Local Pulse Production Concerns. Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and You!

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1 Local Pulse Production Concerns Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and You!

2 2015 Issues Dry conditions helped Difficult harvest Heavy rainfall Frequent rainfall Lodging issues Quality issues Regrowth

3 Pulse Diseases: Root Rot Pathogens Fusarium Pythium Rhizoctonia Aphanomyces Photo courtesy of Dr. S. Chatterton, AAFC Lethbridge

4 Seed & Seedling Health: Pulses WARM Cochliobolus sativus Fusarium spp. Fusarium spp. Cochiobolus Sativus Rhizoctonia spp. Aphanomyces eutiches COLD Rhizoctonia spp Rhizoctonia spp. Fusarium spp. Pythium spp. DRY MOIST WET

5 Pulse Disease (Pathogen) Seed rot & damping off (Pythium and/or Phytophthora spp.) Seed rot & seedling blight (Botrytis + Sclerotinia + Fusarium) Ascochyta/Mycosphaerella complex (pea) Threshold on Seed N/A (soilborne) Ascochyta lentis (lentil) 5% - 10% Anthracnose (lentil) Stemphylium Blight (lentil) Action if Over Threshold Use seed treatment IF: history of disease; cool-moist seeding conditions; kabuli chickpeas, low-tannin lentils, damaged peas 10% Use seed treatment 10% Use seed treatment N/A Use seed treatment (>10% do not use) Although seed-to-seedling transmission is low, do not use infected seed if planting in a field where lentil has never been grown. Seed staining and infection can occur but seed-toseedling transmission is unknown. Research is in progress. Ascochyta rabiei (chickpea) 0.3% Do not use as seed

6 Herbicide Resistance An issue in many fields Kochia (group 2, 9) Wild mustard (group 2)

7 Residual Herbicides to Watch For One season after application There are at least 16 products that have a one year recropping restriction for pea There are at least 30 products that have a one year recropping restriction for lentil Many other chemicals have an 18-month recropping restriction; some have 3 or 4 year restriction Follow labels and check pages 74 and 75 of the 2016 Guide to Crop Protection

8 Pre-Harvest Applications Key Things to Remember: Always read labels and check Guide to Crop Protection Check with your buyer to make sure they will accept grain that has been treated with desiccants and pre-harvest aides Proper staging and timing is important

9 Pea

10 Pea Diseases Mycosphaerella blight is the most common disease on peas in SK. Ascochyta complex includes: Mycosphaerella blight Ascochyta leaf and pod spot Ascochyta foot rot

11 Pea Insects Aphids can be an issue some years ET is 2-3 aphids on the top 20 cm of plant tip

12 Pea Insects Pea leaf weevil ET is 1 in 3 plants showing feeding damage on the clam leaf, or 30% of plants showing feeding damage

13 Lentil

14 Sclerotinia Other broadleaf crops are also susceptible Scouting for this and other diseases should begin at early flowering 14

15 Anthracnose There are many lentil varieties that are moderately resistant Favoured by warm moist weather Mainly stubble and dust borne

16 Ascochyta This disease is most damaging to maturing pods and seeds if prolonged wet weather occurs during July and August Most varieties have moderate resistance Seed and residue-borne

17 Grasshoppers Feed on buds, flowers and developing pods At 2/m 2 there is enough feeding pressure for an insecticide application to be worthwhile

18 Chickpea

19 Severity (%) or root discolouration Alternative pulse crop when you have Aphanomyces: Chickpea? Good resistance in faba bean Potential alternative to pea in wetter regions 10 Market 0development? Dr. Sabine Banniza, CDC

20 Root rot Pulse Diseases: Chickpeas More resistant to Aphanomyces Susceptible to others Ascochyta blight continues to be the most significant disease issue

21 Local Pulse Concerns Soybeans and Faba Beans Sherri Roberts Regional Crops Specialist - Weyburn Office

22 Soybean

23 How many saw beans like this in your fields?

25 Interveinal chlorosis

27 Iron Deficiency Chlorosis - IDC

28 NOT an indicator that the soil is low in Iron Iron is Tied up and unavailable to the plant for uptake

29 Soybeans have to convert iron in the soil into an available form in order to allow uptake. Soybeans produce compounds that facilitate the conversion of Fe +++ to the metabolically active Fe++ form Fe++ form allows for increased uptake by roots

30 Any field condition which interferes with a soybean plants ability to do this conversion reduces the amount of iron that the plant can uptake

31 Overabundance of carbonates in the soil Saturated Soils

32 WHY CARE??? IDC does NOT affect the initiation of nodules in soybean, BUT rather affects later nodule development (O Hara et al.,1988; Soerensen et al., 1988; Slatni et al., 2011)

34 Solutions. Varietal selection Use soil applied iron chelate products that contain Fe-EDDHA ortho-ortho at planting time Plant a companion cereal crop that is terminated around 12 inches of height (may reduce soil ph and increase iron availability)

36 Spots may or may not have a yellow halo

37 Septoria glycines or Brown Spot Disease symptoms occur on the lower leaves of soybean plants and progress upward as the plant develops.

38 Treatment? Fungus Economic Threshold

40 infected leaves have a leathery appearance and turn a mottled purple-toorange color on the upper surface.

41 Cercospora leaf blight

42 Treatment? Blight = fungus Economic threshold

44 Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea)

45 Distinguish it from hail damage by looking for the yellow halo

46 Treatment? Blight Fungus NOT Bacterial NO TREATMENT

47 Insect Issues

48 Alfalfa Caterpillar

49 F. graminearum causes pod blight, seed and root rot, and pre and post-emergence damping-off of soybean

52 Salinity Sensitivity

53 Faba Bean S. Phelps, SPG 2015

54 Faba Beans

55 Diseases Found in 2014 & 2015 (lab) Chocolate spot

56 Severity (%) or root discolouration Alternative pulse crop when you have 100 Aphanomyces: Faba bean

Seed Quality and Guidelines for Seed Borne Diseases of Pulse Crops

Seed Quality and Guidelines for Seed Borne Diseases of Pulse Crops Seed quality is very important in pulse production, as the costs of seed and seed treatments are a significant part of overall input costs.