Spur & Cane Blights. Management: -good pruning practices -Products: Fixed copper or lime sulfur at bud break

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1 Spur & Cane Blights Management: -good pruning practices -Products: Fixed copper or lime sulfur at bud break Spur blight Prebloom to 1 st cover: Captan or Bordeaux mixture Cane Blight

2 Virus Diseases Raspberries suffer more serious damage from viruses than any other fruit. Yields can be reduced by as much as 70% Examples: raspberry mosiac, leaf curl, tomato ringspot, tobacco streak, etc.

3 Virus Diseases Symptoms Vectors-aphids and dagger nematodes Management: -sample for nematodes -plant only certified virus free stock. -eradicate wild brambles within Control aphid populations

4 Crown borer Bramble Insects

5 Insect Pests Aphids Japanese beetle Leaf hoppers Leaf rollers Raspberry cane borer Raspberry crown borer Raspberry fruit worm Raspberry sawfly Red-necked cane borer Rose chafer Spittle bugs Spotted Winged Drosphila Tarnished plant bug Two-spotted mite

6 Raspberry Fruit worm Why is it a problem? Timing for treatment: Prebloom Products: Malathion (g) or Neem (?)

7 Japanese Beetle & Rose Chafer Damage Timing: RC 1 st cover JB Pre-harvest Products: Sevin (e) Neem (RCg) (JBf)

8 Two Spotted Winged Drosophila A new exotic pest How is it different from other fruit flies? Where has it been found it Michigan? How can it be identified?

9 How can it be identified? Suspected SWD samples can be sent to: Howard Russell SWD Monitoring Program 101 CIPS 101 CIPS MSU, East Lansing Males have distinctive spots on each wings Females have a serrated ovipositor

10 Two spotted winged Drosophila What crops does it affect? berry crops, grapes, cherries and many other tree fruits, with a preference for softerfleshed fruit. How can I determine if I have a problem?

11 2011: Two spotted winged Drosophila 1 st traps set out in strawberries but no flies detected until August. Numbers shot up by October.

12 How can I determine if I have a problem? Using a 32 oz cup -Put several 3/16 to 3/8 holes in the sides near the top. -Put 1-2 of pure apple cider vinegar in cup -Suspend a yellow sticky board in cup for attraction.

13 How can I determine if I have a problem? -Hang in shady area where fruit is growing. -Note: trap will catch other fruit flies. -Check traps weekly and change vinegar. -Monitor beyond harvest. Treatment: no good recommendations - (spinosad - suppression)

14 Protection from Wildlife Creatures that may feed on your brambles include: -Deer (primocanes) -Rabbits (canes) -Birds -Squirrels -Raccoons Best defense: -fencing -trapping?

15 Harvesting & Storage Harvest in morning Pick berries when they have full color, blackberries should be glossy. Flavor will be off if overripe. Harvest good and bad berries (compost bad) Cool immediately after picking F (ideal)

16 Harvesting & Storage Summer varieties require 3-6 pickings. Fall-bearing can require Harvesting intervals: 2-3 days during hot weather and 4-5 during cool periods. Shelf life

17 Blueberry Culture

18 Growing Blueberries: What to Consider Special soil and fertilizer needs Plant types Cost of plants Time for production & productive life Pruning Competition your crop Nutrition

19 Background information Minor fruit - American origin Few pests Easy maintenance Perennial shrub New shoots every year Bears fruit on last-year s wood Needs little pruning Types found in Michigan

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21 Blueberry Nutrition Calories 84.4 Dietary Fiber 14% Protein 2% Vitamins: Vitamin A 2% Vitamin C 24% Vitamin E 4% Vitamin K 36% Thiamin 4% Riboflavin 4% Niacin 3% Vitamin B6 4% Folate 2% Minerals: Calcium 1% Iron 2% Magnesium 2% Phosphorus 2% Potassium 3% Zinc 2% Copper 4% Manganese 25%

22 Planting Site Requirements Requires Special Soils Soil ph 4.5 to 5.5 Usually Acid Sands or Acid Mucks Soil Should be Moist, But Not Wet Originally a Wetland Plant

23 ph problems

24 Lowering soil ph Ammonium nitrogen fertilizers Ammonium sulfate slowly lowers ph. Elemental sulfur can be used before planting to really lower the ph. Iron sulfate

25 Lowering Soil ph with Sulfur Is not a rapid chemical reaction. Bacteria use the sulfur for energy and change the sulfur to sulfuric acid. It is a slow biological process. Soil must be moist. Not Wet! Soil temperature must be 55F. Conversion takes place in the summer and fall.

