Top Notch Meeting Melfort, SK Chantal Bauche P.Ag, CCA

Transcription

1 MANAGING YOUR SOYBEANS FOR SUCCESS Top Notch Meeting Melfort, SK Chantal Bauche P.Ag, CCA

2 Soybean Agronomy Variety & Field Selection Planting Date, Depth & Population Fertility Weed Management Insect Management Disease Management Harvest Management

3 Variety Selection Most important factor to consider is maturity!! Look at Heat units Different then corn measurement; impacted by day length & sun direction (May 15- Sept.10); heat units vary by seed company testing the variety, not a clear indicator between seed companies Look at Relative maturity More indicative then heat units; less variability between varieties; common measurement Day length important: June 21 switch from vegetative to reproductive (start flowering) Most varieties now RR2 Higher yield potential; more beans per pod; higher glyphosate use rates Newest technology- Xtend technology Addition of dicamba use pre- seed or in- crop

4 Manitoba Maturity Range Relative Maturity Groups: 000 Sask Earliest Maturity 00 Range Latest Each Maturity Group has a 1-9 rating within it. For example: S0009-M2 is a 0009 Maturity it is in the 000 Maturity Group it is a 9 which is mid-maturity sub group referred to as: maturity late 000 maturing bean

5 Sask Crop Insurance Insurable Zones

6 2,500,000 Western Canada Soybean Acres 2,000,000 1,500,000 Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta 1,000, , P Year

7 NSC Moosomin + NSC Reston Moosomin, SK Sept. 18, 2013

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9 Varieties All earlier maturing varieties should be solid seeded or not wider than 15 row spacing- not as much branching Soybeans pollinate at night so we want the canopy to be closed in for this to have a warmer micro-climate during the evening= better pollination= more pods Some branching varieties some more main stem varieties; know the varietal characteristics

10 Field Selection Idea soil is medium to heavy textured (loamclay loam) need moisture in July/Aug to fill the pods; very heavy soils that can cause a crust may be an issue Not a good idea is light land (sandy or gravelly) which could be prone to drought Soybeans can tolerate water logged situations Cereal stubble is the best option straw management needed; black soil Watch land with clopyralid (Lontrel), or Ally used in previous season, Velocity (label restriction)

11 Source: Manitoba Agriculture

12 Seeding June 21 vegetative growth stops; earlier seeded= more vegetation But. First 48hrs after seeding are critical; ideal soil temperature is 8-10 C Prior to germination soybean seed imbibes 60% of seed weight in water- do not want it to be cold water (cold shock which they may not be able to overcome)!! Also correlates into pod height (shortened internodes) Seeding into warm soil critical (usually Mid-May); black soil warms faster than stubble; time of day important (afternoon vs. early morning); seed treatment important

13 Planting Temperature Study - Ridgetown College Soybeans planted into 24 C soil Almost perfect plant stand Soybeans planted into 7 C soil Soil temperature warmed to 24 C after 20 hours Source: Bohner, OMAFRA,

14 Pod Height Data IHARF Trt Name Plant Density Pod Clearance plants/m2 cm 1 NSC RESTON RR2Y 56.3 a 5.4 ab 2 DK a 4.7 b 3 WARREN 55.2 a 4.9 b 4 NSC ANOLA RR2Y 48.1 a 5.0 b 5 NSC LIBAU RR2Y 56.3 a 5.0 b 6 NSC ELIE RR2Y 53.6 a 4.9 b 7 NSC VITO R a 6.9 ab 8 NSC TILSTON RR2Y 61.0 a 6.8 ab 9 NSC RICHER RR2Y 55.2 a 5.3 ab Standard Error Mean

15 Seeding Soybeans can handle a light frost in spring, -2.8 C for a short period (cotyledons full of water and close to soil surface) If cotyledons freeze off they are done Seeding depth around into moisture within reason Shallower= quick emergence (1 st internode elongation= higher pod height) Watch handling of beans to reduce cracking

