronutrients are more available at very high ph micronutrients are tied up combining fertilizer carriers to make your own fertilizer usually purchased in solid form and dissolved to make concentrated stock solution azaleja 3:1 (N:K) (npr može) lišće karanfil 2:3 (N:K); ciklama (1:2) poželjna proporcija fosfata u mnogim slučajevima pola N ako nije dodat pre sađenja ne treba na početku ako je dodat pre sađenja testirajte sredinu da biste videli kada je fosfat uklonjen (ispiranjem i od strane biljke); zatim ga dodajte kada početna količina nestane. oblici azota tri uobičajena oblika amonijak, urea i nitrat urea postaje amonijak amonijak deluje drugačije od nitrata biljka uzima veliku količinu N; preterana količina nitrata nije problem; preterana količina amonijaka može biti toksična ako obezbedite tačno ono što biljci treba (bez nagomilavanja u biljci) onda neće doći do toksičnosti amonijaka ne znamo kako da to pouzdano uradimo nitrifikacijske bakterije pretvaraju amonijak u nitrat (tako da će ovaj stepen uticati na to koliko možete da imate amonijaka) uopšte: držite amonijak N na ne više od 40% N drufi efekti: efekat na ph vrednost amonijak & urea snižavaju ph; nitrat povišava ph sekundarni makronutritijenti (Ca, Mg, S) prisutni u različitim količinama u mnogim đubrivima ovo morate kontrolisati pratite ove nutritijente i prilagođavajte ih mikronutritijenti već se nalaze u većini đubriva proverite na etiketi pri niskoj ph mikronutritijenti su bolje dostupni pri visokoj ph mikronutritijenti su vezani kombinujte nosioce đubriva da biste napravili sopstveno đubrivo

43 don't combine Ca or Mg with sulphate or phosphate (precipitate) injection of fertilizer in irrigation water use 1 to 3 stock solutions and inject each separately could have more or less depending proportioners note that substrate ph control is very important Examples of calculations slow-release fertilizers formulations which release fertilizer in a regulated pattern over months applied directly to root medium (surface) Controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) or plastic-encapsulated fertilizers plastic or resin coating doles-out a specific amount continually rate of delivery is temperature dependent: the higher the temp, the higher the rate (so don't steam media that has this incorporated) slowly-soluble fertilizers - e.g. limestone urea aldehydes - slow-releasing N fertilizer - release mediated by micro-organisms or chemical hydrolysis sulfur-coated fertilizer (not used much in greenhouse production since too much ammonium) chelated micronutrients large organic chemicals holding the micronutrient can be taken up by plant nutrients released slowly either outside or inside the plant Primeri kalkulacija obično se kupuju u čvrstom obliku i rastvaraju se da bi se napravio koncentrovani rastvor ne kombinujte Ca ili Mg sa sulfatom ili fosfatom (padavine) ubacivanje đubriva u vodu za navodnjavanje koristite 1 do 3 rastvora i dodajte svaki odvojeno može više ili manje zavisiti menzure zapamtite da je ph kontrola supstrata veoma važna đubriva koja se polako oslobađaju formule koje oslobađaju đubriva prema regulisanom modelu tokom meseci nanose se direktno na koren (površina) Đubriva sa kontrolisanim oslobađanjem (CRF) ili đubriva u plastičnim kapsulama plastičan ili smolasti omotač neprestano dozira određenu količinu stepen ispuštanja zavisi od temperature: što je viša temperatura, veći je stepen ispuštanja (nemojte dodavati paru gde je ovo uključeno) đubriva koja se sporo rastvaraju npr. limestone urea aldehidi đubrivo koje sporo oslobađa N oslobađa se pomoću mikroorganizama ili hemijskom hidrolizom đubriva sa omotačem od sumpora (ne koriste se mnogo u staklenicima zato što ima isuviše amonijaka) helatni mikronutritijenti organske hemikalije koje sadrže mikronutritijente biljka ih može iskoristiti nutritijenti se sporo oslobađaju bilo u biljci ili van nje

44 Fertigation injection systems.above pneumatic piston-style injection system with 7 injectors; Below: 6-head injector system (DGT Volmatic) and 5 of the stock solution tanks. Fertigation sistemi ubrizgavanja.gore- pneumatski-klipni sistem ubrizgavanja sa 7 ubrizgavača; Ispod: 6-glavni sistem ubrizgavanja (DGT Volmatic) i 5 tankova sa rastvorima.

45 Pests on Greenhouse and Nursery plants Štetočine u staklenicima i rasadnicima Picture of pest and examples of damage INSECTS: (more on insects and their lifcycles); Note resource: University of California IPM web page: Slika štetočina i primeri oštećenja INSEKTI: (više o insektima i njihovom život); Izvor: Univerzitet Kalifornija IPM web page: Aphids Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae and others Feed by sucking sap from leaves, buds; result in distorted tissues; Secretion of honeydew leads to sooty mold Aphididae (Lisne vaši) Breskvina lisna vaš: Myzus persicae i druge Hrani se tako što isisava biljni sok iz lišća, pupoljaka; rezultat je izmenjeno tkivo; sekrecija medljike uzrokuje čađavicu na voćkama Fungus gnat Damage is caused by larvae feeding on roots, bulbs and other fleshy plant tissue Bradysia sp. (male crne mušice ) Štetu čine larve koje se hrane korenjem, pupoljcima i drugim mesnatim tkivima biljke