26 Lowering Soil ph with Sulfur Sulfur needed to lower soil ph to 4.5 Soil Type Soil ph Sand Loam Clay Rate is for 1000 sq. ft of area.

27 Purchasing Plants Purchase 2-3 year plants (minimum) Should be certified virus free Purchasing locally versus from catalog companies. Purchasing mature plants.

28 Variety Selection Lots of varieties to choose from. Fruit size Flavor Harvest timing Yields

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32 Blueberry Variety Selection Early varieties Mid season varieties Late varieties Duke Northland* Elliot Draper Bluecrop Liberty Blueray* Jersey* Aurora * = hardiest types E-1456 Highbush Blueberry Varieties for Michigan, includes a description of many varieties

33 Planting Blueberries Plant in Fall or Spring Plant 4 to 5 feet apart Row Spacing 9 to 12 feet Set plants 1-2 deeper than grown in nursery. If planting potted plants break up the root ball mix peat into the planting hole. Plant several varieties to increase fruit set and fruit size. Do not fertilize fall plantings

34 Planting Blueberries Don t plant before soil amendments have worked (sulfur). Mulch the plants Irrigate the planting

35 Blueberry Nutrition Blueberries are perennial plants and recycle their nutrients from year to year. Soil testing results are not a good indicator of nutrient uptake by plants. Tissue tests measures how much of each nutrient is in the plant. Tissue test are taken in late July.

36 Blueberries Fertilization Blueberries need ammonium nitrogen for growth and potash when fruiting. Apply Ammonium Sulfate if soil ph is more than 5. Apply Urea at half rate if soil ph is 5 or less.

37 Blueberries Fertilization For complete fertilizers use acidifying fertilizers such as Miracid, look for nutrient ratios such as

38 Soil Testing Results Recommended soil levels for blueberries in Michigan. Phosphorus (P) 50 ppm Potassium (K) 60 ppm Magnesium (Mg) 40 ppm Calcium (Ca) 250 ppm A suitable balance of soil Ca, Mg, and K as percent of exchangeable bases, 60-80% Ca, % Mg, 10-15% K.

39 Fertilizing Blueberries 1st year 1 oz/plant 2nd & 3rd years 2 oz/plant 4th & 5th years 3 oz/plant 6th & 7th year 4 oz/plant 8th & 9th year 5 oz/plant Mature plants 3 or more oz/plant Maintain 12 inches of new shoot growth. Split applications before and after bloom Do not fertilize after June.

40 Water Management Vital to plant chemistry: Photosynthesis Transports materials Vital to Growth - Expansion Reduced water - smaller plants, stems, leaves, fruits Reduced water - more roots

41 Water Management Plant Growth is Dependent on Water. Shoot Growth Fruit Growth Fruit Set for Next Year Blueberries do not manage water well. Moist soil is a requirement for good blueberry growth.

42 Irrigation Considerations How much water is the plant using? How much water can the soil hold? How much water can you apply? How much rain have you received?

43 Frost Protection How does irrigation work for frost protection? When to start irrigating and when to stop

44 Benefits of Mulching Improved shoot and root growth Moisture conservation and increased water holding capacity Materials: Softwood sawdust, wood chips, bark, straw, anything organic, compost Application: 2-5 thick 2-4 wide Replenish every 2 to 3 years

45 Pruning Blueberries Goals: Remove older less productive wood Direct growth into new wood which is more fruitful. Better distribution of fruit buds by avoiding lots of short shoots with single buds.

46 Pruning Blueberries On young plants, remove short, spindly branches close to ground. Beginning about year 6 remove some of the oldest canes each year. Leave several of the new shoots from the crown each year. The goal is a bush with shoots that are a several different ages.

47 Weed Management Kill perennial weeds before planting. Best option for annual weeds mulching Growing on plastic Avoid using Roundup around blueberries (deadline April 15 th ) Grasses: Sethoxydim

48 Using roundup as the only weed control. Many repeated doses of roundup. Uptake of drift on green shoots or leaves is carried down into crown of plant. Symptoms next year. Stunted growth.

49 Young plants collapse the next spring. Older plants are weakened. Loss of vigor. Die back of shoot tips. Loss of new shoots. Loss of bearing surface.

