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1 Enter Company name/logo Integrated Pest Management Program IPM Golf Superintendent 1 of 43

2 Table of Contents Page 3 Page 4 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 IPM Basics Site Assessment Objectives Site Categories Monitoring and Treatment Pest Profiles and IPM Plan Page 9 Clover Page 10 Algae Page 12 Dandelion Page 14 Fairy Ring Page 16 Grey Snow Mold Page 18 Horse Tail Page 20 Localized Dry Spot Page 21 Moss Page 22 Pink Snow Mold Page 24 Broad Leaf Plantain Page 26 Poa annua Page 28 Pythium Blight Page 30 Pythium Root Rot Page 32 Red Thread Page 34 Pearlwort Page 35 Summary Appendixes Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Daily Report Weekly Inspection Form Fertilizer/ Amendments/ Pesticide Record Form Pest Profile and IPM Plan Template Notice of Pesticide Use References Hole maps are available in file IPM ver 2.0 Golf Superintendent 2 of 43

3 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Basics IPM is an approach that uses a combination of techniques in an organized program to suppress pests effectively, economically and in an environmentally sound manner. IPM is a pest manager s best tool for: Planning and managing ecosystems to prevent organism from becoming pests; Identifying potential pest problems; Monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms, pest damage and environmental conditions; Using injury threshold in making a treatment decision; Reducing pest populations to an acceptable levels using strategies that may include a combination of biological, physical, cultural, mechanical, behavioral and chemical controls; Evaluating the effectiveness of treatments In the short-term, developing an IPM program may cost more for labour, equipment modification and site design, however the long-term benefits will include: 1. Long-term solutions to pest problems. 2. Protect the environment and human health by reducing pesticide usage. 3. Reduce cost and liabilities associated with pesticide use. 4. Prevent pesticide resistance from developing. 5. Enable pest managers to control pesticide resistance. 6. Give good results where pesticides cannot be used. An IPM program for turf needs to have site categories according to their esthetic value, site usage and maintenance levels. For this program the categories are the following: Class A Greens, tees and approaches. Class B Fairways and rough. Class C Hazards, ponds and undeveloped areas. The term pest includes weeds, diseases and insects. The term pesticide includes herbicide, fungicide and insecticides. Site Assessment Golf Superintendent 3 of 43

4 A site assessment allows us to distinguish the characteristics of our site and how it will interact with the surrounding environment. Opened Local Environment Elevation Climate Soil Turf Species Front nine greens are Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris, cultivar Providence, and have been over seeded with Pen G-1 and Century cultivars. Back nine greens were seeded with Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris cultivars Pen G-1 and Century All fairways, tees and rough are a combination of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra). Out of play and reclaimed areas were seeded Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) Water Source is spring and summer, surface run-off and stored in retention ponds The quality is good, slightly high in salts and calcium but ph is 7 Golf Superintendent 4 of 43

5 Landscapes This department maintains many landscape areas within Sun Peaks. Pest management plan is as follows: Landscape beds containing ornamentals, will only be treated for parasitic insects with domestic insecticidal soaps. Weeds and diseased plants will be removed by hand. Turf areas will fall under the same categories as Class C (Fairways/Rough) due to their similarities and customers expectations. Hard Surfaces, i.e. paving stones, asphalt and areas where weed seeds can germinate will be treated annually with glyphosate at the height of the growing season to help control these species and protect the hard surfaces from disturbance. Golf Superintendent 5 of 43

6 IPM Objectives For a successful IPM program we must understand the objectives of the program. IPM is not meant to eliminate pesticides but use them as part of sound growing practices. The objectives of our IPM program are: 1. To prevent pests though proper fertility, irrigation and drainage, regular cultural/mechanical maintenance, and the use of amendments for turf health. 2. To protect the environment. 3. To reduce, not eliminate pesticide use and reduce the opportunity for pesticide resistance to develop. 4. To identify and record each pest on the site and ways to control it, using a combination of cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls. 5. To recognize pests in the early stages so spot treatments can be used before an outbreak occurs. 6. To use and understand monitoring methods and adhering to our injury threshold levels. 7. To reduce liability and protect bystanders. 8. Follow all laws that apply to us in the IPM act and follow all labels on products we use. These eight objectives must be achieved in order for a successful program to work. With proper training, monitoring, and effective diagnosis we will meet all of our objectives. Golf Superintendent 6 of 43

