Some Insect Updates. Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University. RMRTA Conference & Trade Show.

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1 Some Insect Updates RMRTA Conference & Trade Show Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University

2 Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica

3 Japanese beetle adults chew on leaves and flowers of many plants

4 Flowers are often a favored plant part targeted by adult Japanese beetles

5 Japanese beetle larvae (grubs) among the most damaging turfgrass insects in the US Japanese beetle affects yard/garden plants in two distinct ways

6 White grubs prune the roots, producing drought stress symptoms

7 Skunk digging damage associated with white grub infestations

8 Japanese beetle is present in two main areas

9 Managing Japanese beetle in the larval (white grub) stage

10 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Larval Control Cultural Controls Biological Controls Chemical Controls

11 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Larval (Grub) Control Cultural Controls Promotion of root growth to tolerate larval feeding Allowance of some soil drying during critical JB life stages Provision of water to allow tolerance and recovery from root loss

12 White grubs damage turfgrass by feeding on roots

13 Grasses with larger root mass are better able to tolerate effects of root pruning insects Mowing height greatly affects root mass of turfgrasses!

14 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Larval Control Cultural Controls Promotion of root growth to tolerate larval feeding Allowance of some soil drying during critical life stages Provision of water to allow tolerance and recovery from root loss

15 Generalized Life History Sequence of Japanese Beetle

16 Adults burrow into the ground to lay eggs. Eggs are only laid in soil that is suitably moist.

17 Early stages of Japanese beetle grubs are highly sensitive to soil drying

18 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Larval Control Cultural Controls Promotion of root growth to tolerate larval feeding Allowance of some soil drying during critical JB life stages Provision of water to allow tolerance of and recovery from root loss

19 White Grub Larval Treatments Insecticides Imidacloprid (Merit, Zenith, Criterion, etc.) Clothianidin (Arena) Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn, Scott s GrubEx) Trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) Biological Controls Heterorhabditis spp. parasitic nematodes Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (grubgone!)

20 Some systemic insecticides (in the neonicotinoid class) are used to control insect pests of turfgrass

21 Systemic insecticides and Pollinators Should we be concerned about their use on turfgrass?

22 A key risk to pollinators when using insecticides on turfgrass Application to flowering weeds

23 Mowing before application >greatly< decreases hazard to pollinators!

to bees Relatively slow acting Provides control for months Optimal time

24 Chlorantraniliprole for White Grubs Trade Names: Acelepryn, GrubEx Anthranilic diamide insecticide Limited systemic activity Very low hazard to bees Relatively slow acting Provides control for months Optimal time for application: Early period of egg hatch typically mid-late June through midjuly

25 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Larval Control Cultural Controls Chemical Controls Biological Controls Insect parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.) Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae Milky spore

26 Insect Parasitic Nematodes ( Beneficial Nematodes, Predator Nematodes ) Photograph courtesy of Peggy Greb

27 Nematodes enter insects through natural openings Heterorhabditis spp. nematodes can penetrate directly through the body wall

28 Insect Parasitic Nematodes Can Control Many Turf Insects White grubs Billbugs Cutworms and sod webworms Mole crickets

29 Grubs turn a reddish color when killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes

30 White Grub Larval Treatments Imidacloprid (Merit, Zenith, Criterion, etc.) Clothianidin (Arena) Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn, Scott s Grub-Ex) Trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) Heterorhabditis spp. parasitic nematodes Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae (grubgone!)

31 New biological control for Japanese beetle - and other grubs? grubgone! Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae

32 Milky Spore for Japanese Beetle? Used to permanently establish a biological control organism not useful for immediate control.

33 Milky Spore for Japanese Beetle? Long term: May help produce some reduction in numbers of larvae surviving to adulthood. However, infections typically only affect a small percentage of population.

