Successfully Managing a vineyard in the Southeast.
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1 Successfully Managing a vineyard in the Southeast. Mark Hoffmann, NCSU, Department of Horticulture Small Fruits Extension Specialist mark.hoffmann@ncsu.edu Phone: (919)
2 Vineyard Management Basics Viticulture = Farming!! 2
3 Vineyard Management: Goals Make Money/Profit Maintain Fruit Quality/Quantity Maintain a healthy and productive plant Maintain healthy environment (soil, water, cover crops etc.) 3
4 Vineyard Management Basics No silver bullet solution 4
5 Vinifera? Hybrid? Muscadine? a) Lime (ph) b) hard pan? (es. Eastern NC) c) Vinifera/hybrids: Grape Phylloxera rootstock? 5
6 Grape Phylloxera 6
7 Grape Phylloxera foliar: 7
8 Grape Phylloxera Root 8
9 Grape Phylloxera Forneck & Huber (2009). 9
10 Pest and Disease Management: General Considerations 10
11 Pest and Disease Management Tools IPM Prevention Monitoring Control Sanitation Removing residues, fruit, canes etc. that might harbor pests or pathogens Cultural Reduce potential environments suitable for pests or pathogens Pruning Shoot positioning Canopy management Chemical Create chemical condition to suppress the establishment of a pest/pathogen Dormant Sprays Early Season Sprays Eye, Microscope Mealybugs, Leaf-symptoms, Bunch Rot Traps Insects: Grape Root Borer! Grape Berry Moth Laboratory Assessment Virus Pierce s Disease Isolations from tissue Protein detection methods Molecular detection methods Plant Disease and Insect Clinic Clemson Physical Physical destruction of infested material or material with disease symptoms Biological Pest control with nonchemical measures Rootstocks Predators Pheromones Chemical Pest control with pesticides Fungicides Insecticides Herbicides 11
12 IPM Control: Main Pests and Diseases Weeds Insects/ Mites Diseases Cultural Samples Growth Stage PRE POST POST Phomopsis Eutypia Sanitation Dormant Bud Break Mealybugs Sharpshooters Mites Grape Phylloxera (foliar) Root Borer (adults) Beetles Berry Moth SWD Powdery/Downey Mildew Bird s Eye Black Rot Shoot Thinning 1-5 shoot Pre- Bloom Bloom Post Bloom Fruitset Botrytis Cluster zone leaf removal Crop Thinning Virus Sampling Bunch Closure Veraison Mildew 12 Pre Harvest
13 IPM Prevention: Sanitation and Early Season Sprays Dormant to bloom Helps to prevent from fungal and insect diseases 13
14 IPM Prevention and early season sprays Birds-Eye (Elsinoe ampleina) Bitter Rot (Greeneria uvicola) Black Rot (Guignardia bidwellii) Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) Macrophoma (Botryosphaeria dothidea) Phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola) ESCA/Eutypia etc. (many) Ripe Rot (Colletotrichum species) Downey Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator) 14
15 Downey Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) 15
16 Photos: Wikipedia American Phytopathological Society 16
17 Photo: Ontario Crop IPM 17
18 IPM Prevention and early season sprays Birds-Eye (Elsinoe ampleina) Bitter Rot (Greeneria uvicola) Black Rot (Guignardia bidwellii) Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) Macrophoma (Botryosphaeria dothidea) Phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola) ESCA/Eutypia etc. (many) Ripe Rot (Colletotrichum species) Downey Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator) 18
19 Pierces Disease 19
20 Pierce s Disease Xylella fastidiosa (Bacterium) Transmitted by insect vectors More than 16 different insect species (shapshooters) Bacterium can overwinter in warmer temperatures. Weed and insect Management Scouting Photo: UF 20
21 Pierce s Disease 21
22 Pierce s Disease 22
23 Pierce s Disease 23
24 Pierce s Disease Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, NCSU 24
25 25
26 26
27 27
28 Trunk Diseases Eutypa Dieback Esca Disease Complex ( Petri Disease ) Botryosphaeria Dieback 28