46 a.adult, b. larva a. odrasla jedinka, b. larva Shore fly Not a particularly important pest (merely a nuisance) but is frequently confused for fungus gnats Scatella Stagnalis Ne baš važna štetočina (možda samo nijansa) ali je često mešaju sa fungus mušicama Whiteflies: Silverleaf whitefly: Bemisia argentifolii; Greenhouse whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum Štitasti moljac: Srebrnolisni štitasti moljac: Bemisia argentifolii; Štitasti moljac u staklenicima: Trialeurodes vaporariorum Leafminers Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii; chrysanthemum leaf miner: Phytomyza atricornis Larval stage tunnels in leaves making them unsightly Liriomyza trifolii Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii; leaf miner kod hrizanteme: Phytomyza atricornis Nabori u lišću čine ih nevidljivim kada su u stadijumu larvi

47 Thrips Western flower thrips: Frankliniella occidentalis and others. (note the word "thrips" is singular) Frankliniella occidentalis Thrips kod zapadnih cvetova: Frankliniella occidentalis i druge. Mealybugs There are mealybugs that affect the stems and leaves as well as ones that live in the root zone Crv (brašnjavi) Postoje crvi koji napadaju stabljike i lišće, kao i oni koji žive u korenu

48 Scale Štitasta vaš Caterpillars or worms Gusenice i crvi MITES (are not insects): Spider mites Two-spotted spider mite (a.k.a. red spider): Tetranychus urticae; Cyclamen mite: Steneotarsonemus pallidus Very small, virtually impossible to see. They suck sap - cause chlorotic stippling. Cover underside of leaves, appearing as sandy cover, eventually killing leaf. Spin silk GRINJE (nisu insekti): Crveni pauk Crveni pauk: Tetranychus urticae; grinje kod ciklama: Steneotarsonemus pallidus Veoma mali, skoro nevidljivi. Isisavaju biljni sok - prouzrokuju oštećene zaliske. Prekrivaju unutrašnju stranu lista, izgledaju kao peščani omot, i na kraju ubijaju biljku. Predu paukovu mrežu

49

50 Integraged Pest Managment(IPM) Major Pests: weeds - competition for plants' resources Insects and mites - feed on plants snails and slugs - feed on plants microorganisms (disease): infect plants, causing damage fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, nematodes Elements of an Integrated Pest Management Program Integrisano upravljanje pesticidima (IPM) Glavne štetočine: korovi takmičenje za biljne izvore insekti i grinje hrane se biljkama puževi i puževi golaći hrane se biljkama mikroorgaizmi (bolesti): inficiraju biljke, izazivaju štetu gljivice, bakterije, virusi, fitoplazme, nematode Element Programa integrisanog upravljanja pesticidima Weed control a weed is any plant that is not purposely present under your control eliminate competition for light, water, and nutrients eliminate product blemish that will render plant unmarketable (e.g. potted plants) eliminate habitat for pests indicator of problems: presence of weeds in flowers or even seed Methods of control: herbicides, hand-pulling, prevention Routine sanitation keep tools, work area, production area clean dispose of dead, diseased, infected, plant material away from greenhouse when removing pathogen, be careful not to spread it within your growing area keep anything off the benches that comes in contact with the ground pasteurization of root media, pots, benches don't handle tobacco, or other dead plant materials, around Kontrola korova korov je svaka biljka koja nije namerno postavljena pod vašu kontrolu eliminišite takmičenje za svetlost, vodu i hranivo eliminišite oštećenja na biljci koja će biljku učiniti nereprezentativnom za tržište (npr. biljke u saksijama) eliminišite staništa za štetočine indikator problema: presustvo korova u cveću ili čak u semenu metode kontrole: herbicidi, čupanje, prevencija Rutinska sanitacija održavajte pribor, radnu sredinu, i proizvodnu sredinu čistim uklonite mrtav, oboleli, inficirani, biljni materijal iz staklenika kada uklanjate patogene budite pažljivi da se oni ne prošire gde uzgajate biljke sve ono što dođe u dodir sa zemljom sklonite sa polica pasterizacija korena, sakcija, polica nemojte raditi sa duvanom ili drugim mrtvim biljnim materijalom oko svojih biljaka

51 your plants Inspection and clean-up of new plant material Exclusion: seeds: make sure seeds are not carrying disease cuttings: use only healthy cuttings; cuttings showing disease need to be tossed (no way to make them healthy) growing plants of any size: do not introduce pests and pathogens into the production area with new plants. If it cannot be avoided then make a plan for dealing with upcoming problems screening of vents: need to achieve balance between exclusion and air-flow needs automated doorways positive-pressure cooling system control access to facility by potential carriers of pests Monitoring program Develop scouting program: assign task to employees who are trained in IPM scouting program: flag hot-spots anticipate appearance of pests, diseases monitor effectiveness of control measures use graphical tracks Prevent pests (before they appear) eliminate conditions conducive to pests (high humidity, water on plants,...) prophylactic use of control methods (e.g. pesticide and biologicals) Understand biology and lifecycles of host (your crop), pest, and beneficial organisms< be able to understand which stages are susceptible which pesticides will cause problems for beneficials Pregled i čišćenje novog sadnog materijala Izuzeci: seme: proverite da seme ne nosi nikakvu bolest sečeno: koristite samo čisto sečeno cveće; sečene biljke koje pokazuju bolest moraju biti odbačene (ne mogu ponovo biti zdrave) rastuće biljke bilo koje veličine: nemojte uneti štetočine i patogene u proizvodnu oblst sa novim biljkama. Ako se to ne može izbeći onda napravite plan kako ćete rešiti probleme koji će nastati pregled ventilacije: morate ostvariti balans između izuzetaka i potreba za protokom vazduha automatizovana vrata sistem hlađenja sa pojačanim pritiskom kontrola pristupa objektu zbog potencijalnih prenosioca štetočina Monitoring program Razvijte program nadgledanja: dodelite zadatke zaposlenima koji su obučeni za IPM početni program: obeležite žarišta predvidite pojavu štetočina, bolesti nadgledajte efikasnost kontrolnih mera koristite grafikone Sprečite štetočine (pre nego što se pojave) uklonite uslove koji su povoljni za pojavu štetočina (visoka vlažnost, voda na biljkama,...) profilaktična upotreba kontrolnih metoda (npr. pesticidi i biološki proizvodi) Morate razumeti biologiju i životni ciklus domaćina (vaša biljka), štetočina i korisnih organizama morate razumeti koja su stanja prijemčiva koji pesticidi će izazvati probleme za korisne organizme