7 Site Categories In order to have an effective IPM program we must categorize each area on the course based on their aesthetic value, amount of usage and maintenance levels. These categories will allow us to set injury thresholds and monitoring frequency. Class 1: Greens: these are our most valuable surface and must be considered pest free. Injury threshold 1 5% and monitored daily and recorded weekly Tees: maximum room is needed to distribute wear evenly. Injury threshold 1 5%, monitored daily and recorded weekly. Approaches: changing demands in golf require higher standards for these areas. Injury threshold 5-10% and monitored and recorded weekly. Class 2: Fairways: more area will allow for higher threshold, 10 20%. The lower height of cut is the limiting factor. Rough: higher height of cut and large area will increase the threshold significantly, 15 35%. Landscaped Areas: This includes all landscaped areas currently maintained by SPR LLP. Threshold will be 10 25% depending on use and aesthetic value. Monitored and recorded weekly. Class 3: Bunkers/Hazards: most control methods will be mechanical but a level should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak %. Ponds: most control methods will be mechanical but a level should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak % Undeveloped/Natural Areas: action only to be taken if pest threatens to infect the playing areas Monitored and recorded weekly. Ponds, creeks, streams and natural-native areas are subjected to a notreatment zone as descried in the product s Label. These zones are identified on the site maps. Golf Superintendent 7 of 43

8 Monitoring and Treatment In order for IPM to work effectively we must monitor and treat areas that are infected, treated areas then need monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness. Monitoring pest problems shall be based on an estimated percentage of an area in one or more classes. Areas to be monitored by staff daily while commencing maintenance in specified area and reported to supervisors who then will record on Daily Report sheet. Weekly Golf Course Checklist will also identify and record any/all pests reported and will be visually monitored until problem is resolved. Treatment will be based initially on cultural methods (where possible) and the allowable threshold for each class. Treatments will be recorded in the Fertilizer/Amendment/Pesticide Record Form Treatment will also be monitored for effectiveness. Golf Superintendent 8 of 43

9 Pest Profiles and IPM Plan Pest Name (Common / Scientific) White Clover Trifolium repens Plant Characteristics This perennial, broad-leaf weed and will tend to grow in patches, and will out-compete turf. Environmental Conditions Clover prefers the same conditions as turf however it can handle compacted soil better than most grass species. Some seed mixes contain clover as companion plant as seen in the mix used for erosion control on the ski hill. Clover also has creeping root system and can spread fast. It will be unlikely to see Clover on the greens because it can t handle the low height of cut. Monitoring This weed can be found in most areas. Class 1 in this area we use a grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Clover is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Clover is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken. Class 2 because of the sizes of these sites a transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed. Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken. Class 3 for bunkers only, use the grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist. Golf Superintendent 9 of 43

10 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Blue Green Algae Single-celled, tread-like microscopic plants Symptoms Appear as an olive green colour growing on exposed soil or turf. When conditions are wet it appears slimy and when dry it appears to have crust. Algae interfere with gas exchange and photosynthesis and turf appears chlorotic (yellowish brown). Environmental Conditions Will usually occur any time of year, on compacted soil, wet soils, poor air movement, high nitrogen levels, and thin or weak turf. Host Species All species are susceptible. Monitoring Look for the slimy green spots when wet or dry-crusty spots during dry periods. During grow in of the back-nine this disorder was seen on greens 13 to 16 and 15 and 16 fairway, it also has been present on the 8th and 9th greens. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Improve drainage, air movement, avoid light watering, vertical mowing, reseed, maintain ph and fertility. Two applications of wettable sulpher at 1.25lb / 1000 ft² one month apart in the spring. For Agrostis sp. use.5lb / 1000 ft² with applications in spring and fall. Biological Controls None at this time. Chemical Controls There are no algicides registered for algae control, however the use of chlorothalonil has shown some control when it has been used to treat other diseases. Also, 1 part household bleach to parts water used a spot treatments of small areas, apply in run-off. DeMoss has shown some reaction on algae. Golf Superintendent 10 of 43