29 29
30 30
31 31
32 Grapevine Trunk Diseases 32
33 Grapevine Trunk Diseases Prevention and Management Having good soil drainage Double Pruning Sanitize, remove infected wood after pruning Pruning wound protectants
34 Grape Viruses Grape Leafroll associated Virus (GLRaV) Green veins Rolling edges 34
35 Grape Viruses Grape Leafroll associated Virus (GLRaV) Transmitted via Mealybugs Please contact Hannah Burrack 35
36 Grape Viruses Grape Red Blotch associated Virus (GLRaV) Red veins No rolling edges 36
37 Grape Viruses Grape Red Blotch associated Virus (GLRaV) Three-cornered alfalfa hopper (Spissistilus festinus). 37
38 Grape Viruses 2018: Approved to be present in NC: GLRaV 2 GLRaV 3 Grapevine Redblotch Virus Grape Fanleaf Virus We are working on more diagnostic tools At the Micropropagation and Repository Unit 38
39 Grape Root Borer 39
40 Grape Root Borer Picture by Hannah Burrack 40
41 Grape Root Borer 41
42 Grape Root Borer 42
43 IPM Monitoring: Main Insects Growth Stage Main Insect Pests Dormancy Bud Swell Bud Break, 1-5 shoots Pre Bloom Bloom/Postbloom Fruit Set and Fruit Growth Berry touch Bunch closure Veraison Pre-Harvest Post-Harvest Mealybugs; European red mite; Climbing Cutworms; Grape flea beetle; Mealybugs Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Mealybugs Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Grape Berry Moth; Mealybugs; Thrips; Mealybugs; Grape Phylloxera; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Rootworm; Twospotted Spidermite; June/Japanese Beetle; Berry Moth; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Mealybugs; Rootworm; Mites; Mealybugs; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Rootworm; Japanese Beetle; SWD; Mealybugs; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Rootworm; Japanese Beetle; SWD; Root Borer; Berry Moth; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Mealybugs; Japanese Beetle; June Beetle; SWD; Root Borer; Sharpshooters; Leafhoppers; Mites; Beetles; SWD; Caneborer; Mealybugs; 43
44 IPM Monitoring: Main Fungal/Bacterial Diseases Growth Stage Dormancy Bud Swell Bud Break, 1-5 shoots Pre Bloom Bloom/Postbloom Fruit Set and Fruit Growth Berry touch Bunch closure Veraison Pre-Harvest Post-Harvest Main Diseases Preventative Measures, Chemical LLS applications if necessary; Crown Gall and cold injury Phomopsis; Powdery; Phomopsis; Preventative Sprays: Downey; Powdery; Black Rot; Powdery; Downey; Black Rot; Birds Eye; Botrytis; Powdery; Downey; Black Rot; Birds Eye; Preventative: Bitter Rot; Ripe Rot; Phomopsis; Powdery; Downey; Black Rot; Birds Eye; Bitter Rot; Ripe Rot; Pierces Symptoms Botrytis; Ripe Rot; Bitter Rot; Downey; Powdery; Virus Symptoms; Pierces; Dead Arm; Sudden death; Botrytis; Ripe and Bitter Rot; Virus Symptoms; Downey; Powdery; Botrytis; Phomopsis; Ripe Rot; Virus Symptoms; Downey; Powdery; Virus Symptoms; Dead Arm; 44
45 IPM Prevention Stage Dormancy Bud Break Pre Bloom Bloom Postbloom 1 st + cover (14 d intervals) Bunch closure Fungicide Lime Sulfur 1-10 gal/ac; Topsin M/Rally 40WSP Mancozeb Mancozeb + Abound 2SC, Rally 10WSP Rovral, Switch, Vangard, Pristine, Luna Experience etc. Sanitation Quintec and (downey Prevention specific) are the most important Captan, Macozeb, Ziram measures in Vineyard IPM Mancozeb + Rally, Abound, Flint Rodomil Gold (Downey) Captan / Downy mildew control / Black Rot Elevate, Abound, Ednura, Pristine etc. 4 th cover Captan + Downey + Powdery specific materials Veraison Pre-Harvest Switch, Flint, Abound, Elevate etc. Captan or Captavate. 45
46 46
47 IPM Control: Main Pests and Diseases Grape IPM Guide, including SWD and Root Borer 47
48 Thank you! Q+A Thank you for you attention NCSU Department of Horticultural Science 2721 Founders Drive (Kilgore Hall), Room 258 Raleigh, NC cell (919)
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