52 length of time between eggs and various stages Eradication (after they appear) Understand pesticide suitability and resistance problem for particular pest use this information to decide on timing of pest control activities where 100% control is needed: chemical control where lower levels are tolerable: combine conventional control with biological control Control Methods Biological controls Predators - wasps, Lady beetle, Lacewing, predatory mites Parasites - wasps laying egg in host Fungi Bacteria - Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) Chemical controls Pesticides vary by pest and crop always use label on package - this is a contract! note: list changes continually note: not all may be available for the designated uses in your particular region Application methodology (use only the methods spelled out on label of the pesticide) spray application conventional spray equipment - backpack sprayer, spray rig,... ultra-low-volume applicator higher concentration, lower volume may equal same efficacy new twist on ULV: electrostatic sprayer: particles are charged to use "static cling" to attach spray particles to plant and pest surface aerosol - mostly in small problem areas (home&garden); dužina trajanja između jaja i drugih stadijuma razvoja Iskorenjivanje (pošto se pojave) Morate razumeti pogodnost pesticida i problem rezistentnosti kod određene štetočine koristite ovaj podatak da odlučite o kontroli štetočina u pravo vreme gde je potrebno 100% kontrole: hemijska kontrola gde se niži nivoi mogu tolerisati: kombinujte konvencionalnu kontrolu sa biološkom kontrolom Kontrolne metode Biološka kontrola Predatori ose, buba mare, grinje predatori Paraziti ose ležu jaja na domaćinu Gljivice Bakterije - Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) Hemijske kontrole Pesticidi se razlikuju po vrsti štetočina i biljaka uvek koristite etiketu na pakovanju to je obavezno! zapamtite: lista se stalno menja zapamtite: možda se ne mogu svi koristiti u vašem regionu Metodologija primene (koristite samo metode navedene na etiketi pesticida) primena prskanjem konvencionalna oprema za prskanje prskalica na leđima, prskalica vozilo,... aplikator veoma male zapremine visoka koncentracija, mala zapremina može imati istu efikasnost novi preokret na ULV: elektrostatična prskalica: delovi se menjanju da bi koristili "statično kačenje" da bi se zakačili delovi spreja na površinu biljaka i štetočina

53 rarely used in commercial operations foggers - fog is directed in the air and into aisles, spreads everywhere smoke - combustion of material volatilization - evaporate in hot pan drench to root medium Regulatory issues attend to required book keeping Pesticide Safety (note - be careful) aerosol obično u oblastima gde su mali problemi (kuća&vrt); retko se koristi u komercijalnim poslovima zamagljivači magla se usmerava u vazduh i prolaze, širi se svuda dim sagorevanje materijala isparljivost isparava u toplim saksijama mokra sredina u kojoj je koren Propisi održavajte knjigovodstvene knjige u redu Bezbednost od pesticida (budite pažljivi)

54 Irrigation Navodnjavanje Recall moisture release curve. Let's look at implications for irrigation (this link might not work from Montenegro) Overwatering if medium is good: too luxuriant growth, plants may be too tall or too soft if medium is not good: waterlogging, reduced oxygen in the root zone Underwatering suboptimal retardation of various processes (may not be noticable): photosynthesis, cell elongation may result in shorter stems could be used in hight control but it is not particularly uniform wilting/water stress stunted growth damage to young tissue leaves may drop Setite se krive koja prikazuje ispuštanje vlage. Pogledajmo šta čini navodnjavanje (ovaj link možda neće raditi u Crnoj Gori) Preterano navodnjavanje ako je sredina dobra: preteran rast, biljke mogu biti previsoke ili isuviše meke ako sredina nije dobra: nagomilavanje vode, manja količina kiseonika u korenu Nedovoljno navodnjavanje neoptimalna zaostalost kod raznih procesa (možda nije primetno): fotosinteza, izduživanje ćelija može usloviti kraće stabljike može se koristiti u kontroli visine ali nije bas jednako uvelost/stres od vode zakržljao rast oštećeno mlado tkivo lišće može otpasti

55 Irrigation principles: 1. Do not allow any part of the root-zone to dry out completely why: root death and subsequent potential infection and inability to tolerate stress why: highly saline areas - high salt concentrations cause problems for plants why: hard to re-wet dry areas 2. Avoid water stress if you want plants to grow and thrive why: water is vital for many plant processes and for transporting mineral nutrients into the plant note: what is water stress? 3. If there is no way to monitor the level of moisture stress, then use a well drained medium and water the container fully each time. With most media this means applying more water than the medium can hold. Irrigations systems Hand-watering Overhead systems (above foliage) Sprinkler systems Mist and fog systems Boom systems Surface systems (under foliage) Drip Spray nozzles Subsurface systems Capillary Mat Troughs Flooded tables/trays Flooded floors Principi navodnjavanja: 1. Ne dozvolite da se bilo koji deo korena potpuno osuši zašto: koren odumire i može doći do infekcije i nemogućnosti da podnosi stres zašto: oblasti visokog saliniteta visoka koncentracija soli izaziva probleme kod biljaka zašto: teško je ponovo navlažiti suve oblasti 2. Izbegavajte stres od vode ako želite da vam biljke rastu i odlično se razvijaju zašto: voda je važna za mnoge procese kod biljaka, kao i za prenošenje mineralnih hranjljivih sastojaka u biljku beleška: šta je stres od vode? 3. Ako ne postoji način da nadgledate nivo stresa vlažnosti, onda koristite sredinu koja je dobro oceđena, i uvek zalivajte posudu potpuno. Kod većine to znači da treba da zalivate mnogo više nego što posuda može da sadrži. Sistemi navodnjavanja Ručno zalivanje Sistemi postavljeni odozgo (iznad lišća) Sprinkleri Sistemi izmaglice i magle Sistemi navodnjavanja preko horizontalnih cevi na prskalici Površinski sistemi (ispod lišća) Kapljanje Raspršivači Sistemi ispod površine Kapilarno zalivanje Korita Navodnjavanje plavljenjem, stolovi/police Navodnjavanje plavljenjem, podovi