11 IPM Plan For all site classes except class 3, proper fertility and ph, and improved aeration and drainage will be the main focus for prevention. When disorder is noticed, heavy vertical mowing and reseeding will be done. Applications of sulpher will be conducted on greens in the spring and fall and the use of diluted bleach will be used for spot treatments on fairways and tees. Regular cultivation and aeration in class 3 sites should control any algae that may develop in these areas. We will not attempt to use chlorothalonil, unless severe outbreak occurs and only in conjunction with other disease control. Since the compleation of the grow in of the back nine most of the algae on exposed soil has been replaced with turf. Scarification, overseeding, soil testing and proper fertility and watering has allowed the turf to out compete algae. Golf Superintendent 11 of 43

12 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Plant Characteristics A tap-rooted perennial that is spread by seed and can flower any time during the season, but have noticed twice per year on this site. First in late June and early July and again in late August. Creates a slippery playing surface and changes the aesthetic quality and value of our turf. Environmental Conditions This perennial grows best in moist, full-sun areas but can grow in most conditions once established. Dandelion will grow in all site classes; however it will not survive on greens because of the low height of cut. Monitoring Class 1 in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Dandelion is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Dandelion is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken. Class 2 because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed. Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken. Class 3 for bunkers only, use the Grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Although fertility, water and air movement is important to turf health, it also assists Dandelion growth. Most cultural and mechanical controls on turf have proved to be futile because of its prolific nature. Golf Superintendent 12 of 43

13 Biological Controls The use of corn glutten meal has shown to act like a selective-organic herbicide, as the product and information becomes more available we may consider this as a control. Chemical Controls 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in Canada, and likely the only ones we will use. IPM Plan Maintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates. Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together. Steep slope on 6 th fairway proves to be a challenge, early spring conditions in this particular area gives this pest a chance to establish before we can maintain it, also very labour intensive to treat this area. Golf Superintendent 13 of 43

14 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Fairy Ring Marasmius, sp. Symptoms Three types: Type 1 Dead patches or rings in turf in conjunction with one or two green stimulation zones and mushrooms. Type 2 Stimulation zones and mushrooms in rings. Type 3 Mushrooms growing in a circle but no effects to turf. Rings can be 7 to 120 cm wide and type 1 can be the most serious to turf. Environmental Conditions Usually occur in spring and summer, dead zones begin to appear in warm periods or drought conditions. The entire plant can die from hydrophobic conditions caused by mycelium that prevents water from infiltrating the soil. Turf growing in low fertility, poor light and sandy soils is more prone to infestation. A thick thatch layer may contribute by giving Fairy Ring the decaying food source it needs. Host Species All species are susceptible. Monitoring Small, dead and dry patches with or without mushrooms are usually the first indicator. Patches will continue to grow and the area in front will appear lush. Mycelium may be present in the thatch and in the soils at depths from 30 to 60 cm. Samples from suspect areas should be collected from inside and outside of the circle and placed in a plastic bag at room temperature for three to four days, mycelium should then be present in the thatch layer. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Masking; Aeration, topdressing and wetting agents may allow water to penetrate to relieve symptoms Eradicating; Remove sod, till or remove soil up to 20 cm, water thoroughly then reseed or sod and continue with deep irrigation. If mycelium is noticed below 30 cm remove sod and soil then reseed or sod. Biological Controls Golf Superintendent 14 of 43

15 Humic acid derived from an organic source (compost tea) may remove mycelium and improve water infiltration. Chemical Controls The only registered fungicide is formalin, a fumigant that must be sprayed on cultivated soil. Liquid fungicides have limited success because it is too difficult to get liquid deep in the soil. IPM Plan Class 1: On these sites we will attempt to mask symptoms through aeration and topdressing, control thatch and attempt to improve soil microbiology from organic sources. Class 2: Generally no action will be taken on these sights except through normal cultural and mechanical maintenance. Class 3: This will not be a significant problem in these areas. Golf Superintendent 15 of 43