50 Round up Damage

51 General Pests and Disease Control for Blueberries Mummyberry control: fungicides from green tip to petal fall. Fruit worms: insecticide at petal fall & 10 days later Blueberry maggot, Japanese beetle: malathion from mid- June to mid August Fruit Rots: Green Fruit to Harvest

52 Blueberry Diseases Mummyberry Shoot cankers: Phomopsis or Fusarium Phomopsis or Botrytis Fruit rots: Alternaria Anthracnose These are not the only diseases. E-1731 Diseases of Blueberries

53 Blueberry Insects Blueberry Maggot Cranberry Fruit Worm Cherry Fruit Worm Aphids Japanese Beetle Blueberry Leafminer Tip Borer Spotted winged Drosophila

54 Growth & Pesticide Application Stages Green Tip 1/16 growth Green Tip ¼- ½ Pink bud Bloom First cover 100% petal fall Second cover green berry Third cover green berry Fourth cover green berry Fifth cover 10% blue Sixth cover Pre-harvest Post harvest

55 Spray Schedule Dormant Anthracnose, Phomopsis Green Tip 1/16 growth Mummyberry, Phomopsis Green Tip ¼- ½ Mummyberry, Phompsis Pink bud Bloom Mummyberry, Phomposis, Fruit rots Mummyberry, Phomopsis, Fruit rots, fruitworms First cover 100% petal Mummyberry, Phomopsis, fruit rots, fruitworms fall Second cover Green berry Phomopsis, fruit rots, fruitworms Third cover Green berry Phomopsis, fruit rots, fruitworms, Japanese beetle

56 Spray Schedule Fourth cover Green berry Japanese beetle Fifth cover 10% blue Blueberry maggot, Japanese beetle Sixth cover Blueberry maggot, Japanese beetle Pre-harvest Blueberry maggot, Japanese beetle Post-harvest

57 Using Lime Sulfur for Disease Control Dormant or delayed dormant use of lime sulfur can help reduce overwintering spores of: Phomopsis, Fusicoccum and Anthracnose Timing: Fall after leaf drop or spring before bud break. In Michigan, spring is best. Some organic formulations available.

58 Not all Insects are bad Blueberries are insect pollinated Do not spray insecticides during bloom.

59 Bird Damage Species that like blueberries: robins, cedar waxwings, bluebirds, bluejays Other animal pests Netting Kool-aid solution Sugar: 10 lbs/gal water Artificial bird predators

60 Harvesting Blueberries Expect a partial crop in 3-4 years Full production in 6-10 Harvest season in Michigan starts about 2 nd week of July. Peak season about 7/25-9/10 And season ends by 1 st week in October.

61 Harvesting Blueberries Mature plant will yield about 4-6 pints Production can reach 20 pints/bush Fruit is fully ripe 3-5 days after turning blue. Pick every 7-10 days

62 Blueberry Resources Hints on Growing Blueberries, E-2066 Blueberry Diseases in Michigan, E-1731 Highbush Blueberry Varieties for Michigan, E-1456 Managing the Nutrition of Highbush Blueberries, E-2011 Propagating Highbush Blueberries, E-1680 A pocket guide for IPM scouting in the highbush blueberry, E-2928 Highbush Blueberry Production Guide, NRAES 55 Pruning Blueberries, VT019 (Video, 15 min.) Michgan Fruit Management Guide E-154

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65 Grape Culture

66 Grapes Native to the US (Vitis labrusca) Come in 3 colors Four grape categories: Concord or purple, red, pink, white, and seedless Most cultivars are hybrids of American & European types Produce fruit on 1 year old wood Uses: Fresh, winemaking, dried, & juices

67 Growing Grapes: What to Site & soil: -Climate -Sun -drainage -ph (ph of 5.5 to 6.5) -Temperatures -slope - Good growing season length 165 days Consider

68 Calories 61.6 Dietary Fiber 3% Protein 1% Vitamins: Vitamin A 2% Vitamin C 6% Vitamin E 1% Vitamin K 17% Thiamin 6% Riboflavin 3% Niacin 1% Vitamin B6 5% Folate 1% Minerals: Calcium1% Iron1% Magnesium1% Phosphorus 1% Potassium 5% Copper 2% Manganese 33% Grape Nutrition

69 Grape Vine Hardiness Categories Very cold tender: >or equal to 0 F Cold tender: -5 F Moderately hardy: -10 F Hardy: -15 F Very hardy: < or equal to -20 F