56 Irrigation control Timer-based control ("manual on" and "time-clock on") Sensor-based control check out tensiometer-based irrigation on Dr. Lieth's WWWpage and the section there on "frequently asked questions" on tensiometer use in potted plants and cut-flower production Model-based control Kontrola navodnjavanja Kontrola zasnovana na određenom vremenu ( manuelno" ili "pomoću tajmera") Kontrola zasnovana na senzoru posetite tensiometer-based irrigation Dr. Lieth's WWWpage (navodnjavanje) i odeljak sa "frequently asked questions" (često postavljana pitanja) o tensiometru koji se koristi kod proizvodnje biljaka u saksijama i sečenog cveća Kontrola prema modelu

57 Cut-flower Rose Production Proizvodnja sečenih ruža Cultivars and types hybrid tea miniatures Propagation plant is a combination of a rose with good production characteristics and rootstock with good root-characteristics: Rosa maneti, Rosa odorata,... done either by graft or budding types of propagules: Kultivari i vrste hibridni čaj minijaturne Razmnožavanje biljka je kombinacija ruže sa dobrim proizvodnim karakteristikama i dobrim korenom, takođe sa dobrim karakteristikama korena: Ruža maneti, Ruža odorata,... radi se ili kalemljenjem ili okuliranjem vrste:

58 grafted plants (budded and grown on in the field until plant has sizable canes, then sold to cut-flower grower for use in greenhouse production) mini-plants (graft and rooting at same time, move into production quickly as small plant and build up in the greenhouse) Most desirable cultivars are patented - cannot propagate without paying royalties Production systems: In-ground production In stone wool - common in Europe - essentially a hydroponic system Hydroponics (in coconut coir in buckets) single-stem rooted cutting: one flower then discard kalemljene biljke (kalemljene i gajene u polju dok biljka ne dobije dovoljnu veličinu stabljika, zatim se prodaju uzgajivačima sečenog cveća za proizvodnju u staklenicima) minijaturne biljke (kalemljenje i ukorenjivanje u isto vreme, brzo se prenosi u proizvodnju kao mala biljka i razvija se u stakleniku) Najželjeniji kultivari su patentirani ne možete razmnožavati dok ne platite za prava korišćenja Proizvodni sistemi: Proizvodnja u zemlji U kamenoj vuni često u Evropi osnovno za "hydroponic" sistem Hydroponics (u ljuski kokosa u kofama) sečenje jedne stabljike iz jednog korena: jedan cvet, zatim se odbacuje Planting in ground (from budded large plants) ground preparation construct well drained root zone with drainage Sađenje u zemlji (iz okalemljnih velikih biljaka) priprema zemlje postavite zonu za koren sa dobrom drenažom, sa

59 provisions (tile) steam pasteurization or methyl bromide (being phased out) planting to replace existing plants is done after the main holidays (mother's day) beds are generally ft wide with ~1.5 ft between planted usually at 3 or 4 plants across in a row bud-union should stay above soil line (don't want named cultivar striking roots) prevent excessive water loss in the first week (before new functional roots grow) in buckets with media (you can generally start with mini-plants) media preparation (generally soilless media) provide for drainage (i.e. treat as if potted plant) plant 2-4 plants per bucket (depending on spacing) Building the plants (first 2-3 months) Do not expect a crop off the first set of breaks Focus on building up the crop - remove any flower buds Pinch or bend shoots Types of pinch: soft / hard Location of pinch: after first 5-leaflet leaf (perhaps higher ) Wire support frames are constructed to keep shoots in the bed Production Temperature: Night: 60-62F Day: 70F on cloudy days 75F on sunny days below 60F may cause "bullheads"; below 58F production may stop Temperature drives development Light: PAR Need high light to produce lots production is naturally lower in the winter than in the summer make sure greenhouse cover is clean and has high light transmission Supplemental light in dark winter (Generally not used in CA this is changing) odrednicama za drenažu (pločice) pasterizacija parom ili metil bromide (u fazama) sadite da zamenite postojeće biljke i to posle glavnih praznika (Dan majki) leje su obično cm široke udaljene oko 45cm jedna od druge obično se sadi 3 do 4 biljke u redu mesto kalema trebalo bi da ostane iznad zemljišta (ne želite da korenje štrči) sprečite preteran gubitak vode tokom prve nedelje (pre nego što novo funkcionalno korenje izraste) u kofama (možete početi sa minijaturnim biljkama) priprema sredine (obično sredina sa malo zemljišta) obezbedite drenažu (npr. tretirajte je kao biljku u saksiji) sadite 2-4 biljke (u zavisnosti od prostora) Rast biljaka (prva 2-3 meseca) Ne očekujte da odmah sasečete izdanke Usredsredite se na gajenje biljke uklonite pupoljke Pritisnite ili savite mladice Vrste pritiska: meko / tvrdo Mesto pritiska: posle prvih 5- lisnih izdanaka (možda svetlijih ) Žičani okviri se postavljaju da bi zadržali izdanke u podlozi Proizvodnja Temperatura: Noćna: 60-62F Dnevna: 20C tokom oblačnih dana 24C tokom sunčanih dana ispod 60F mogu izazvati "rascvetalost"; ispod 58F proizvodnja može stati Razvoj zavisi od temperature Svetlo: PAR Svetlo je potrebno da bi se dosta proizvodilo prirodno, proizvodnja je manja tokom zime nego tokom leta budite sigurni da je prektivač na stakleniku čist i da dozvoljava prodor svetlosti Dodatna svetlost tokom tamnih zimskih dana (obično se ne koristi u Kaliforniji ovo se menja)