34 Question: Does control of larvae in a yard affect the number of adults in a yard????????? Answer: Very likely, NO

35 Adult beetles feed on both flowers and leaves of many ornamental plants as well as garden vegetables and herbs

36 Skeletonizing injuries produced by Japanese beetle adults feeding on leaves

37 Flowers are often a favored plant part targeted by adult Japanese beetles

38 Overlap of adult feeding on flowers and use of those flowers by pollinators Issue of unusual concern with Japanese beetle

39 Uber-host Plants Favored by Japanese Beetle Adults in CO Roses** Linden* Virginia Creeper* Silver lace**

40 Other Plants Commonly Grown in CO that are Highly Favored by Japanese Beetle Ornamentals Hollyhock* Gaura** Rose-of-Sharon** Crabapple Japanese maple Peking cotoneaster Food Crops Beans (green, edamame) Basil Raspberry* Grape * JB populations overlap with flowering ** JB populations overlap >alot< with flowering

41 Evaluations of roses at the War Memorial Garden in Littleton,

42 Japanese Beetle Damage Evaluations on Roses War Memorial Rose Garden Seven observations were made during season Damage by Japanese beetle ranked on a 0 to 3 scale (no damage to heavy damage)

43 Japanese Beetle Damage Evaluations on Roses War Memorial Rose Garden Seven observations were made during season Damage by Japanese beetle ranked on a 0 to 3 scale (no damage to heavy damage) Observed flower visitation by bees ranked on a 0 to 3 scale (no visitation to high visitation)

44 Roses that Were Not Observed Damaged by Japanese Beetle Child s Play Cupcake Gemini Old Glory Rainbow Sorbet Angel Face Class Act Electron Jean Kenneally Perfecta Shining Hour Carrot Top Colossus French Lace Joseph s Coat Picotee Sun Sprinkles Merlot

47 Cultivars bees do not visit insecticide options are much greater Cultivars that will be difficult to maintain in a post-jb world Cultivars that JB doesn t damage in the first place

48 Roses that are Heavily Damaged by JB and Visited alot by Pollinators Prima Donna Carefree Delight Carefree Spirit Climbing New Dawn Day Dream Easy Does It Elle Eureka First Edition Fourth of July Glowing Peace Honey Perfume Hot Coco Lady Elsie May Moon Dance Morden Sunrise Pescali Rainbow Knock Out Starry Night Touch of Class

49 Recommendations for Japanese Beetle Adult Control Physical/Cultural Controls Traps Hand Picking Chemical Controls

50 Japanese beetle controls Hand Picking

51 Japanese beetle traps are excellent for detecting presence of the insect in an area

52 Japanese beetle traps are minimally useful - at best - for control of existing Japanese beetle infestations!

53 They can lure high populations of both male and female beetles into the area and cause more problems than they solve!

54 If you insist on using a Japanese beetle trap Do not place them anywhere near (at least 30 feet away from) any plant on which Japanese beetles feed Avoid placing them in a site where they are likely to draw beetles from long distances

55 If you insist on using a Japanese beetle trap Do not place them anywhere near (at least 30 feet away from) any plant on which Japanese beetles feed Avoid placing them in a site where they are likely to draw beetles from long distances.and preferably give the trap to your neighbor!

56 Chemical Controls Most Effective for Control of Japanese Beetle Adults Most pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) Carbaryl Acetamiprid Imidacloprid Chlorantraniliprole Do not treat plants with flowers in bloom!

57 Chemical Controls Most Effective for Control of Japanese Beetle Adults Most pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) Carbaryl Acetamiprid Imidacloprid Chlorantraniliprole Do not treat plants with flowers in bloom!

58 Never apply persistent insecticides to plants that are in flower and attractive to pollinators!! Overlap of adult feeding on flowers and use of those flowers by pollinators

59 Chemical Controls Most Effective for Control of Japanese Beetle Adults Most pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) Carbaryl Acetamiprid Imidacloprid Chlorantraniliprole Acelepryn Do not treat plants with flowers in bloom!

60 Labeled for use on on turfgrass and landscape ornamentals Environmental hazards statements do include warnings for aquatic organisms. They do not have any pollinator warning statements

61 Labeled for use on on turfgrass and landscape ornamentals Environmental hazards statements do include warnings for aquatic organisms. They do not have any pollinator warning statements

62 Section 2(ee) recommendation indicates uses for control of many other insects including Japanese beetle adults The original federal label just includes certain caterpillars as target pests

63 New biological control for Japanese beetle - and other grubs? Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae Sold as beetlegone! in commercial/ag markets Adult control Sold as beetlejus in gardener market Grub control

64 Bacillus thuringiensis Derived from a widely distributed soil bacterium Active ingredient a toxic protein crystal that destroys cells of the midgut Used as a stomach poison Several different strains each effective against different insects

65 Several strains are present, each with specific activity - kurstaki, aizawi strains (leaf feeding Lepidoptera larvae - tenebrionis strain (leaf beetles) - israelensis strain (mosquito, gnat, black fly larvae)