70 Site Selection Slope: South to SW facing slopes best due to effect on ripening. North slope will delay bud break. Best row orientation N to S Rows running E to W north side of vines shaded (disease?) Drainage (grapes are deep rooted except where drainage is not ideal)

71 Soil Testing Results Recommended soil levels for grapes in Michigan. Phosphorus (P) 50ppm Potassium (K) 125ppm Magnesium (Mg) rarely a problem Calcium (Ca) no problem A suitable balance of soil Ca, Mg, and K as percent of exchangeable bases,

72 Cultivar Selection Concord or purple: Best for jams jellies and juice Examples: Fredonia and Buffalo Pink: Usually used for champagne and winemaking. Some reds for fresh eating. Example: Delaware White: Table use, juice and wine Example: Niagara Seedless: Examples: Canadice, Himrod, Lakemont, Mars, Neptune, Reliance

73 Planting Stock Most plants are rooted cuttings. Some are grafted. Purchase only high quality plants. Should be certified virus free Look for #1 rated or one year old extra heavy plants Poor quality plant will not produce as early and yield will be lower when compared to good quality plants.

74 Planting Grapes Important points: -Avoid vine damage and drying out of roots during the planting process. -Best time to plant is spring. Mound soil around plants if set out in the fall.

75 Planting Grapes -Spacing: 8 between plants and 10 between rows. -Row orientation N to S. -Set non-grafted plants 2 deeper than nursery level. -grafted plants: graft unions 2-3 above soil level. -Planting hole must be large enough to spread roots out. -Cut back to 2-3 buds

76 Establishing a Trellis System Since grapes are a long term investment, you will need a dependable trellis system. Plan to have the system in place during the first growing season. Poor systems result in sagging vines crooked trunks and possible vine damage. Many systems available

77 Trellis Design Most trellises use 2-3 wires Wire size #9 4 Posts buried 2.5 feet below ground with 5-6 above. Distance between posts: 16 Bottom wire 3 off ground 2 nd wire 2-3 feet above 1 st. End posts need to be braced. Must have a way to tighten wires.

78 Establishment pruning Pruning mature vines Pruning abandoned vines Goal: to fill the trellis system as quickly as possible. This is achieved by: -Limiting the number of shoots. -Removing fruit Pruning Grapes

79 Prune newly planted cutting back to 2 or 3 buds Select the most vigorous cane and tie to the lower wire. Note: remove all fruit (flower clusters) during the training year. Before the second growing season, prune off all other canes. The remaining cane will be the main trunk. Training the Vines

80 Training the Vines Cut off the cane near 2 buds when it reaches the top of the trellis and remove other buds along the cane. Note: many suckers may form at the base. One can be used to start a second trunk if the first one fails to thrive.

81 Four Cane Kniffin System Terms: Trunk, arm (cordon) Fruiting canes Renewal spurs Balanced pruning

82 Umbrella Kniffin System

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84 Grape Arbors

85 Grape Fertilization Proper nutrition is necessary to good growth and high yields. Nutrients needed most: Nitrogen, potassium and Magnesium Other nutrients that may be needed on certain soils: Mn, B & Fe Methods for determining nutrient needs: -Soil testing -leaf analysis

86 Grape Fertilization New plants: 4 oz (urea) per plant Using dried blood meal: about 1 lb/plant Placement: in a ring 3 from plant Established plants: 1-2 lbs in 5 ring lbs dried blood meal

87 Fertilizing Grapes Fertilizer Timing: Early spring before growth starts. Annual application: ½-1 lbs Established plants: 1-2 lbs yearly in 5 ring around plants

88 Nitrogen Deficiency on Grapes Most backyard vineyard require annual nitrogen applications. Deficiency symptoms include: -reduced vine growth -light to yellowish green leaves -symptoms first appear on older leaves. -leaves of new growth smaller

89 Water Management Vital to Chemistry: Photosynthesis Transports materials Vital to Growth : Expansion Reduced water = smaller plants, stems, leaves, fruits Reduced water = more roots

90 Water Management Grapes can send roots deep into soil if drainage is good. Soil type and water holding capacity Irrigation adds supplemental water and maintains water in the soil. Mulching reduces evaporation and moderates soil temperature.