60 Winter: keep glazing clean Zima: održavajte stakla čistim CO 2 - enrichment useful when greenhouse vents are normally closed during the day: not in CA High light and high CO 2 - can have higher temperature note: no point in enriching CO 2 at night - no photosynthesis if day temperatures are below 60F, then inject CO 2 only to maintain ambient levels best time: early morning when vents are closed and plants have light for photosynthesis Crop management: conventional in-ground production with a hedge The hedge goes through annual variation allowed to get tall in the fall size gets reduced in the winter pruned after mother's day Pinching/bending - this is done to induce synchronized breaks so that there will be a big flush of flowers later (for a holiday) remove top portion of shoot prior to bloom hard vs soft pinch When pinching hard you are throwing away accumulated biomass (for which you paid) in CO 2 - obogaćenost korisno kada je ventilacija na stakleniku obično zatvorena tokom dana: ne u Kaliforniji Dosta svetlosti i dosta CO 2 može se postići viša temperatura ne treba obogaćivati CO 2 noću nema fotosinteze ako su dnevne temperature ispod 60F, onda dodajte CO 2 samo da biste održali nivo najbolje vreme: rano jutro, kada je ventilacija zatvorena i kada biljke imaju svetlost za fotosintezu Upravljanje biljkama: konvencionalna proizvodnja u zemlji sa živom ogradom Živica se proteže kroz godišnje promene može da ode u visinu tokom jeseni veličina se smanjuje tokom zime podrezivati posle Dana majki (u maju) Pritiskanje/savijanje ovo se vrši da bi se dobili sinhronizovani prelomi tako da posle bude više cvetova (za praznik) uklonite gornje izdanke pre cvetanja tvrdo pritiskanje u odnosu na meko kada jako pritisnete odbacujete akumuliranu biomasu (za koju ste platili) a u korist biomase koju

61 favor of biomass which you can sell, hopefully, at a higher price. možete da prodate po višoj ceni. Note: harvesting has the same effect as pinching! bending has similar effect but keeps plant material working for you for some time effect is hormonal Combination "hydroponics" and bending new method - a lot is still not known hydroponics - a misnomer? reservoirs of irrigation solution in bottom of bucket medium (e.g. coir) above reservoir not fertigation is required; applications several times per day "Bending" (or "Arching") shoots with little potential to generate strong cane are bent down - this allows selection for more strong canes over weak canes breaks apical dominance, allowing new breaks to come (same as pruning, pinching, and harvesting) leaves stay on plant and are used to capture light, but the resulting carbohydrate is added to other shoots...this will result in few shoots but at higher grades Branje ima isti efekat kao i pritiskanje! savijanje ima sličan efekat ali održava sadni materijal tako da radi za vas neko vreme efekat je hormonski Kombinacija "hydroponic" i savijanja novi metod dosta toga je nepoznato hydroponics nepravilan naziv? rezervoari rastvora za navodnjavanje na dnu posude sredina (npr. ljuska kokosovog oraha) iznad rezervoara nije potrebna fertigacija; primena nekoliko puta dnevno "Savijanje" (ili "Lukovi") izdanci koji imaju malo mogućnosti da stvore čvrste stabljike savijaju se nadole to omogućava odabir jačih grana u odnosu na slabije slama dominantnost na vrhu, dozvoljava pojavu novih (isto kao orezivanje, pritiskanje ili branje) lišće ostaje na biljci i koristi da uhvati svetlost, ali ugljeni hidrat koji se dobija dodaje se drugim izdancima...ovo će za rezultat imati novije izdanke ali bolje postoje problemi sa ovim

62 note that there are problems with this mat of dead material develops... razvija se pokrivka od mrtvog materijala... Harvesting Types of cuts at harvest: 1st 5-leaflet leaf (approximately summer and fall) knuckle-cut (approximately winter) "below the knuckle"; aka: "below the hook" (approximately spring) Pruning: after Mother's day - to reduce canopy size, get new bottom-breaks Production management schedule (approximate): Branje Vrste sečenja pri branju: Prvi 5-to lisni izdanak (obično u leto ili jesen) zasek do članka (obično u zimu) "ispod članka"; poznat i kao: "ispod kuke" (obično u proleće) Orezivanje: Posle Dana majki smanjivanje veličine nadstrešnice, novi izdanci na dnu Plan rada menadžmenta u proizvodnji (od prilike):

63 Irrigation Fertilization base level: ppm N with at most 20% ammonium; 150 ppm K Problems: pests: whitefly two-spotted spider mite thrips aphids Diseases Powdery mildew - sulfur vaporization is used Botrytis others physiological disorders blind shoots bullheads Postharvest handling: Grading of roses: by length many varieties don't do well if allowed to be out of water don't harvest onto the ground - put directly in buckets with clean water store transport cold in water or preservative solution (sugar, citric acid and biocide) re-cut under water when preparing for sale and in the home Market info: US: the majority of money made on roses in the US is for holiday production currently severe pressure from imported product from South America (Colombia and Equador) Europe: less emphasis on holiday production, spikes in production are smaller imports from Africa are putting pressure on market in Europe Navodnjavanje Đubrenje osnovni nivo: ppm N sa najviše 20% amonijaka; 150 ppm K Problemi: štetočine: štitasti moljac crveni pauk Frankliniella occidentalis i dr. aphididae Bolesti Pepelnica koristi se isparavanje sumpora Botrytis (plesan) drugo fiziološki nedostaci slepi izdanci rascvetali izdanci Rukovanje posle branja: Klasifikacija ruža: po dužini mnoge vrste ne mogu da podnesu da budu van vode ne berite na zemlji stavite ih odmah u kofe sa čistom vodom skladištite ih za transport u hladnoj vodi ili rastvoru (šećer, limunska kiselina ili biocid) ponovo podsecite pod vodom kada pripremate cveće za prodaju ili kod kuće Informacije o tržištu: SAD: većina novca od ruža u SAD nastaje posle praznične proizvodnje trenutno postoji jak pritisak zbog uvezenih proizvoda iz Južne Amerike (Kolumbija i Ekvador) Evropa: manji naglasak na prazničnoj proizvodnji, razlike u proizvodnji su manje uvoz iz Afrike pritiska tržište u Evropi

64 Cut Flower Rose Production management schedule over the course of a year (approximate) aimed at holiday production: Upravljanje proizvodnjom sečenih ruža raspored tokom godine sa osvrtom na poizvodnju za praznike: Date Datum Pinch Pritisak Cut/harvests Sečenje/Branje Notes Beleške Juli Avgust Sep Pinch all short stems Pritisnite sve kratke grane target: mid September to act as Christmas pinch cilj: sredina septembra da bi bile spremne za Božić With hedge production: When harvesting between July 1 and Sep 1, leave two 5-leaflet leaves to build canopy. Sa proizvodnjom živice: kada je branje između 1. jula i 1. septembra, ostavite dva petolisna izdanka da izgrade baldahin In hydroponics: build plant but keep cutting point below 30 cm above top of pot Hydroponic: izgradite biljku ali mesto sečenja mora biti 30 cm iznad vrha saksije When cutting, leave one 5-leaflet leaf (until late winter) Kada sečete, ostavite petolisni izdanak (sve do kasne zime) Cut crop from August pinch Isecite biljku iz kada je pritisnuta u avgustu It might be hard to sell this crop Možda ćete teško prodati ovu biljku Oct 1-10 Pinch for Thanksgiving You have to decide whether a stem will bear for Thanksgiving

65 Pritisak za Dan zahvalnosti Pinch for Christmas Pritisak za Božić or Christmas - can't do both Morate da odlučite da li će stabljika izdržati do Dana zahvalnosti (novembar) ili Božića (decembar) ne može oba Nov Cut for Thanksgiving Sečenje za Dan zahvalnosti Dec Pinch for Valentines Day crop Pritisak za Dan zaljubljenih Cut for Christmas Sečenje za Božić Jan Feb 1-10 cut Valentine crop (early flowers go into cooler) Pinch for Easter Pritisak za Uskrs Mar 1-10 Secite biljke za Dan zaljubljenih (rano cveće ide u frižidere) Cut Valentine crop Secite biljke za Dan zaljubljenih Easter pinch will vary with date of Easter (pinch days prior to Easter) Pritisak za Uskrs zavisi od dana kada pada Uskrs (pritisnite dana pre Uskrsa)

66 11-20 Pinch for Mother's Day Pritisak za Dan majki cuts at this stage may be below 1st 5-leaflet leaf sečenje u ovo vreme može biti ispod petolisnog izdanka Cut Easter crop (date varies with Easter) probably with knuckle cuts of Apr 1-10 lower Uniform production strategy at this point; May 1-10 no more pinches until August unless you get a big order Isecite biljke za Uskrs (datum zavisi od Uskrsa) Jednaka proizvodna strategija u ovom Cut Mother's Day crop trenutku: nema više pritisaka sve do avgusta, osim ako imate veću Secite biljke za Dan majki porudžbinu Note: Probably can't do Mother's day off Easter cut (count it out: days) Biljke koje su isečene za Uskrs verovatno neće izdržati do dana majki in preparation for pruning bring canopy down with cuts below the knuckle za pripremu za orezivanje spustite nadstrešnicu nadole, tako što ćete iseći ispod zgloba June Rest of summer you will be discarding a lot of flowers. Manage crop to maximize sales and to build plants for the stress of the winter. Tokom ostatka leta odbacivaćete dosta cveća. Upravljajte biljkama tako da maksimalno povećate prodaju, I da izgradite biljke da izdrže stres od zime

67 Crop Ecology: Light, Temperature and CO2 Ekologija useva: Svetlost, temperature i CO2 Effect of light on greenhouse production Light for assimilation: Uticaj svetlosti na proizvodnju u staklenicima Svetlost za asimilaciju: properties of light: spectrum, short wave, long wave, etc light on earth energy (shortwave or visible, and longwave) heats up plant tissue (shortwave to longwave) plant needs to cool itself (mostly evaporative) shading compound shade curtain many crops can take full light (rose, carnation, chrysanthemum) but many can't (many foliage plants, african violets, poinsettia, some plants when in flower) Photosynthesis Fotosinteza karakteristike svetlosti: spektar, kratki talasi, dugi talasi, itd. svetlost na zemlji energija (kratkotalasna ili vidljiva, i dugotalasna) zagreva tkiva biljaka (kratkotalasna ka dugotalasnoj) biljka mora da se hladi (najčešće isparavanjem) hlad zavesa od senke mnoge biljke mogu da podnesu punu svetlost (ruža, karanfil, hrizantema) a mnoge ne mogu (mnoge lisnate biljke, afrička ljubičica, poinsetija, neke biljke dok cvetaju)