69 New biological control for Japanese beetle - and other grubs? Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae Sold as beetlegone! in commercial/ag markets Sold as beetlejus in gardener market

70 Water check beetlejus treated

71 beetlejus for adult Japanese beetle? Provides good reduction in feeding injury by Japanese beetle Provides fair mortality of Japanese beetles and mortality is slow Persistence of effects probably a few days

72 None. You can apply this product to plants in bloom when bees are visiting. Bee hazard warnings and use restrictions?

73 After application. Are they dead? (probably not) Are they still feeding? (probably not)

74 Should we now consider trying to introduce natural enemies of Japanese beetle into Colorado?

75 Natural Enemies of Japanese Beetle Exist Elsewhere in the US Paenibacillus popilliae (Milky spore) Bacterium Istocheta aldrichi Tachinid fly Tiphia species Parasitic wasps Ovavesicula popilliae Microsporidium

76 Natural Enemies of Japanese Beetle for Potential Introduction into Colorado? Paenibacillus popilliae (milky spore) bacterial disease of Japanese beetle larvae

Ovavesicula popilliae a microsporidian disease of Japanese beetle larvae

77 Natural Enemies of Japanese Beetle for Potential Introduction into Colorado? Ovavesicula popilliae a microsporidian disease of Japanese beetle larvae Ovavesicula infection of Malphighian tubules of Japanese beetle larva Main observed effects from infection reduced fecundity, reduced winter survival

78 Japanese beetles collected from Michigan that were infected with Ovavesicula popilliae were shipped to us in late July The beetles were frozen, so no live beetles were introduced, but the pathogen should still be viable.

80 Natural Enemies of Japanese Beetle for Potential Introduction into Colorado? Tiphia wasps parasitic wasps (2 species) of Japanese beetle larvae

81 Natural Enemies of Japanese Beetle for Potential Introduction into Colorado? Istocheta aldrichi tachinid fly parasitoid of Japanese beetle adults

82 Should we now consider trying to introduce natural enemies of Japanese beetle into Colorado? Yes!

83 I am looking for release sites for Japanese beetle natural enemies in 2018 Ovavesicula popilliae (the pathogen) Site must have alot of Japanese beetle grubs Istocheta aldrichii (the parasitic fly) Site must have alot of flowering plants in bloom during late June-early August If interested, let s talk here or me at : Whitney.Cranshaw@colostate.edu

84 Emerald Ash Borer in Colorado

85 Reported emerald ash borer distribution - one year ago

86 Present known distribution of emerald ash borer

87 Colorado EAB Tree #1 Located near the intersection of 30 th and Valmont, Boulder September 23, 2013

88 Area of original EAB infestation in Colorado

89 Areas known to be infested with emerald ash borer in Boulder end of 2015

90 How will EAB spread in Colorado? Wind-blown dispersal of adults Peak period of adult dispersal is late May through late July Butt-heads that move wood containing developing stages

91 Boulder EAB infestation New 2016 detection of EAB in Longmont

92 Wind Direction from Boulder (with wind speed correction) May-August SSE S SSW SE SW ESE WSW E W ENE WNW NE NW NNE N NNW

93 2016 detection of EAB in Longmont Boulder EAB infestation New 2017 detection of EAB in Lafayette

94 Main Points About Emerald Ash Borer in Colorado Today All known infestations remain confined within Boulder County In time it will spread throughout South Platte drainage Treatments are available that can protect individual trees once they first become infested Each treatment option involves decisions balancing costs, environmental hazards, effectiveness, and ease of application

95 Control Options for Management of Emerald Ash Borer

96 Emerald Ash Borer Control Options Soil applications with systemic insecticides imidacloprid, dinotefuran Non-invasive trunk sprays of systemic insecticides dinotefuran Trunk injections of systemic insecticides Emamectin benzoate, azadirachtin, imidacloprid

98 Important note regarding EAB control Present controls can allow trees to recover if EABinduced crown thinning has not exceeded 30-50%

100 Emerald Ash Borer Control Options Soil applications with systemic insecticides imidacloprid, dinotefuran Non-invasive trunk sprays of systemic insecticides dinotefuran Trunk injections of systemic insecticides Emamectin benzoate (TREE-Age), azadirachtin (TreeAzin), imidacloprid

101 Adults as they feed on foliage (late May, June, early July) Target Life Stages for EAB Treatments Young larvae that tunnel in the phloem and cambium

102 Emerald Ash Borer Insecticides Imidacloprid (Merit, Xytect, Criterion, etc.) Soil drench, possible trunk injection Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam) Basal trunk spray, possible soil drench Emamectin benzoate (Tree-Age, others) Trunk injection only Azadirachtin (Treeazin, Azasol, others) Trunk injection only

103 Soil application option imidacloprid applied as drench or injection

104 Primary method of imidacloprid application soil applications for root uptake

105 Optimal Application Soil drench within inches of the Trunk Yes No?

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109 Soil applications of systemic insecticides should not be made if there are flowering plants at the application site

110 Basal trunk spray with dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam)

111 Basal Trunk Sprays of Dinotefuran Enters tree through thin areas of bark Can be expected to reach peak levels in foliage in about 2-3 weeks Adjuvant? May help some to increase deposition into trunk fissures, slow drying

112 Trunk Injections

113 Trunk injection with emamectin benzoate (TREE-age)

114 New formulations of emamectin benzoate are coming onto the market. This should decrease costs.

115 Trunk injection with azadirachtin (TreeAzin, Azasol, AzaGuard, etc.)

116 Survey of pollen collected by honey bees Question to answer: What are the important pollen sources used by bees in Colorado in urban sites?

In 2015, seven beekeepers placed a pollen trap on their hives.

117 In April 2014, six beekeepers placed a pollen trap on their hives. Locations were Boulder (2), Longmont (1), Fort Collins (3). In 2015, seven beekeepers placed a pollen trap on their hives. Samples of the collected pollen was periodically provided by the participating beekeepers.

118 The pollen trap knocks off the pollen loads of honey bees as they return to the hives

119 Rasha Al-Akeel The samples were then separated by type, identified, and weighed to determine the percentage of pollen types collected each week.

120 Ash pollen component in this sample ca. 4%

121 Colorado Spring Pollen Collections in Urbanized Areas In 2014 no ash pollen was identified in any samples during standard pollen analysis Presence of ash pollen was indicated by PCR Collection incidence <1% In 2015, ash pollen was detected in three samples of thirteen during standard pollen analysis Average incidence of pollen collection during period of ash bloom was 3.6%

122 What are is the Incidence of Pollen Collection by Honey Bees? Ash pollen is collected by honey bees in low amounts Incidence of ash pollen collection is correlated with availability of other pollen sources Risks of EAB insecticides to pollinators can be reduced by plantings of alternative sources of pollen

123 Green ash grown in association with flowering pear and cherry, downtown Boulder

124 Primary Flowering Plants Present During Green Ash Bloom Norway maple Nanking cherry Prunus sargentii Flowering pear Hackberry Willow Dandelions Violets Candytuft Grape hyacinth Crocus Yellow alyssum Iris

125 Ash grown in association with redbud, downtown Boulder, a few blocks away

126 Primary Flowering Plants Present During White Ash Bloom Crabapple, apple Many Prunus Honeysuckle Redbud Serviceberry Japanese flowering quince Common lilac Catmint Candytuft Grape hyacinth, hyacinth Daffodils Basket-of-gold Blue mustard Dandelion

127 Winter annual brassicas Boxelder, other maples Some important pollinator resource plants early in the season Dandelion Redbud

128 Some wind pollinated plants (maples, some willows, alder) can be important early season pollen sources for honey bees

129 Maples are an exceptionally important early season source of pollen

130 Caragana Legume family trees and shrubs were heavily used early season sources of pollen by honey bees and bumble bees Broom Redbud

131 Can We Manage the Emerald Ash Borer Disaster and Conserve the Honey Bee? Photograph by Steven Valley I think we can.

132 Bulletin 506A Available from CSU Extension Publications csuextstore.com Cost: $40

133 Hot off the presses!

134 Garden Insects of North America, 2 nd Edition Complete revision Co-authored (with David Shetlar, Ohio State University) Contains over 3100 photos, most all new Retail price $35

135 This presentation will be posted at the Insect Information web site Housed at Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Search BSPM CSU Within Extension and Outreach Insect Information Extension presentations for 2017 posted at bottom of page

Figure 2. Japanese beetle damage to leaves of grape.

Figure 2. Japanese beetle damage to leaves of grape. Japanese Beetle Fact Sheet No. 5.601 Insect Series Home and Garden by W. Cranshaw * For close to a century, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) has been one of the most seriously damaging insect pests