Growth and Yield Performance of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) under the Organic-Based Condition of Lamut, Ifugao

Transcription

1 Growth and Yield Performance of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) under the Organic-Based Condition of Lamut, Ifugao MARISSA P. BULONG 1*, NEMIE REX S. GUERZON 1, and RODEL C. GOHA-OD 1 1Ifugao State University *Corresponding author, Marissa P. Bulong; bulong_marissa@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Adlai, a certified organic food, shows potential as an alternative staple food to rice. A study was carried out from March 2014 to February 2015 to assess the performance of different adlai varieties under the organic based condition of Lamut, Ifugao. It determined the growth, yield performance, and grain quality in terms of moisture content and dry weight of five Adlai varieties. The best adaptable Adlai variety under organic-based condition of Lamut, Ifugao was identified. Following RCBD with three replications, the Adlai varieties evaluated were Gulian, Guinampay, Pulot, Tapol and Dwarf. Growth parameters results revealed significant difference on the number of days from planting to germination where Tapol germinated the earliest with 7.75 days while Dwarf took days. A highly significant difference on plant survival showed that Tapol had the most number of plants while Dwarf had the least. A significant and highly significant differences were noted during the vegetative and maturity stages with Tapol having the tallest height of cm. All yield components showed that Dwarf yielded the most grains and Pulot, least. Dwarf proved to be the best and adaptable variety due to high yield, high yield components, and resistance to leafhopper and leaf blasts. Other inferior performing varieties need further evaluation for more stable results. Keywords: adlai, grains, dwarf type INTRODUCTION Adlai, known as jobs tears, is scientifically called Coix lacryma-jobi Linn. It is a tall grain-bearing tropical plant of the Poaceae family (Grass family) native to East Asia, and has a similar taste and appearance to common barley (DA-R2, 2012). In addition, the stem grows 1-3 meters tall, bearing sword shaped leaves and bread-like fruits. It is resilient to drought and floods and even grows in poor soils. Adlai is now certified as an organic crop which promises economic grains aside from being practical source of food and feed sources as well as the nutritional and medicinal benefit it offers (CVIARC, 2009). A study conducted by the Indigenous People (IP) of Northern Mindanao recognized four varieties of adlai, namely, Gulian (yellow white), Kinampay (grey orange), Pulot (yellow white, glutinous), and Tapol (grey orange). These have been identified as part of Mindanao s alternative staple food aside from rice (DA-R2, 2012). Department of Agriculture, Region 2 (BA-R2) and Department of Agriculture-Cordillera Administrative Region (DA-CAR) also discovered the dwarf variety, which is commonly found in the wild as an edible 16 The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

2 type. Adlai kernels were studied and can be cooked for staple food, maja blanca, sinukmaning, champorado, polvoron and turones de adlai. With its pleasant mild flavor, it can be used as an ingredient for of soups and broths. When ground into flour, it can be also used to make bread, pastas and porridges. The pounded kernel is also used into sweet dishes by frying and coating it with sugar. Adlai has been studied as a better source of nutrients than rice and corn because it has the highest food energy content (356 kcal) compared to corn which has 135 kcal and rice which has 129 kcal (BAR, 2010). In the locality of Ifugao, the most popular use of adlai is to make jewelries. Adlai seeds are sewn together like beads into necklaces, bracelets, and rings. The Department of Agriculture has conducted information drives in Sagada, Mountain Province and nearby towns distributing seeds and searching for other varieties ( Adaptability Field Trials, 2012). The adaptability yield trials and seed production of adlai in various ways were eventually tested in other provinces like Cagayan and Isabela before being distributed to the local farmers and municipal agricultures office. This study assessed the performance of different adlai varieties under the organicbased condition of Lamut, Ifugao. Specifically, it determined the growth performance, yield performance, and grain quality in terms of moisture content and dry weight of the different adlai varieties under organic based condition in Lamut, Ifugao. It was hoped that the study can result to the identification of the best adaptable adlai variety under organic based condition in Lamut, Ifugao. These best adaptable varieties will be recommended to the local farmers for planting and mass production. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted at Ifugao State University Experimental Station, Lamut, Ifugao from March 2014 to December The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in the study. The research area which was 100 square meters was divided into three equal blocks corresponding to the three replications. Each block contained the five treatments representing the five used varieties as follows: V 1 =Gulian; V 2 =Guinampay; V 3 =Pulot; V 4 =Tapol; and V 5 =Dwarf. The simple randomized sampling was used as a technique in choosing five samples in each plot. All quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for single factor arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. The significance of differences among treatments were tested using the Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance. Experimental Procedures Land Preparation. An area of 100 square meters was cleared from its previous vegetation. Ridging and digging were done before pulverizing and leveling. Two sacks of PCM (processed chicken manure) were incorporated as basal fertilizer. The dimension of the plot is 5 m x 1 m. Eight hills per plot was thoroughly prepared for planting (Fig. 12). Selection and Preparation on Planting Materials. The four entries were obtained from CVIARC, Cagayan (Fig. 10 and 11) and the wild type variety was obtained from the locality of Nayon, Lamut, Ifugao. All seeds were pregerminated before sown in the seedbed. The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

3 Sowing and transplanting.the pregerminated seeds were sown in a seedbed. The seedlings were transplanted 14 days after sowing. Five seedlings were planted per hill. During the survival of the transplanted seedlings, thinning was applied selecting the three best performing seedling within a hill. Fertilization and Water Management. Half of the processed chicken manure was applied as organic fertilizer 14 days after the recovery of the seedlings through hilling-up. Because adlai is a drought tolerant crop, water was supplied twice a week through the use of a watering can. Crop Protection Management. The fermented botanical pesticides were used in a weekly interval when the observed insect pests started to infest the plant. Infected leaves were manually remove to avoid the infection of the uninfected leaves. Data Gathered Meteorological data such as temperature and rainfall were obtained at Philippine Atmospheric Geographical and Service Administration (PAGASA). The data specifically on the number of days it took for the seedlings to germinate after planting was counted. Seedlings that survived after transplanting were counted, while plant height during vegetative stage was measured from the base to the tip of the plant during the vegetative phase. Number of tillers per hill was also counted. Plant height during maturity stage was measured from the base of the plant to the tip during the maturity period. Moreover, the following were likewise counted and recorded: days from planting to the emergence of the panicles, days from planting to grain development, and days from planting to harvesting. The number of grains was counted in every panicle. Fresh grains harvested per hill were weighed and recorded. Likewise, the dried harvested grains per hill were weighed and recorded. From each plot, all harvested grains were weighed and recorded. Even the harvested unfilled grains per plot were weighed and recorded per variety. Weighing and recording were done to all of the harvested filled grains from each plot grains per variety were weighed using a weighing scale to obtain data for the 1000 Grain Weight. Computed Yield per Hectare (tons/ha) was obtained by using this formula: Pests and disease incidence was obtained by using the Horsfall-Barratt Scale in Yield per hectare = harvested yield x 10, 000m2 interpreting the infected and infested plants shown below: Index to to to to to to to to 97 Percent Affected to Area (m2) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The dwarf variety took the longest days to germinate after planting while Tapol was noted as the earliest to 18 The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

4 germinate. In terms of plant survival, the Tapol variety expressed the highest number of plants that survived and, dwarf variety had the least number of seedlings that survived. Tapol obtained the tallest height while dwarf and Pulot, the shortest. Guinampay obtained the highest number of tillers and the dwarf type produced the lowest number of tillers. During the vegetative stage of the plant, Tapol was observed to be the tallest in height and, dwarf type and Pulot obtained the shortest height. The panicles of Gulian were noted as the earliest to emerge while the panicles of Pulot and the dwarf type were observed as the latest to emerge. In addition, the grains of Gulian and Tapol were observed as the earliest to develop but Pulot and the dwarf type were observed as the latest to develop grains. During the harvesting period, Gulian was the earliest to harvest but Pulot and the dwarf type were the latest to harvest. In terms of pest and disease incidence, the dwarf type was the most resistant to both leaf hopper infestation and leaf blast infection. Pulot variety was rated very susceptible to leaf hopper and very susceptible to blast infection. The dwarf has been observed to produce the highest number of grains per panicle. This conforms to the finding of Aradilla (2016) that Dwarf entry had the highest number of grains per panicle because it was least preferred by birds. Also, the dwarf type produced the heaviest fresh weight of grains and dried weight of grains per hill, harvested grains per plot, weight of filled and unfilled harvested grains per plot. Furthermore, the dwarf type expressed the heaviest weight of 1000 grains and generated the highest computed yield per hectare. Aradilla (2016) noted comparable weight of 1000 grains which ranged from 77 to 83 g across treatments and trials in this parameter. Amor (2012) noted that Gulian, Guinampay and tapol did not differ significantly on the weight of 1000 grains. Coles (2013) noted significant variations in seed weights but Gulian had heavier grains. Agro-meteorological Data Table 1 shows the temperature and rainfall data from the March 2014 to December It was observed that the temperature ranged from C and average rainfall is mm. Days from Planting to Germination Significant differences among varieties were noted as shown in Table 2. The Dwarf variety germinated the longest while the Tapol noted as the earliest to germinate with a mean of days and 7.75 days, respectively. Significant difference is due to seed dormancy. Table 1. Temperature and rainfall data from March 2014 to December 2014 Month March April May June July August September October November December Temperature ( C) Min Max Rainfall Amount (mm) MEAN Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

5 Table 2. Mean Number of Days from Planting to Germination and from Planting to Panicle Emergence of Each Adlai Variety Adlai Variety Days from Planting to Days from Planting to Germination Panicle Emergence Gulian 8.96 b Guinampay 8.79 b Pulot 9.50 ab Tapol 7.75 a Dwarf bc CV % Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Plant Survival During the transplanting period, five seedlings were transplanted per hill. Tapol variety expressed the highest number of plants that survived with a mean of 4.50 seedlings (Table 3). The Pulot, Guinampay and Gulian followed with a mean of 3.58, 3.54 and 2.96 seedlings that survived. On the other hand, dwarf variety has the least number of seedlings that survived with a mean of 2.55 only. Highly significant difference among varieties was recorded due to the adaptability of the varieties to a newly introduced environment as a contributing factor. Table 3. Mean Number of Plant Survived and average Plant Height during Vegetative Stage each Adlai variety Adlai Variety Number of Plant Survived Plant Height (Vegetative) (cm) Gulian 8.96 b ab Guinampay 8.79 b ab Pulot 9.50 ab e Tapol 7.75 a a Dwarf bc cd CV % Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Plant Height during Vegetative Stage During the vegetative phase of the plant, height was measured. Tapol was observed to be the tallest in height with a mean of cm (shown in Table 3) followed by Guinampay and Gulian with a modest difference of 8.74 and cm, respectively. The dwarf and Pulot were the shortest varieties with a mean of and cm, respectively. Significant differences among treatments were observed due to their varietal characteristics. Number of Tillers per Hill Table 4 revealed that there are no significant differences in terms of the number of tillers produced. Guinampay obtained the highest number of tillers with a mean of 9.92 followed by Pulot, Gulian and Tapol with a mean of 9.69, 9.59 and 9.34, respectively. The dwarf produced the lowest number of tillers with a mean of Plant Height during Maturity Stage During the reproductive phase of the plant, height was measured. Tapol obtained the tallest height with a mean of cm (Table 4) followed by Guinampay and Gulian with a mean of and cm, respectively. The dwarf and Pulot obtained the shortest height with a mean of and cm. Significant differences among treatments were observed due to their varietal characteristics. 20 The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

6 Days to Panicle Emergence There are no significant differences among the varieties used when subjected to Analysis of Variance. The panicles of Gulian were the earliest to emerge with a mean of 157 days (shown in Table 2) followed by Tapol and Guinampay with a mean of 160 and 161 days, respectively. The panicles of Pulot and the Dwarf type were the latest to emerge with a mean of 181 and 188 days, respectively. Table 4. Mean Number of Tillers per Hill and Mean Height during Reproductive Period Adlai Variety Mean Number of Tillers per Hill Plant Height (Maturity) Mean (cm) Gulian ab Guinampay ab Pulot e Tapol a Dwarf d CV % Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Days from Planting to Grain Development Gulian and Tapol were observed as the earliest to develop grains with a mean of 164 days (shown in Table 5) followed by Guinampay with a mean of 166 days. This conforms to the study of Nabua et al. (2017) that Gulian and Guinampay are early maturing varieties of adlai. Pulot and the Dwarf type were observed as the latest to develop grains with a mean of 185 and 192 days, respectively. There is no significant differences observed among the varieties used. Days from Planting to Harvesting Relative to maturity, Gulian was the earliest to harvest with a mean of days (shown in Table 5) followed by Tapol and Guinampay with a mean of 188 and 191 days, respectively. Pulot and the dwarf type were the latest to harvest with a mean of 217 and 231 days, respectively. It was observed statistically that there are no significant differences observed among the varieties. Pests and Disease Incidence Table 6 depicts the occurrence of observed insect pest and disease that greatly affected the crop during its reproductive phase. The Dwarf type was the most resistant to both leaf hopper infestation and leaf blast infection. Pulot variety was very susceptible to leaf hopper while the remaining varieties were susceptible to leaf hopper infestations wherein almost 50-75% of the plants were infested. Moreover, Pulot, Guinampay and Tapol were very susceptible to leaf blast infection with a range of almost 50-75% (Table 6) of the plants infected. Table 5. Mean number of Days from Planting to Grain Development and Planting to Harvesting Adlai Variety Mean Number of Days from Planting to Grain Development Mean Number of Days from Planting to Harvesting Gulian Guinampay Pulot Tapol Dwarf CV % Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

7 Table 6. Leaf Hopper and Leaf Blast Incidence Adlai Variety Index Percentage of Index Percentage of (leafhopper) Affected Crop (leaf blast) Affected Crop Gulian 7 50 to to 25 Guinampay 7 50 to to 75 Pulot 8 75 to to 75 Tapol 7 50 to to 75 Dwarf 2 0 to to 3 CV% 0 0 Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Number of Grains per Panicle Table 7 revealed that the dwarf type produced the highest number of grains per panicle with a mean of 83.78, followed by Tapol with a mean of grains. Meanwhile, Guinampay and Gulian followed with a mean of and grains, respectively. Pulot had the lowest number of grains per panicle with a mean of grains. There is no significant differences observed among the varieties. Table 7. Mean Number of Grains per Panicle, Weight of Fresh Grains per hill, and Weight of Dried Harvested Grains per hill Adlai Variety Number of Grains Per panicle Fresh Weight of Grains per hill Dried Weight of Grains per hill Gulian b b Guinampay b b Pulot b b Tapol b b Dwarf a a CV% Means with letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Fresh Weight of Grains per Hill The dwarf type produced the heaviest fresh weight of grains per hill with a mean of grams per hill (as shown in Table 7). Furthermore, Gulian and Guinampay followed with a mean of and grams. Tapol and Pulot obtained the lightest fresh weight of grains per hill with a mean of and grams, respectively. A significant result may be due to the number of filled grains harvested. This is due to the varietal characteristics of each entry in terms of different grain sizes. Dried Weight of Grains per Hill Dwarf type obtained the heaviest dried weight of grains per hill with a mean of grams (as shown in Table 7). In addition, Gulian and Guinampay followed with a mean of and grams. Tapol and Pulot were observed as the lightest with a mean of and grams, respectively. A significant result may due to the number of filled grains harvested and sun drying as a technique to attain 14% moisture content. Weight of Harvested Grains per Plot Table 8 shows that a highly significant difference in terms of harvested grains per plot among the varieties used. This may be due to the different number of grains produced per variety. Dwarf type produced 1, grams. Gulian and Guinampay followed with a mean of and grams, respectively. On the other hand, Tapol and Pulot obtained the lowest weight with a mean of and , respectively. Weight of Harvested Filled Grains per Plot The dwarf type produced the heaviest weight of harvested filled grains with a mean of Gulian and Guinampay followed with a mean of and 22 The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number

8 Table 8. Mean Weights (in grams) of Harvested Grains per Plot, Filled Harvested Grains per Plot, and Unfilled Harvested Grains per Plot Adlai Variety Mean Weight of Harvested Grains per Plot (grams) Mean Weight of Harvested Filled Grains per Plot (grams) The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number Mean Weight of Harvested Unfilled Grains per Plot (grams) Gulian b b b Guinampay b b b Pulot b b b Tapol b b b Dwarf a a a CV% Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance grams, respectively. Meanwhile, Tapol and Pulot got the lowest weight with a mean of and , respectively. Significant difference in terms of weight of filled grains per plot was observed among the varieties used. Dwarf type obtained the heaviest filled grains per plot due to the higher number of grains per panicle compared to other varieties. Weight of Harvested Unfilled Grains per Plot A significant difference among the varieties used was observed among the varieties used in terms of the weight of harvested unfilled grains per plot. This may be due to drought during the milking stage of the grains. The Dwarf type obtained the heaviest weight of unfilled grains per plot with a mean of grams. Pulot followed with a mean of grams. Tapol, Guinampay and Gulian weighed the lightest unfilled grains with a mean of 17.67, and grams, respectively Grains Weight Highly significant difference among the varieties used was observed due to the different moisture content of the grains in each variety. Furthermore, the dwarf type generated grams in weight of the 1000 grains (Table 9). This was followed by Guinampay, Pulot and Gulian with a mean of 97.00, and 83.00, grams, respectively. Meanwhile, Tapol recorded the lightest weight of 1000 grains with a mean of grams. Computed Yield per Hectare The data showed that the Dwarf type had the highest computed yield per hectare with a mean of kilograms (Table 9). This was followed by Gulian, Guinampay and Tapol with a mean of , , and, kilograms, respectively. On the other, Pulot recorded the lightest computed yield per hectare with a mean of kilograms. Similar to the study of Mendoza, et al. (2015) that pulot had the lowest production among adlai varieties planted. A significant difference among the varieties used is due to the different produced yield per plot of each variety. Table Grains Weight and Computed Yield per Hectare Adlai Variety 1000 Grains Weight (grams) Computed Yield per Hectar (kg) Gulian b b Guinampay b b Pulot b b Tapol b b Dwarf a a CV% Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance. 23

9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Tapol variety is the best in terms of germination and height while the panicles of Gulian were the earliest to emerge. The Dwarf type proved that it is the best variety in terms of resistance to pests and diseases, fresh weight of grains and dried weight of grains per hill, harvested grains per plot, and weight of filled and unfilled harvested grains per plot. The dwarf type expressed the heaviest weight of 1000 grains and generated the highest computed yield per hectare. Thus, the Dwarf type has been confirmed as the best performing varieties among the entries used under Lamut, Ifugao condition. The other Adlai varieties need further evaluation for more stable results under low-elevated and mid-elevated condition like Lamut, Ifugao. LITERATURE CITED Alaska, C. M. (2011, September 6). Adlai as source of staple food promoted to farmers. Retrieved from ati.da.gov.ph/rtc2/news/2011/adlaisource-staple-food-promoted-farmers Amor, B. J. (2012). Adaptability trials of three adlay varieties in Bayabason, Maramag, Bukidnon. (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis). Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon. Aradilla, A. R. (2016). Phased planting: Determining the best time to plant Adlay (Coix lacryma jobi L.) in Southern Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines. International Journal of Education and Research, 4(5). Business Diary Philippines. (2014, July 28). Adlai: Champion crop of the Subanen tribe. Retrieved from businessdiary.com.ph/6650/adlaichampion-crop-subanen-tribe/ Cagayan Valley Institute for Agricultural Research Center. (2009). Adlai Production. [Flyer]. Cagayan, Philippines: Cagayan Valley Institute for Agricultural Research Center. Coles, M. F. T. (2013). Organic fertilizers: Effects on performance of three Adlay (Coix lacryma jobi L.) varieties (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis). Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon. Department of Agriculture-Region 2. (2012). Adlai production and practices (Flyer). Cagayan, Philippines: Department of Agriculture-Region 2. Duke, J. A. (1983). Handbook of energy crops. Retrieved from duke_energy/coix_lacryma-jobi.html The adaptability yield trials and seed production of adlai. (2012, August 4). SunStar Baguio. Mendoza, A. A., Sabellano, F. M., Baco, L. T., Nabua, W. C., & Pantallano, E. S. (2017). Varietal performance of Adlai (Coix lacryma jobi L.). NMSCST Research Journal, 3 (1). Retrieved from nrj/article/view/45 24 The Upland Farm Journal Volume 25, Number