16 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Grey Snow Mold Typhula incarnata T. ishikariensis var. canadensis Symptoms Most apparent after snow melt has occurred, circular patches of straw-colour to grayish turf. Patches are from 5 cm to 1 m in diameter and will form a silvery crust as mycelium ages. In its dormant stage it hibernates as sclerotia on the crown and the leaves. Found in all classes on this site. Environmental Conditions Typhula is most active under snow cover on unfrozen ground, and as the snow melts in spring. It prefers temperatures around freezing, excessive thatch, succulent grass and poor drainage. High fall application of nitrogen and compacted snow are also contributing factors. Host Species All grass species are susceptible to grey snow mold. Monitoring In summer we can look for sclerotia,.2 to 5 mm, they are brown, orange, red or black in colour. Also as condition permit we can look for water-soaked yellow to brown spots. When Typhula is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading capabilities and damage to the plant tissue. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Continue to cut late into fall and remove clippings. Scheduled aeration and vertical mowing. Avoid heavy applications of nitrogen in the fall. Remove snow to promote faster drying and avoid snow compaction. Overseed with resistant cultivars, aerate and fertilize in the spring to promote new growth. Biological Controls Fall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15 th fairway. The 2 nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area separating the halves. Chemical Controls Golf Superintendent 16 of 43

17 It is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a history of Typhula, focusing on the greens.the first treatments should be a systemic/ contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil, oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide applications will be used to control both diseases. IPM Plan Class 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and under watering. On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions permit. Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over. Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be required. Golf Superintendent 17 of 43

18 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Horsetail Equisetum arvense Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that reproduces with extensive root system and produces spores, rather than seeds. This weed dates back to the dinosaur era and can adapt to many different sites. Environmental Conditions Horsetail can grow in many habitats but prefers poorly drained, sandy or gravel, slightly acid soils that have highly available potassium levels. Monitoring Class 1 - continuous mowing at low heights should keep this weed in control, however in some of the new areas recently constructed has had horsetail. We will use the grid method for monitoring this pest. Class 2 - because of the sizes of these sites a Transact method will be used. A ten meter sting is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed. Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken. Class 3 for bunkers only, use the Grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Effective cultural and mechanical practices will allow the turf to out compete Horsetail over many years, but soil tillage and hand removal alone will produce little success. Monitor ph levels and adjust soil fertility. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Chemical Controls Golf Superintendent 18 of 43

19 Amitrole is specifically registered for Horsetail and was used to eradicate it on some sites during grow-in on the back nine with success. Chlorsulfuron and dichlobenil have shown to assist in control but are not specifically registered for this weed. These herbicides are highly toxic and will only be used when all cultural and mechanical methods have failed. IPM Plan The main objective will be to grow healthy turf to out compete Horsetail, scheduled mechanical procedures and improved fertility and drainage will contribute to this success. Where problems show no improvements, on class 2 areas only, a backpack sprayer containing amitrole mixed at label specifications, will be used. Golf Superintendent 19 of 43

20 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Localized Dry Spot (LDS) (Superficial Fairy Ring) Basidiomycete fungi Symptoms Irregular shaped, dry patches on turf, soil are powder dry. In cases of Superficial Fairy Ring, white mycelium may be noticed in thatch or in soil. Environmental Conditions Poor irrigation coverage, excessive thatch, heat stress, waxy organic substance in soil (fulvic acid) or mycelium coating sand particles and compacted soil. Can occur any time but mostly in mid summer. Host Species All grass species are susceptible. Monitoring Look for irregular, brown patches on turf, usually during periods of heat stress. Check soil for moisture content. When hand watering look for water that beads of the surface, this is an indication of hydrophobic soil, (soil that will not allow water to penetrate). Cultural/Mechanical Controls Appropriate aeration schedule and spot aeration treatments are beneficial, avoid excessive thatch and syringe watering will ease the symptoms of this disorder. Biological Controls Improve soil microbiology through the use of organic fertilizers and amendments. Chemical Controls Some fungicides have shown improvements for Superficial Fairy Ring, but not needed. IPM Plan This disorder is easy to control, aeration and wetting agents usually avoid or mend the problem but if conditions persist, the use of organic mulches or compost tea will create humic acid and in turn will remove the fulvic acid. Large, healthy root systems will allow the turf to survive through heat stress periods. Action will only take place on class 1 and 2 areas. Golf Superintendent 20 of 43

21 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Moss Symptoms Moss is a primitive plant, usually small and green when associated with turf. Environmental Conditions Moss grows on sites with low fertility, poor drainage and can be associated with acidic soils. Shade, compaction, and over watering can also be associated with this condition. Moss will grow in areas of turf where soil is exposed and will not allow turf to grow in infected areas until moss is removed. Host Species All species are susceptible and can occur in all site classes. Monitoring Look for areas of thin turf in wet conditions with shade. This disorder has been prevalent on the middle slope of the eighth green Cultural/Mechanical Controls Improve air movement, check ph, deep vertical mowing, apply high iron fertilizer, ferrous ammonium sulphate, when moss dies, rake and reseed. Biological Controls None at this time. Chemical Controls The use of Quicksilver herbicide has proven effective and is a registered for moss control on golf course turf. IPM Plan Class 1: Improve aeration, air movement and check ph and fertility. Excessive vertical mowing of infected areas with applications of ferrous ammonium sulphate and/or Quicksilver, reseed and control traffic patterns. Class 2: Improve aeration, air movement, drainage and check/adjust ph and fertility. Class 3: No action in these areas. Golf Superintendent 21 of 43

22 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pink Snow Mold (Fusarium) Microdochium nivale Symptoms Two phases, the first is during cool wet weather, Fusarium. The second is under snow cover, Pink Snow Mold. During optimal conditions the first sign of infection is a small-circular spot, usually copper colour. Patches can be up to 20 cm and coalescing. Found in all classes on this site. Environmental Conditions Can occur anytime of year but usually begins in fall with frost, dew and cool temperatures, Infection can occur between 0-31 c. Slowgrowing grass in humid conditions, unfrozen grass under snow cover, excessive thatch, succulent grass and poor drainage are all contributing factors. It can be spread by shoes and equipment. Host Species Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua Bentgrass, Agrostis sp. Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis Fescues, Festuca sp. Ryegrasses, Lolium sp. Monitoring Look for small copper colour patches that become dark brown then turn a light grey. When Fusarium is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading capabilities and damage to the plant tissue. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Scheduled aeration and vertical mowing. Remove dew in the morning, avoid heavy fall nitrogen applications, provide good drainage and air movement, balanced soil fertility, ensure appropriate mowing height, remove snow to promote drying and prevent compaction of snow. Overseed with resistant cultivars and aerate damaged areas. Biological Controls Fall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15 th fairway. The 2 nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area separating the halves. Golf Superintendent 22 of 43

23 Chemical Controls It is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a history of Fusarium, focusing on the greens.the first treatments should be a systemic/ contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil, oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide applications will be used to control both diseases. IPM Plan Class 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and under watering. On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions permit. Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over. Class 3: This disease is not a problem in this site. No treatment will be required. Golf Superintendent 23 of 43

24 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Broadleaf Plantain Plantago major Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that has weak-fibrous root system and will grow and flower throughout the growing season. Environmental Conditions Plantain prefers full sun to partial shade in moist soil. Its broad leafs will assist in out competing turf and may grow in all classes. This is caused by the plants lack of a true steam and can grow at very low heights of cut. Monitoring Class 1 in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Plantain is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Plantain is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken. Class 2 because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed. Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken. Class 3 for bunkers only, use the Grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Although fertility and air movement will contribute to Plantain growth, letting the surface dry and deep irrigation will discourage its growth. Biological Controls None at this time. Chemical Controls Golf Superintendent 24 of 43

25 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in Canada, and likely the only ones we will use. IPM Plan Maintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates. Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together. Golf Superintendent 25 of 43

26 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Annual Bluegrass (Poa) Poa annua Plant Characteristics This weeds name is very deceiving, it is listed as an annual weed but it seems to have many perennial qualities. A true annual would die each winter, but this is often not the case. It spreads vigorously through seeds, and is also listed as a bunch type grass (no stolons or rhizomes) but many Poa annua plants have been found with stolons, these anomalies are usually found in cultured turf. Environmental Conditions Poa can grow on any of our site classes; it prefers the same conditions as our desired grass species but can handle adverse conditions better and will quickly overtake an area. Eradication of this pest is virtually impossible. Monitoring Monitoring this weed anywhere other than the greens will be a futile activity, it is just too prolific to try and control. However, it will be monitored on greens using a grid method, and the treatment threshold will need to be modified to a higher level of acceptance. Cultural/Mechanical Controls It may be possible to out compete Poa, but difficult. However, over the years I have seen a small reduction of Poa with the use of growth regulators to slow seed production and heavy overseeding. Young grass plants grow vigorously. During aeration, overseed upon completion and the new growth will out compete and eventually reduce the number of Poa plants. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Chemical Controls There are many herbicides that can eliminate Poa but nothing selective enough to avoid injuring the desired turf species, however work in the United States is continuing and we may see something here in the future. IPM Plan Golf Superintendent 26 of 43

27 This is a strategy that can help to reduce the number of Poa annua plants on a green. Early spring aeration complete with overseeding and subsequent tarping to promote early growth of the desired Bentgrass, and again in the late summer aeration program, minus the tarps. Also the use of a growth regulator to suppress seed heads from forming will reduce, in theory, the number of new Poa plants germinating. There will be no attempts made to control this pest on other class sites; it would be an unrealistic and very costly undertaking. Golf Superintendent 27 of 43

28 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pythium Foliar Blight Pythium aphanidermatum Many other Pythium species Symptoms Blight starts out as circular reddish-brown spots that can be 2 to 15 cm in diameter and coalesce to damage more area. Initially leaves turn a blackishgreen, appear water soaked and feel slimy. White mycelium can be seen at the edge of the spots and when dew is present. As grass tissue dries out the leaves shrivel and turn a reddish-brown. Damage will often follow drainage and mowing patterns as the pathogen is transported by water and equipment. Environmental Conditions Very common on newly established turf. Usually occurs in warm-wet conditions, above 20 c and when relative humidity is 90% for more than fourteen hours. Severe damage occurs at temperatures above 30 c, excessive watering, poor air circulation and high nitrogen levels. Pythium species are more closely related to blue-green and red algae than fungi and are present in the soil, thatch and in water. Host Species All grass species are susceptible to Pythium. Monitoring Look for leaf blades that have turned a blackish-green colour and appear water soaked, later spots should appear as reddish-brown. Also look for white mycelium along the edges of spots when dew is present. Leafs will then dry out and appear shriveled. As infection increases distinct patterns along drainage paths or where equipment was present will appear in a streaky pattern. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Avoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, improve air circulation and drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about 2 cm. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Chemical Controls Golf Superintendent 28 of 43

29 The only registered fungicide for Pythium Blight is chloroneb. IPM Plan Class 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively. Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises from the undeveloped areas. Golf Superintendent 29 of 43

30 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pythium Root Rot Pythium species Symptoms Thin, brown patches any time of year but more prevalent in spring and summer, patches are 4 7 cm wide and are irregular shaped or follow drainage patterns. Thinning and browning of turf usually appear after periods of moisture stress because the root system can t cope with the increased water needs. Tends to occur in the first warm spell in spring triggering wilt and thinning. Sometimes small white grass patches develop, these are early signs of some Pythium, and new roots will appear light brown and water-soaked. When signs of Pythium occur above ground, Pythium Root Rot can be suspected. These symptoms were seen on the twelfth green in early summer 2005 Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage, compaction, high shade, low ph, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing factors for this disease. Host Species Bentgrass, Agrostis sp are most susceptible but all turf species are to Pythium. Monitoring Look for the white grass patches, thinning or browning irregular patterns or following surface drainage. Often starts in the collar of the green, but can occur in any area. Check roots for colour and turgidity, however no aerial mycelium are present unlike Pythium Blight. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Avoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, raise mowing height, improve air circulation and drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about 2 cm. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Golf Superintendent 30 of 43

31 Chemical Controls There are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be useful. IPM Plan Class 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively. Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises in the undeveloped areas. Golf Superintendent 31 of 43

32 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Red Thread Laetisaria fuciformis Symptoms Can appear as circular to irregularly patches 5 to 50 cm. Infected leaves first become water-soaked then turn a tan colour. Under wet condition the threadlike, red fungus is visible and may extend 1cm. past the leaf tip. May also form pink, cottony flocks of mycelium. Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but usually in spring and fall when there is high humidity, excessive moisture, poor fertility (low nitrogen) and poor air movement. Spores can be spread by wind, water, shoes and equipment. Host Species Annual Bluegrass, Poa annua Ryegrasses, Lolium sp. Fescues, Festuca sp Bentgrass, Agrostis sp. Kentucky Bluegrass, Poa pratensis Monitoring This disease is unlikely to be present on greens but can be seen on all other areas. Look for the threads, white or pink, or the tan coloured dead leaves. Turf may also look watersoaked. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Maintain mowing and remove clippings in moist conditions. Adjust soil fertility, usually nitrogen deficiency but will need all macro nutrients and higher calcium levels. Improve air movement, drainage, avoid over and under watering and test soil ph (6 to 6.5). Biological Controls The use of an organic based fertilizer at higher rates can be considered a biological control. Chemical Controls Golf Superintendent 32 of 43

33 Fungicide application should be made when turf growth slows, one or to applications would be sufficient. Propiconazole is the only fungicide registered for Red Thread, however chlorothalonil, iprodione and anilazine will provide some control. IPM Plan For all classes except class 3: Maintaining sufficient nutrient levels, adjust ph if necessary, aeration, promoting good air movement and efficient watering will keep this disease subdued. However, if the disease is notice during weekly monitoring, fertilization of the infected area will be completed. Pesticides are generally not need for spot control of this disease. Preventative control will take place in conjunction with fall/winter applications for snow mold. Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be required. Golf Superintendent 33 of 43

34 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pearlwort Sagina procumbens Plant Characteristics Pearlwort is a perennial mat-forming plant with narrow leaves and tiny white flowers. Pearlwort can become a troublesome weed when allowed to spread and establish in turf. This weed can populate most soil conditions very quickly by seed. Pearlwort is a good indicator of moist/wet conditions and is often mistaken for moss in lawns. Swards that are maintained at low mowing heights below 6mm (golf and bowling greens) are susceptible to invasion from this weed. Environmental Conditions Pearlwort is commonly found in coastal areas and in areas of moist, frequently irrigated turf. It can form prostrate to mounding clumps 5cm in height, and has often been sold as a ground covering plant material for landscaping. Monitoring This weed is recently infested greens and monitoring results have shown the infestation initially attacked the front-nine greens. However is has spread to all greens. This weed has been noticed in disturbed areas that have remained undeveloped. Cultural/Mechanical Controls It may be possible to out compete Pearlwort by reducing irrigation and improving drainage however, to date attempts of this have been unsuccessful, due to our wet climate. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Chemical Controls Using a broad-leaf herbicides at the labels low-rate recommendation to avoid damage to Bentgrass has been attempted fall of Application may be required in spring after run-off is complete. Golf Superintendent 34 of 43

35 Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Anthracnose Colletotrichum cereale Symptoms Affected areas are first noticed as reddish-brown to bleached patches. As the grass dies, it becomes light grey. When anthracnose occurs in pure stands of Poa or bentgrass, the patches start at 5-7 cm in diameter but can increase up to 1 m in diameter. In mixes of Poa annua and bentgrass, the bentgrass is often unaffected resulting in thinned turf. Likewise, the fescue may be the only species affected in a lawn mixture. Individual leaf blades may show reddish-brown leaf spots in the early stages of infection. As the leaf tissue dies, very small black spore-producing structures with black hair-like spines (setae) develop on leaves and stems. The entire tiller may die if the infection occurs near the base of the stem. Infected grass appears yellow in the spring and fall, and black mycelium can be observed on stems under the leaf sheath. Foliar anthracnose is caused by the same fungus that causes basal anthracnose. Environmental Conditions Can occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage, compaction, high shade, low ph, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing factors for this disease. Host Species Annual Bluegrass is the most susceptible however will spread to Bent if environmental conditions continue and disease is not treated. Monitoring Look for the black spines on dead leaves or stems. They are 100 microns long and can be seen with the aid of a strong hand lens (minimum of 20x magnification) or dissecting microscope. Spores are crescent-shaped, with no cross-septa and are 4-25 microns long. Colletotrichum will also infect naturally senescing leaves and tillers, so a diagnosis should be made only in the presence of both symptoms and signs of the fungus. Cultural/Mechanical Controls High temperatures and inadequate irrigation favor disease development. Remove excess thatch to prevent drought. Avoid drought stress, but try not to irrigate in the late afternoon or early evening. Avoid soil compaction. Raise mowing heights during periods of stress (drought or high temperatures). Keep phosphorus and potassium levels Golf Superintendent 35 of 43

36 adequate. Light applications of nitrogen at 0.25 kg/100 m2 (1/2 lb./1000 ft2 ) every three weeks have provided control when anthracnose occurs during cool weather (Vargas, 1994). However, infections occurring during hot weather also require fungicide treatments for adequate control. Biological Controls No biological controls are registered in Canada at this time. Chemical Controls There are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be useful. IPM Plan Class 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively. Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises in the undeveloped areas. Golf Superintendent 36 of 43

37 Summary Good turf management is the primary feature of effective pest control; healthy-vigorous grass can be highly tolerant to pest problems. Where problems do occur is generally a sign of turfgrass stress, and these adverse conditions should be rectified. Once a pest is identified it will be treated, recorded in a pest profile, located on site maps, and continually monitored to ensure treatments are working. Treatments will include a combination of cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical controls. We will follow all laws from the Integrated Pest Management Act of British Columbia that pertain to us and keep up with new developments in turfgrass science. We will also follow all label recommendations when using turfgrass products to ensure its effectiveness and avoid pest resistance. This is a long-term program and will need to be followed diligently in order to see positive effects in the future. The initial cost of establishing an IPM program may be high but the cost to control pest in will be reduced over time. In conclusion this program is designed to protect human health, reduce pesticide use, reduce liability, and protect the environment. With this program we will be able to accomplish these and many other benefits dealing with pest and pest control. Golf Superintendent 37 of 43

38 Appendixes Sun Peaks Golf Course Daily Report Form Supervisor Date DOC Greens Tees Fairways Employee Tasking Name Task Name Task Environmental Concerns Health and Safety Concerns Pest Monitoring Golf Superintendent 38 of 43

39 ITEM Weekly Inspection Form Y N N/A COMMENTS / ACTION / LOCATION OF ISSUE Safety Requirements All staff aware of & trained with the Golf Maint. Manual Signage in order (posts, panels) Snags/Danger Trees Fencing in place Water Quality/Drainage Drainage structures functioning Sediment control functioning (silt fence, hay bales, etc.) Quality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - Clean Quality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - Dirty Sediment control necessary (specify) Re-vegetation requirements Sprinklers system functioning Pump Operation (if necessary) Spongy turf Erosion issues Dry areas Equipment damage Waste Management Grass clippings disposal Condition of waste containers Waste and recyclables properly disposed Hazardous Materials Storage area security Storage area unusual condition MSDS Catalogue Available Pesticide Inventory Done Integrated Pest Management Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Monitoring of Pests Treated Instructions and Completion Date: Percentage of area % Location Percentage of area % Location Percentage of area % Location Golf Superintendent 39 of 43

40 Sun Peaks Golf Course Fertilizer, Pesticide and Amendment Record Sheet Applicators Name Date Weather Conditions-Precipitation Wind Temperature Product Information Fertilizer: Ratio Micro-Nutrients Manufactures Name Label Recommendations MSDS Yes No Pesticide: Trade Name Active Ingredient Mode of Action Label Recommendations MSDS Yes No P.C.P. Reg. Number Amendment: Ratio Micro-Nutrients Manufactures Name Label Recommendations Mode of Action MSDS Yes No Actual Per 1000 ft² Total Product Used Equipment Back Pack Sprayer: Nozzle Manual Broadcast Spreader: Setting Cone Mechanical Broadcast Spreader: Setting Boom Sprayer: Nozzles Speed PSI GPM Other: Area Treated- Comments- Golf Superintendent 40 of 43

41 Pest Profile Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Symptoms - - Environmental Conditions - - Host Species -pest id -life cycle -info on when how, where it lives and stages to treat and classes it may fall under Monitoring -methods -threshold levels -predictions Cultural/Mechanical Controls - - Biological Controls - - Chemical Controls - Golf Superintendent 41 of 43

42 Notice of Pesticide Use Treatment Area: Pest(s) to be controlled: Pesticide Name: Active Ingredients: Registration Number (PCP): Time and Date of Application: Pesticide User Licensee Name: License Number: Contact Person and Phone Number: Reentry Time and Date: Precautions to Limit Exposure Do not remove this sign before: B.C. Drug and Poison Information Centre Golf Superintendent 42 of 43