68 plants use light for photosynthesis biljke koriste svetlost za fotosintezu Response of photosynthetic rate to various parts of the visible spectrum of vidljivim delovima spectra Rezultat stepena fotosinteze na različitim Response of individual leaf or whole plant (per unit leaf area) the more light, the more photosynthesis control over photosynthetic active radiation o start with clean cover (simple structure) o to increase amount of PAR; supplemental light (i.e to enhance photosynthetic rate) incandescent - low efficiency (7%) flourescent efficiency (20%) output is low so that too many lamps are needed (high cost, lots of light intercepted by Odgovor pojedinačnog lista ili čitave biljke (po jedinici površine lista) o što je više svetla to je više fotosinteze o kontrola nad fotosintetičkim aktivnim zračenjem počnite sa čistim pokrivačem (jednostavna struktura) da se poveća količina PAR; dodatna svetlost (da se poveća stepe fotosinteze) užarena niska efikasnost (7%) flourescentna efikasnost (20%) rezultat je mali tako da je potrebno isuviše lampi (veliki

69 lamps when not in use) suitable for growth rooms (particularly since ballasts can be mounted outside of lighted area) HID efficiency ranges 20-25% LPS = "low pressure sodium" - poor spectrum, too much energy in a narrow set of wavelengths in wrong part of spectrum Hetal halide 20% efficient HPS = "high pressure sodium" 25% efficient small profile long bulb life (24000 hours) currently most popular, this may have an effect on stem elongation (e.g. Lilies under metal halide lamps will be short) o to decrease: shading automated shade curtains want reflective, not absorbing, material o crop spacing / "foliage spacing" effect of LAI on plant growth most recommendation for crop spacing are based on observations about this troškovi, lampe kada se ne koriste onemogućavaju prodor svetla) pogodna za uzgajivačnice (posebno što se balast može nagomilati van osvetljene oblasti) HID efikasnost je između 20-25% LPS = "low pressure sodium" = minimum natrijuma slab spektar, previše energije u uskom delu talasnih dužina u pogrešnom delu spektra Halidne lampe 20% efikasnost HPS = "high pressure sodium" = maksimum natrijuma 25% efikasnost malog profila dugotrajne svetiljke (24000 sati) trenutno najpopularniji ovo može uticati na izduživanje stabiljike (npr. ljiljani pod metalnim halidnim lampama biće kratki) smanjiti: hlad automatizovane zavese senki potreban je reflektujući materijal, koji ne upija Photoperiodism: plant's response to day-night cycle response can take on many forms razmak između biljaka / razmak između listova uticaj LAI na rast biljaka većina saveta koji se tiču razmaka između biljaka zasnovana je na ovom Fotoperiodičnost: odgovor biljke na dan-noć ciklus

70 o branching, plant shape o flowering o pigmentation phytochrome response initiation or suppression of flowering: Long-night vs short-day Long night plants: o undergo response when continuous dark period is longer than some critical length o poinsettia (bract color and flower initiation), chrysanthemum (flower initiation), kalanchoe (plantlet formation) Short-night plants: o response occurs if dark period is longer than critical length day-neutral plants facultative... - response is enhanced by... critical lengths can be temperature dependent method: o lights - incandescent 60W, 4-5 ft above plants o night-break (10 pm-2 am), continuous or cyclical (6 min of every 30 min) o black-cloth for 12 hr night: 7 pm to 7 am o can be automated, but must be supervised o avoid excess heat under black cloth odgovor može biti različit o grananje, oblik biljke o cvetanje o pigmentacija fitohromni odgovor početak ili suzbijanje cvetanja: duge noći u odnosu na kratak dan Effect of temperature on greenhouse crops Uticaj temperature na useve u stakleniku Biljke kojima prija mrak: o loš odgovor kada je neprestani period tame duži od kritičnog trajanja o poinsetija (brakteje su obojene i počinje cvetanje), hrizantema (počinje cvetanje), kalanchoe (formiranje mlade biljke) Biljke kojima prija da su kratko u mraku: o dolazi do odgovora ako je period tame duži od kritičnog trajanja Biljke neutralne po pitanju dnevne svetlosti fakultativno... odgovor je pojačan... kritično trajanje može zavisiti od temperature metod: o svetlost - užarena 60W, cm iznad biljaka o noć (10 uveče do 2 ujutru), neprestano ili ciklično (6 min svakih 30 min) o navlake od crne tkanine tokom 12 sati noću: 7 uveče do 7 ujutru o mogu biti automatizovane, ali moraju biti nadgledane o izbegavajte preterano zagrevanje pod tamnim navlakama Temperature limits o high extreme: plant overheats; break-down of Granice temperature o visoka ekstremna: biljka se pregreva; raspadanje enzima

71 enzymes o low extreme: ice formation; destruction of tissues o genotypic; varies by crop o acclimation Temperature affects all biochemical reactions in the plant o e.g.: photosynthesis o e.g.: respiration Growth: If all other factors are adequate, temperature can limit plant growth o niska ekstremna: formiranje leda; uništavanje tkiva o genotip; razlikuje se od biljke do biljke o aklimatizacija Temperatura utiče na sve biohemijske reakcije u biljci o npr.: fotosinteza o npr.: respiracija Rast: Ako su svi drugi faktori odgovarajući, temperatura može ograničini rast biljke Development: driven by "average temperature" Stem elongation: DIF o DIF= (average daytime temperature) - (average nighttime temperature) o positive (+DIF): stretching o negative (-DIF): less stretching temperature factors to monitor and control in greenhouse production o maximum temperature - can cause damage o minimum temperature - many crops have a minimum below which there will be problems o average daily temperature: crop Razvoj: uslovljen "prosečnom temperaturom" Izduživanje stabljike: DIF DIF= (prosečna dnevna temperatura) - (prosečna noćna temperatura) pozitivna (+DIF): izduživanje negativna (-DIF): manje izduživanje faktori temperature koje treba nadgledati i kontrolisati u proizvodnji u stakleniku maksimalna temperatura može da izazove štetu minimalna temperatura mnoge biljke imaju minimum ispod koje mogu nastati problemi prosečna dnevna temperatura: razvoj biljke

72 development o night temperature - crop respiration o average day temperature minus average night temperature (DIF) - stem elongation o morning (pre-dawn) temperature - stem elongation Note that the interaction between all of the various processes determines the temperature response pattern and the point of the optimum o so don't expect the optimum to be the same during the day and night, or on clear and cloudy days, or at low or high carbon dioxide concentrations day temperatures: 5-10F higher than night temperatures Carbon dioxide 3-5 F higher on clear days than cloudy days noćna temperatura raspiracija biljke prosečna dnevna temperatura minus prosečna noćna temperatura (DIF) izduživanje stabljike jutarnja temperatura (pre svitanja) izduživanje stabljike Interakcija između različitih procesa određuje modela odgovora temperature, kao i optimalna tačka nemojte očekivati da optimum bude isti danju i noću, ili tokom sunčanih i oblačnih dana, ili pri visokoj ili niskoj koncentraciji ugljen dioksida dnevna temperatura: 5-10C viša od temperatura tokom noći 3-5 C viša tokom sunčanih u odnosu na oblačne dane Carbon dioxide CO 2 is used in photosynthesis; produced by respiration and combustion Ambient level: 0.035% or 350 ppm of air, higher at night and in urban and industrialized areas In closed greenhouse with lots of foliage: o on sunny day plants draw down CO 2 in minutes o on cloudy day: slower o at night: CO 2 is produced in the greenhouse by decomposing material During the day you can get starvation (<120ppm) if plants use it up and none comes in to replenish the CO 2 o below 100 ppm very little CO 2 is entering leaf o inside plant canopy this problem can occur earlier CO 2 management strategy: o prevent starvation o add CO 2 when below 200 ppm o if economically feasible, enrich to high levels ( ppm) Note interaction between light, temperature and CO 2 o with higher CO 2 and light, temperatures can be higher CO 2 koristi u fotosintezi; proizvodi se respiracijom i sagorevanjem Ambijentni nivo: 0.035% ili 350 ppm vazduha, viši noću i u gradskim i industrijalizovanim oblastima U zatvorenim staklenicima gde ima dosta lišća: tokom sunčanih dana biljka povlači CO 2 u minutima tokom oblačnih dana: sporije noću: CO 2 se proizvodi u stakleniku od materijala koji se raspada Tokom dana može doći do gladovanja (<120ppm) ako ga biljke iskoriste a nema nadoknade CO 2 ispod 100 ppm veoma malo CO 2 ulazi u list pod biljnom nadstrešnicom ovaj problem može i ranije da se desi

73 o with high light, CO 2 enrichment can make sense (but not if greenhouse vents are open, unless CO 2 is very cheap) CO 2 strategija upravljanja: sprečite gladovanje dodajte CO 2 kada je ispod 200 ppm ako je ekonomski izvodljivo, obogatite do visokog nivoa ( ppm) Zabeležite interakciju između svetlosti, temperature i CO 2 sa više CO 2 i sa više setlosti, i temperature mogu biti više sa visokom svetlošču, CO 2 obogaćenost ima smila (ali ne ako je ventiacija na stakleniku otvorena, osima ako CO 2 nije veoma jeftin)

74 Methods of providing CO 2 o burners - must have clean natural gas source; burn and exhaust into the greenhouse still... must have vigilant burner maintenance to keep it adjusted properly otherwise: could produce ethylene, carbon monoxide (CO), other air pollutants o Boiler- specially adjusted to burn clean: exhaust is used for CO 2 enrichment unit heats water while generating CO 2 - runs when greenhouse computer calls for eiether heat or CO 2 if for heat: then heat and CO 2 are put into greenhouse if only for CO 2 : then hot water is stored in large tanks; CO 2 is injected into greenhouse; at night hot water from storage tank is injected first o inject gas from storage tank can assure clean CO 2 must rent or buy storage tank Načini obezbeđivanja CO 2 o sagorevači moraju imati izvor prirodnog gasa; spaliti i izduvati u staklenik mada... moraju biti vidljivo održavani i moraju se pravilno podešavati u suprotnom: mogu proizvesti etilen, ugljen monoksid (CO), druge zagađivače o bojler posebno podešen za čisto sagorevanje: izduvavanje se koristi za obogaćivanje za CO 2 aparat zagreva vodu dok proizvodi CO 2 uključuje se kada kompjuter u stakleniku pokazuje potrebu za zagrevanjem ili za CO 2 za zagrevanje: tada se i toplota i CO 2 puštaju u staklenik ako je samo za CO 2 : onda se topla voda skladišti u velikim cisternama; CO 2 se ubacuje u staklenik; noću se topla voda iz cisterne prva ubacuje o ubacivanje gasa iz cisterne može obezbediti čist CO 2 morate iznajmiti ili kupiti cisternu

75 Economics of CO 2 enrichment: o In CA we tend to have vents open every day and frequently during the day thus CO 2 enrichment is not economically feasible o Where greenhouses are closed for long periods of time (due to very cold climate) CO 2 enrichment can make sense o Feasibility may depend on value of crop Rose production: increases may pay for investment (but it is usually marginal) Carnations: not enough profit to warrant the extra cost of CO 2 injection Ekonomičnost obogaćivanja CO 2 : o U Kaliforniji mi otvaramo ventilaciju svaki dan, i nekoliko puta tokom dana stoga obogaćivanje CO 2 nije ekonomično o Gde su staklenici zatvoreni tokom dužeg vremena (zbog vrlo hladne klime) obogaćivanje CO 2 ima smisla o Izvodljivost može zavisiti od vrednosti biljaka Proizvodnja ruža: povećanja mogu nadomestiti investiciju (ali je obično marginalno) Karanfili: profit nije dovoljan da garantuje za ekstra troškove ubacivanja CO 2