16 Seeding Target is 180, ,000 seeds per acre (about 4-5 plants per square foot) 160, ,000: planter (trending lower with newer varieties) 180, ,000: air seeder Other factors influencing seeding rates Heavier soils (higher) Narrower rows (higher) Equipment Seed treatment Time of year (later= higher) Soybeans are sold in SSU, 140,000 seeds per SSU; 40 SSU in a tote Around 1.4 SSU / acre (200,000 seeds/ac) Seed size can vary around lbs of seed per acre. Land rolling recommended for rocky land, should be done prior to bean emergence

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18 Plant Stand Planter 160,000 Plants/acre Airseeder 200,000 Plants/acre

19 Fertility The most important part of growing soybeans in Saskatchewan is INOCULATION Soybeans require large amounts of N but they are able to fulfill this need themselves if properly inoculated Very little to no natural rhizobia in our soils Never seen soybeans before and different rhizobia then peas or lentils= DOUBLE INOCULATION Liquid or peat inoculant on seed + granular inoculant in- furrow= best practice Need to make sure main and lateral roots get inoculated

20 Soybean Nodulation

21 Inoculation Most seed comes inoculated once always find out Granular inoculant needs to be placed within 2 of the seed (in-furrow) Put in a separate compartment in seed cart Watch out for high residual N in the soil- soil test important (soybeans won t fix their own N if plenty in the soil and can run out of nitrogen late in the season when they need it most) Looking for 50 lbs or less of residual N on soil test

22 Fertility Phosphorous Important in soybean production but never with the seed, will harm inoculant (live bacteria) lbs actual P good idea but side-banded US apply in previous year with corn Potassium Never with the seed Apply year before or side banded Have seen deficiencies in MB on sandy soils

23 Weed Management Start clean. Stay clean! Soybeans are not very competitive at any stage Burn-off important especially if any RR tolerant weeds Heat, CleanStart, Express SG, Pursuit, Authority add-in options preseed Critical weed free period: cotyledon to canopy closure In-crop on RR2Y soybeans (make sure RR2) REL/ac from 1 st trifoliate to flowering (cotyledon stage can be safe if it s a must!) 1.0 REL/ac can be applied twice; higher rates applied only once NO 2.0 REL/ac on RR1 Basagran, Pursuit, Viper or Odyssey can be added for any vol.rr weed control Xtend technology Addition of dicamba, pre-seed or in-crop

24 Insect Management Early Season Insects Cutworms, wireworms Not common especially if seed treatment used Defoliating Insects Grasshoppers & some armyworms Usually a minor concern but can do damage Sucking Insects Soybean aphids & spider mites Blow in from South minor concern but can happen Soybean aphids: 250 per plant= action threshold; Matador, Cygon, Lagon; first flower to start of seed is critical time

25 Disease Management Phytophthora Root rot Cool weather, early season dampening off, low lying areas Iron Deficiency Chlorosis High ph, poor drainage, salinity; stop absorption of Fe Variety dependent (ratings against); better environmental conditions Veins green interveinal area pale green White Mold (Sclerotinia) Spraying is not economical in beans, genetic resistance varies between varieties Enhanced by canola- bean rotation, warm wet temperatures during flower and thick canopies

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28 Growth Stages VE- V12: Vegetative stages R1- R8: Reproductive stages R5: frost at this stage= 50-70% yield loss R6: frost at this stage= 20-30% yield loss R7: killing frost (approx. -2C) cut yield by 5% More green seeds= change in grade R8: 95% of plant has reached maturity days to combine Rains in August are critical for seed fill

29 Harvest Management Do not deteriorate or shatter very easily if left standing Straight cut best option with flex header 14% moisture; if harvested at less than 12% seed cracking can occur Don t worry about some green seeds in sample Harvest as low as possible to the ground, bottom pods have the most & largest beans very important Usually tight concaves (large wire- half open), rotor as slow as possible (400ish), 1100 fan and open top sieve (10ish)

30 Harvest Management Watch travel speed, easy to push the speed, start to loose the faster you go; 3.5mph Very easy to put through the combine Bottle neck can be header knife speed 4 seeds/ft 2 left behind= 1 bu/acre loss

31 Pod Height

32 Height of pods off the ground

33 4 beans per ft2= 1 bu/ac loss

34 THANK- YOU! Questions??