91 Weed Management Kill perennial weeds before planting. Best option for annual weeds mulching Growing on plastic Avoid using Roundup around grapes (deadline April 15 th ) Grasses: Sethoxydim

92 Benefits of Mulching Improved shoot and root growth Moisture conservation and increased water holding capacity Materials: Softwood sawdust, wood chips, bark, straw, anything organic, composts Application: 2-5 thick 2-4 wide Replenish every 2 to 3 years

93 Roundup damage Round up Damage

94 2-4-D damage

95 Pest Management on Grapes

96 Diseases of Grapes Powdery & downey mildew Black rot Botrytis bunch rot Phomopsis cane & leaf spot Eutypa dieback Anthracnose Armillaria root rot Crown gall

97 Growth Stage and Pest Management Bud swell 1 to 5 shoots 6 to 12 shoots Immediate pre-bloom Bloom/post-bloom 1 st cover 2 nd cover 3 rd cover (bunch closing) 4 th cover 5 th cover 6 th cover (veraison) Pre-harvest

98 Special notes concerning Preventative vs eradicant fungicide use Some varieties are sensitive to copper compounds Don t mix copper compound with Immunox, Imidan, Sevin or Thidan Use Serenade with Nu film 17 or p (organic) Vary classes of fungicides to avoid resistance problems

99 Fungicide Effectiveness Fungicide Black rot Downey mildew Powdery mildew Botrytis rot Phomopsis Anthracnose Potassium bicarbonate Basic copper sulfate ? ? Captan Hydrogen Peroxide?? + +?? Lime Sulfur Immunox (Myclobutanil) Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) / /+++ ++? Sulfur /++ 0 not effective Highly effective? effectiveness unknown

100 Spray Schedule Bud swell diseases: phomopsis, powdery mildew and anthracnose 1-5 shoots diseases: same as bud swell insects: cutworm and flea beetles 6-12 shoots P & D mildew, Phomopsis, anthracnose, insects: Potato leafhopper Immediate prebloom diseases: add black rot Insects: flea beetle, Rose chafer, Grape berry moth, p. leafhopper Bloom diseases: black rot (fruit), Phomopsis, mildews, anthracnose, and Botrytis (bunch rot) Insects: GB moth, Rose chafer, P leafhopper,grape phylloxera.

101 Spray Schedule 1 st Cover (pea sized berries) Diseases: black rot (fruit), Phomopsis, mildews, anthracnose, and Botrytis (bunch rot) Insects: GB moth, Rose chafer, G & P leafhopper, 2 nd Cover Diseases: same as 1 st cover, insects: GB moth, Rose chafer, G & P leafhopper, 3 rd Cover (bunch closing) Diseases same as first cover, insects: GB moth, G leafhopper, two-spotted moth, Japanese beetles 4 th Cover Black rot, Downey & powdery mildew insects: GB moth, Grape leafhopper, Japanese beetle, Two-spotted mites 5 th Cover Diseases: black rot (fruit), mildews, Insects: Japanese beetle, Grape berry moth 6 th Cover Black rot, mildews, botrytis bunch rot insects: Grape berry moth Preharvest - Botrytis bunch rot, Insects: Asian lady beetle

102 Effectiveness of Insecticides on Insects/mite s Grape flea beetle Climbing cutworm Grape berry moth Imidan Sevin Thiodan B.t.s Surround Spinosad Pyganic E E E G G Rose chafer G E F Grape phylloxera Grape leafhopper Potato leafhopper Japanese beetle Asian lady beetle Mites F G F G Grape Pests G G G F F G F E

103 Insect Problems on Grapes Grape flea beetles Climbing cutworms Potato leafhopper Rose chafer Grape berry moth Grape phylloxera Two spotted mites Japanese beetle Multi colored Asian lady beetle

104 Animal Damage Birds Deer Raccoons Management options: -Netting -Kool-aid solution -Sugar: 10 lbs/gal water -Artificial bird predators -Electric fences

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106 Harvesting & Storage of Grapes Ripening rate is influenced by: -sunlight exposure -temperatures Once grapes are picked they do not ripen further. Concord type grapes don t make a dramatic color change when ripe White grapes turn opaque yellow green and soften Red grapes turn from green to red Also: taste, aroma, and stem color

107 Harvesting & Storage of Grapes Storage options: Table grapes 30-32F How long can grapes be stored? Juices (canning/freezing) Raisins

108 Grape Resources Michigan Fruit Management Guide E 154 Grapes.msu.edu CAT Alerts :

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110 Questions? Contact information: (Ingham County residents) Gary L. Heilig Horticulture Educator MSU Extension Ingham County 121 E. Maple P.O. Box 319 Mason MI = Website: