PREFACE. Nairobi September 2013 (CSUDP) Supported by: Maji na Ufanisi / CSUDP September Edited By:

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2 Maji na Ufanisi / CSUDP September 2013 Edited By: George Wasonga Veronica Machira Published by: The Civil Society Urban Development Programme (CSUDP) Methodist Ministries Centre, Block B (2 nd Floor) Oloitoktok Road, Lavington P.O. Box Nairobi Kenya Tel: Fax: Cell: secretariat@csudp.org Web: Supported by: Disclaimer: This document is intended only as an interpretation of Republic of Kenya (2012): The draft National Urban Development Policy. The document has been prepared by Arch. Prof. Alfred Omenya assisted by Hesborn Riaga and Stephen Murimi, Eco-Build Africa. All images in this document, unless otherwise stated are original illustrations and pictures from Eco-Build Africa PREFACE During the last four decades, Kenya has witnessed rapid urban growth rates of around 5%, which have seen the urban population rise from 8% at independence to 34% in It is projected that about 50% of the Kenyan population will be urbanized by the year Urban areas continue to play a critical role in national development; and contribute about 70% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Urban management in the country has in the past been conducted in the absence of a comprehensive policy framework. The draft National Urban Development Policy is part of the Government s efforts to implement the provisions on urban development contained in the Constitution, particularly in Article 176 and 184 dealing with devolution, classification and management of urban areas, including popular participation. It is also in line with Kenya Vision 2030 Kenya s development blue print that envisages transition of the country to middleincome with majority of its population living in urban areas. Civil society has been a partner of Government in the process of development of the National Urban Development Policy. Civil society inputs have been coordinated by the Civil Society Urban Development Programme (CSUDP), with the support of the Embassy of Sweden. Key to civil society engagement has been to entrench popular participation. The popular version sets aside technical and legal jargon and presents the draft policy in easy to understand simplified format. As the policy reaches critical stages of development, CSUDP through this popular version, intends to unpack the policy to the citizens who need to put the policy in to practice. Nairobi September 2013 (CSUDP) 1

3 DRAFT NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY THE POPULAR VERSION CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 3 CHAPTER 2: URBAN ECONOMY 5 CHAPTER 3: URBAN FINANCE 8 CHAPTER 4: URBAN GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT 12 CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL & COUNTY URBAN PLANNING 13 CHAPTER 6: LAND, ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE 16 CHAPTER 7: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 18 CHAPTER 8: PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES 20 CHAPTER 9: URBAN HOUSING 23 CHAPTER 10: URBAN SAFETY & DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 26 CHAPTER 11: MARGINALISED & VULNERABLE GROUPS 28 CHAPTER 12: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 30 CHAPTER 13: IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 32 2

4 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW BURKINA FASO All towns > 10,000 Ouagadougou National Urbanisation All towns > 10,000 CAMEROON Next to Large towns Douala Yaounde National TANZANIA Next to Large towns Arusha Dar es Salam National KENYA Mombasa Nairobi National Annual average population growth rate (%) 1.1. Dimensions, Benefits and Challenges of Urban Development in Kenya Key Global Milestones: 1850: the whole world was rural 1900: Britain was the only urbanized society 1975: 38% of the world s population was living in cities 2008: 50% of world population urbanised 2012: over 50% living in cities globally 2050: 61% of developing countries population in cities 2050: 86% of developed countries it took London 130 years to grow to a population of 8 million while Mexico took only 30 years to reach the same mark. 3 Fig 1: Urbanisation in Kenya Compared with other African Cities: Africa Research Institute 2002 Urbanisation Challenges Poor governance and lack of capacity and investment in urban areas. Poor planning leading to chaotic location of land uses Poor development of key industries leading to high unemployment rate. High rate of Rural-urban migration/high Social Dimension Counties achieving autonomo us state and financial resources. The counties are intended to be selfgoverning entities The counties will be accountab le to citizens at all socio- Benefits Increased economic growth as county headquarters become political administrativ e centres and hubs of social, cultural and economic activities. Urban development has raised the country s economic growth through

5 population Low levels of water supply and coverage, Increased levels of urban poverty leading to poor standards of living/poor health. Urban inequality reflected in income and access to basic services. cultural and economic levels One- third of Kenya s population reside in urban areas Kenya s urbanizati on is dominated by Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret. agglomeratio n of economies. Large scale investments and infrastructure projects may speed up urbanization process hence achieving economic blue-print (Vision 2023) for becoming a middleincome country by year WHAT IS THIS ABOUT?... Supporting urban system that equitably serves the whole country and neglected regions Devolution, decentralization and reforming local governance and finance systems Introducing integrated land and environmental practices Addressing infrastructure and housing backlogs, and improving service delivery Improving living conditions in slums opportunities for residents Improving urban safety Protecting the rights of the vulnerable and marginalized groups Vision, Mission, Principles and Objectives Kenya s National Urban Development Policy The nation's development blue-print, the Kenya Vision 2030, highlights rapid urbanization as one the challenges facing the country hence viewing management of urban development as a national priority. To create well-planned, vibrant and efficient urban centres, the Government formulated NUDP to guide special allocation of resources and to serve as a framework for governance and management of the urban areas. Vision NUDP s vision is to have secure, well governed, competitive and sustainable urban areas and cities that contribute to the realization of broader national development goals articulated in the constitution of Kenya 2010 and Vision 2030 Mission To facilitate sustainable urbanization through good governance, delivery of accessible and efficient infrastructure and services. Overall Objective To provide a framework for sustainable urban development in Kenya for benefit of all 4

6 1.4. Vision, Mission, Principles and Objectives. Participatory urban planning and governance Equity in access to resources and opportunities Efficiency in resource use and service provision Social, economic and environmental sustainability Inclusivity: cities and urban areas that cater for all segments of urban residents including marginalized and vulnerable groups Good governance Connectivity: urban areas that have synergy between county, national and global urban systems and Liveability: urban areas and cities that have good quality infrastructure and services, and are secure, clean and green NUDP Themes The Policy Themes are: Urban Governance and management Urban Economy Urban Finance National and County Urban Planning Land, Environment and Climate change Social Development Physical infrastructure and services Urban Housing Urban Safety and Disaster Risk Management Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups Cross-cutting issues CHAPTER 2: URBAN ECONOMY 2.1. Introduction REALLY?...HOW MUCH DOES URBAN CONTRIBUTE?... Kenya s principal cities and urban areas are the engines of economic growth, accounting for about 70% of GDP. Urban areas provide economies of scale through agglomeration thus making provision of basic services economically viable. Critical dimensions of urban economy: Global competitiveness; Local economic development; Urban investment; Rural-urban and intercity linkages; Specialized urban areas; and Industrial development The urban economy and national development County governments in collaboration with national governments shall: Formulate plans for development of urban areas through investment in large scale infrastructure

7 programs so as to influence balanced urbanization in favor of ASAL. Plan the orderly development of urban areas within the proposed transport corridor connecting the new port of Lamu, Garisa, Isiolo, Maralal, Lodwar and Moyale to Ethiopia and South Sudan and, Interconnect transport corridor so as to further integrate the development of urban areas Global Competitiveness of Urban Areas To raise competitiveness of urban areas, the National and County governments shall: Review and harmonize the business licensing regime, regulations & other relevant legislation to make them pro-business. Develop a national strategy for improving urban competitiveness and encourage counties to pursue policies that attract local and foreign investments; Facilitate provision of world class infrastructure and services in all urban areas, cities and surrounding localities; and, Ensure that there is continuous fiscal stability in the national economy Promoting urban investment The national government will: 6 Promote intercity investment forums for large investments and information sharing; Build the capacity of the staff dealing with investment and trade promotion; and, Prepare national economic development plans. County governments will: Ensure provision of adequate infrastructure in urban areas and cities; Promote awareness of the available investment opportunities; Promote improved taxation regime; Increase access to serviced land; Build efficient administration; and, Prepare local economic development plans and strategies Rural-Urban linkages for development To further develop rural-urban linkages, National and County governments will: Encourage agro-processing enterprises close to urban areas Encourage medium-sized enterprises in urban areas Encourage rural-urban linkages for sustainability Plan urban peripheries alongside the respective urban areas; and, Strengthen urban economy in the counties to stem urban in-migration Promoting urban industrial development Kenya s industries are concentrated around major urban areas of Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret. To create a conducive environment for industrialization the National government will: Institute appropriate mechanisms that will catalyse industrial production Fast-track regulatory reforms that promote transparent procedures for allocating industrial land to investors; Institute mechanisms to lower the cost of key utility services and engage the private sector in the development and management of urban

8 infrastructure particularly in Special Economic Zones (SEZ); Encourage sub-contracting arrangements between SMEs and large enterprises through incentives such as tax rebates and duty waivers; and, Engage the private sector to promote product and skills development. County governments will: Fast-track regulatory and institutional reforms that respond swiftly and efficiently to the needs of the local industry, Allocate a considerable portion of their procurement contracts to the local industry; Work with the financial sector to support affordable microfinance Establish and support documentation centres and information networks Prioritize and secure land for industrial development; Identify priority sectors for industrial promotion Support marketing of locally produced products; and, Improve access to serviced land for industrial development. INDUSTRIALISE?...NO NOT YET! Inadequate strategies to position urban areas as centres of production Poor linkages between leading sectors; agriculture and industrial production Low utilization of local row materials Lack of appropriate regulations to promote utilization of local raw materials by local industries Limited availability of serviced land Inadequate, unreliable and expensive infrastructure services Unfavorable legal and regulatory framework A centralized and inefficient system of business administration Restraining the entry of many entrepreneurs into formal sector Low access to affordable credit facilities Inadequate business models for promoting subcontracting and joint ventures between SMEs and large urban enterprises in urban areas. Inadequate access to skills and current technology leading to low and substandard production Promoting agglomeration through new specialized urban areas and cities In order to achieve this, the government plans to meet the following preconditions: Investment in infrastructure A supportive investment climate Development of institutional and legal framework to support planning

9 National and County governments will work together to: Ensure timely delivery of good plans and implementation; Mobilize capital for public infrastructure through direct funding but also through PPPs; Attract private finance to complement public investments in infrastructure; Apply appropriate international best practices in planning Build the capacity to plan and manage rapidly growing urban areas 2.8. Local economic development To promote local economic development, County governments and urban authorities will: Generate economic planning data; Formulate a set of LED policies and a coherent strategy for promoting the growth of employment Ensure that LED strategies identify the predominant sectors of the local economy that aim to fully exploit the counties comparative advantages in resource endowments Framework for promoting LED and Public- Private Partnerships: County governments will, in collaboration with the National government: Develop legal frameworks to promote the use of the LED approach Strengthen the human resource capacity for LED at county and municipal levels; and, Promote a conducive environment for LED. CHAPTER 3: URBAN FINANCE 3.1. Introduction ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM! SHOW ME THE MONEY!... In order for County governments to provide basic services to urban population, they need finances for providing these needs. Urban areas are characterized by weak revenue base poorly performing revenue collection, inadequate financial transfers from the central government, and weak municipal institutional capacity. Sources of Urban Finance Joint funding for community- based initiatives for delivery of basic services Tapping migrant remittances Building of capacity of counties and improving local financial management 8

10 3.2. Urban Fiscal Policy and Local Economic Development Urban fiscal policy seeks to establish an urban financial management regime that sustains urban development, fiscal stability and accountability. To address these issues, County governments and urban authorities will: Manage finances according to the financial management principles Develop mid-term plans and strategies for infrastructure development and service provision; Develop a strategy for investments promotion; Finance projects that have a high positive impact on social well-being of the citizens; Develop revenue collection systems that will increase efficiency; Develop adequate accountability mechanism; Invest in institutional capacity building; and, Develop strategies for encouraging local economic planning and development 3.3. Financing Urban Services The delivery of municipal services has been largely unsatisfactory due to inadequate budgetary allocation by local authorities and central government as well as its agencies. To achieve efficiency in urban service delivery, urban authorities will: Establish fully owned independent service units to manage the delivery of basic services; Hand over the assets and corresponding liabilities to these service units; Ensure that all funds raised by the autonomous service units are utilized to improve service delivery; Where appropriate, fund the development of infrastructure; and, Outsource non-core services to the private sector Devolution & Fiscal Decentralization Counties are mandated to provide adequate resources to the urban areas under them, drawing on the budgetary allocations from the national government under Article County and National governments will: Ensure that only settlements meeting the criteria provided by legislation( Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011) are given urban status; and, Ensure that urban areas are adequately funded to transform them into engines of urban and rural development. Rationalize existing urban areas and cities in line with national legislation; and, Ensure that all urban areas are adequately funded from local, county and national sources Urban revenue Challenges facing revenue collection: Poor service delivery on account of inadequate revenues; Inefficient revenue collection systems; Unexploited revenue sources; Financial impropriety coupled with weak accountability frameworks; and, Low participation of the private sector in financing urban development. To ensuring adequate resources and a robust revenue base The National government will: Promote revenue mobilisation Ensure equitable sharing of revenues between the national and county levels of government. County governments will: Adopt an incentive scheme to reward good financial performance among their urban areas; Ensure sufficient financial resources flow from the county level to the urban areas; and, Allow urban authorities to retain locally generated revenues; and, 9

11 Allow urban authorities to develop innovative sources of finance to fund urban development and provision of services To address challenges in revenue collection, urban authorities will: Strengthen their capacity to collect revenues; Undertake public education on the need to pay taxes; Where appropriate, out-source the revenue collection function; and, Be legally empowered to recover outstanding revenues from any appropriate source Maximizing generation of internal revenues from property tax and other sources Urban authorities will: Reform the property tax regime to make it easier to implement Continuously update property databases to enhance accuracy and consequently, tax compliance; and, Bring all properties within the jurisdiction of urban areas into the tax bracket. Expanding the revenue generated from natural resources National and County governments will: Legislate the sharing of revenues Ensure public participation Apply objective criteria for sharing the revenues Ensure that the outstanding debt of urban authorities is classified as public Undertake the development of debt resolution mechanisms. Ensure that urban authorities manage their finances based on the principles of sustainability, accountability, efficiency and equity. Resolving non-performing loans and statutory debts The main causes of this indebtedness are: A growing gap between expenditures and revenues; Penalties charged on statutory deductions and non-performing long-term loans; Inadequate provision for the financial cost of outstanding liabilities; Lax financial management practices and Inadequate assessment of the ability of urban authorities to finance wage increments. National government will: Ensure that the outstanding debt of urban authorities is classified as public debt and undertake the development of debt resolution mechanisms Budgeting and budgetary controls Budget formulation County governments will: Legislate the use of medium-term expenditure frameworks, integrated development plans and strategic plans Institutionalize checked autonomy of urban authorities in budget implementation in liaison with the Office of the Controller of Budget for assessment of compliance; and, Ensure that budgets shall be based on approved plans. Urban authorities will: Prepare annual budgets based on the approved medium term expenditure framework, the integrated urban development plan and the urban authority s strategic plan; Establish an emergency fund Strengthen the process of budgeting Provide for effective public participation Budget implementation and control. Urban authorities will: Ensure that all expenditures are based on approved annual budgets; Prepare quarterly budget realization reports in accordance with approved procedures; and, Publish a summary of the quarterly budget realization reports for public consumption. 10

12 3.7. Financing urban development National and County governments in collaboration with urban authorities will: Develop projects that guarantee efficient resource utilisation; and, Promote the establishment of an Urban Development Fund to complement internally generated funds and national government transfers County governments with their urban authorities will: Take deliberate steps to direct at least 40% of internally generated funds and transfers from the national government to development expenditure; and, Incrementally grow the share of available funds dedicated to development expenditure. Equalization fund This is fund meant for provision of basic services to marginalised areas to ensure equity. County governments with their urban authorities will present their case to the national government for a share of the equalization fund, where justified, to finance the provision of basic services Risk Management & Urban Financial Reporting Risk Management County governments with their urban authorities will: Prioritize institutional risk management and development of an Enterprise Risk Framework; Enhance the role of the audit function Invest in capacity building for institutional risk assessment and change management Urban financial reporting systems Urban authorities will: Establish a transparent financial management system Adopt a financial reporting framework based on accounting standards that is spelt out by the National Treasury and benchmarked against international best practice; Prepare annual audited financial reports and publish these in an appropriate medium with wide circulation; and, Commit sufficient resources towards engaging professionals in financial management. Mobilizing private capital This entails encouraging the private sector to invest in infrastructure needs of urban areas. County governments with their urban authorities will: Improve their financial health to attract private capital for infrastructure development. Collaborate with the private sector in planning, funding and implementing infrastructure projects; and, Customize PPP regulations to the financing needs of urban development. Borrowing The National government in collaboration with County governments will legislate a mechanism that will facilitate access to long-term credit and issue municipal bonds to urban authorities for borrowing, 11

13 CHAPTER 4: URBAN GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT 4.1. Introduction NEW ERA OF GOVERNANCE... Urban governance: the ways in which individuals and institutions - public and private - plan and manage the common affairs of urban areas and cities Constitutional, policy and legislative frameworks Urban governance and management as provided for in Article 184 of the Constitution, provides for national legislation for governance and management of urban areas. Urban governance To improve on the governance of urban areas and cities, National and County governments will: Legislate for minimum qualifications for urban political leadership; Legislate for stakeholder representation in governance of urban areas and cities; Promote civic education Provide a framework for citizen participation Design appropriate service delivery systems. National and County governments will: Review and harmonize all legislation relating to urban governance; Establish institutional frameworks both at the national and county governments; Establish criteria for further decentralization for effective urban management; Formulate urban development strategies and programmes Design appropriate service delivery mechanisms; and, Create a system for checks and balances in the delivery of services Enabling urban authorities through capacity building To enhance ethical leadership, the National government and County governments will institutionalise Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 on leadership and integrity, and Chapter 13 on values of public service, with clearly stated codes of conduct for urban local authorities staff and managers; Urban management Urban management refers to the political and administrative structures of urban areas and cities and the major challenges that they face to provide both social and physical infrastructure services Inclusive urban governance and management The lack of stakeholder ownership, in particular, has all too often resulted in unsustainable development programmes. Citizen participation will be guided through: Timely access to information relevant to policy formulation and implementation; Participatory policy formulation and implementation; Capacity building at the community level Protecting and promoting the interests and rights of minorities, marginalised groups and communities; 12

14 Ensuring reasonable balance in the roles and obligations of national and county governments, and Promoting public-private partnerships for urban development. National and County governments shall adopt the above principles and implement the following recommendations to promote inclusive public participation: Enact legislation to provide for broad-based and inclusive representation in the management of urban areas and cities; Strengthen the capacity of members of the county administration to engage in urban management and development; Develop guidelines to improve stakeholder participation in urban development; Provide adequate and relevant information to urban communities; Design ICT systems to enhance information sharing; and Allocate adequate budgets for participatory processes. CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL & COUNTY URBAN PLANNING 5.1. Constitutional Context FAILING TO PLAN...PLANNING TO FAIL...The Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for the governance and management of urban areas and cities The role of planning in urban development Planning is the software for delivering urban development. It provides a structured framework for coordinating and integrating sectoral plans and activities, and supports the systematic implementation of urban development programmes. In addition, it provides a platform for mobilization for public participation in urban development, while also seeking to optimize resource allocation and utilization Public participation in urban planning Public participation in urban planning and development has been unstructured, ineffective, and characterized by apathy and political interference. 13

15 To secure effective public participation in urban planning and development, National and County governments will: Legislate on public participation in urban planning; Develop and institutionalize guidelines on public participation; Mainstream public participation in urban development activities; Improve access to information to facilitate public participation; Ensure that the public is adequately informed about planning proposals; Foster public-private partnerships in monitoring and evaluation of planning activities; and, Ensure regular monitoring and evaluation of public participation in urban planning Urban renewal and redevelopment Urban renewal and redevelopment address urban decay which is manifested in inadequate or deteriorating infrastructure and services, housing, unemployment, congestion, crime, pollution and street families. National and County governments will; Develop guidelines on urban renewal and economic regeneration as a basis for enabling urban areas and cities to face global and local competitiveness; Maintain neighbourhood infrastructure; Convert all land within urban areas to leasehold tenure to facilitate development control; 5.5. Identification and classification of urban areas To promote balanced urban development, National and County governments will: Review criteria for classification and designation of urban areas and cities; Review and develop urban land use classification and urban design; Promote mixed land use development; Identify and classify urban areas on the basis of clearly defined criteria; Facilitate the development of at least one municipality in every county; Promote the development of the county headquarters to municipal status; and, Make urban areas the focal points for delivery of services at national and county levels Designation and establishment of special purpose urban areas and cities National and County governments will: Review criteria for classifying and assigning roles of special purpose urban areas and cities; Plan and develop border towns as strategic urban areas; Plan and develop county headquarters as commercial, industrial, and recreational hubs for counties; Designate special purpose towns as municipalities and cities that provide specialized services; and, Continue to identify opportunities for establishing new urban areas. LET S GO MAKE A CITY!...A growing economy requires the establishment of new and special purpose urban areas and cities e.g. resort cities, special economic zones, techno cities, university cities Conservation of urban heritage Urban heritage that encompasses gazetted buildings, monuments, cultural, historic and archaeological sites; and conservation areas play a key role in the conservation of history and a people s identity. To ensure that urban heritage is conserved for posterity, National and County governments will: Identify and classify urban heritage sites based on clearly defined criteria; Create awareness on the value of urban heritage; Mainstream urban heritage conservation in the urban planning 14

16 Domesticate international heritage treaties and conventions on urban heritage Balanced urban development For balanced urban development, the National government in collaboration with County governments will: Proactively engage in urban planning and investment Promote the development of all county headquarters as strategic urban areas Ensure that county governments establish a sustainable, integrated and cost-effective hierarchy of lower-level urban areas as focal points for service provision; Improve transport and communication links between urban areas and rest of the country; Provide an equalization and affirmative fund for the development of urban areas in ASAL in line with the Constitution (Article 204 sub section 1); Provide resources for the improvement of security, infrastructure and information systems in ASAL urban areas; and, Establish an integrated database in every county linked to the national spatial data infrastructure Smart growth planning Smart growth planning is a methodology that is used to manage urban sprawl. National and County governments will: Promote compact urban development and smart growth planning, including the planning of periurban areas; Require planning authorities and associations to inform and educate members of the public on values and principles of compact urban planning and development; Review and enforce laws and regulations on land subdivision, survey, allocation and sale or transfer Ensure that no registration and titling of urban land takes place outside the framework of approved urban development plans; Ensure that transport systems and land use planning are integrated; and, Ensure provision of serviced land for urban development Integrated Urban Planning and Development The National government in collaboration with County governments will review and harmonize all legislations relating to urban planning and development to mainstream an integrated approach Urban Design and architecture To meet the overall goals and objectives of sustainable urbanisation, the National government in collaboration with County governments will: Develop standards and guidelines for the creation of urban design to cater for different bio physical, socio-cultural and economic characteristics; Ensure that urban areas and cities create and maintain attractive built environment; and, Promote capacity development of urban design professionals Research The National government in collaboration with County governments will: Promote research on urban development to provide insight on emerging urban issues and provide solutions to such issues; Initiate periodic research on urban development; and, From time to time undertake research on emerging development issues Monitoring and Evaluation County governments will: Institutionalise monitoring and evaluation in the urban planning and development process; Institutionalize mandatory periodical auditing of development plans; and, Establish planning offices at the constituency level with the requisite resources and personnel. 15

17 CHAPTER 6: LAND, ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE 6.1. Introduction CITIES DON T HAPPEN IN AIR!.. THEY ARE LANDED!...Land, environment and climate change are priority components of urban development. Land will be held and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable so as to guarantee equitable access and security of land rights (Constitution of Kenya 2010, Chapter 5). Tools for environmental management are found primarily in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act of Land Land preparation Surveying, planning and registration of land for urban development To resolve these problems, National and County governments will: Put in place mechanisms to ensure timely preparation of land for urban development; Harmonize the legislation and regulations dealing with surveying, planning and registration of land for urban development; and, Develop a comprehensive national and county land monitoring and evaluation framework. Land allocation To develop an efficient land allocation system, National and County governments will: Streamline land allocation processes; Ensure access to serviced land for urban development, taking full account of the needs of the marginalised groups; and, Undertake regular land market assessments. Land utilization National and County governments shall: Ensure compliance with land development control regulations; and, Discourage urban sprawl. Land records and information systems A well-managed and robust land information system enables quick and accurate decision making on land transactions, making it easy to identify and reserve land for different uses National and County governments shall: Establish efficient interactive digital Land Information Systems (LIS) in all urban areas and cities; Issue guidelines for the regular updating of urban land information systems; and, Create land-based addresses in urban areas and cities. 16

18 Urban public open spaces and other community land National and County governments will: Undertake an inventory of all land for public open spaces and other community land; Establish measures for securing such land through surveying, planning and titling; Institutionalize the custody of such land; and, Establish mechanisms to ensure no unjustified change-of-user The urban environment Water, air and land quality To reverse the deterioration of water, air, and land quality, National and County governments will: Enforce compliance with environmental legislation; Ensure urban integrated environmental planning and management; Plan development through land use zoning; Encourage conservation and preservation of urban water and land resources through appropriate pricing and taxation; Promote the application of the polluter-paysprinciple; and, Support the adoption of environmentally friendly technology. Solid and liquid waste management systems For proper solid and liquid waste management, National and County governments will: Strengthen institutional capacity on solid and waste water management; Establish efficient solid and liquid waste management systems; Encourage waste recycling and reuse through incentives and taxation; Educate the public on proper solid and liquid waste management; and, Encourage Public Private Partnerships on solid and waste water management. Identify and gazette all hazard prone areas; Enforce development regulations in hazard prone areas; and, Relocate households occupying environmentally sensitive or hazard prone areas. Degradation and depletion of natural resources To deal with this problem, County governments will: Promote efficiency in resource utilization for urban development; Promote technological innovations and the use of alternative eco-friendly raw materials and other inputs; Enforce regulation on payment for ecosystem services; and, Enforce regulations and safety measures in natural resource utilization. Loss of biodiversity Urban areas and cities encroach on nature pockets: To reverse this trend, County governments will: Identify and conserve biodiversity resources; and, Promote knowledge on biodiversity conservation. Diminishing green urban spaces To arrest this problem, County governments will: Promote the creation and conservation of ample green spaces; and, Support planting of trees, including indigenous flora. Greenhouse gases National and County governments will: Promote the use of eco-friendly technologies that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases; Promote efficient, safe and affordable integrated urban transport systems; and, Educate the public on the negative impact of greenhouse gases. Settlements in hazard prone areas To deal with this problem, National government in collaboration with County governments will: 17

19 Rationalising urban environmental management mandates The tools for environmental management are found primarily in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act of 1999 To resolve this problem, the National government in collaboration with County governments will streamline institutional mandates on urban environmental management Climate change To adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change, National and County governments, and urban authorities will: Promote better quality housing that is adaptive to climate change; Institutionalise the development of green urban landscapes with networks of open spaces and parks; Enhance climate change resilience through infrastructure design and flood protection; Promote technological innovation for climate change adaptation and mitigation; and, Expand access to information about climate change through research, education, periodic vulnerability assessments, and impact monitoring at national, county and urban levels. CHAPTER 7: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 7.1. Introduction MAY WE DWELL IN UNITY... Urbanisation was greatly influenced by colonialism that introduced social stratification along racial lines, and was by extension defined by income. The social stratification as created during the colonial time persists along economic and ethnic lines. This kind of social formation undermines the development of sustainable urban communities and social cohesion. 18

20 7.2. Social Infrastructure and Services Under Economic and social rights, every person has the right: to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care ; and, to education Education To address problems in the education sector, National and County governments will: Promote private-public partnerships Reinforce measures to improve access to, and retention of, pupils in schools; Mainstream early childhood learning and special needs; Support review of curricula to re-orient them towards meeting the skills requirements; Ensure provision of improved quality assurance services; Adopt innovative approaches to design and building of educational facilities; Develop a culture of maintenance and improve budgeting processes; Promote stakeholder partnerships in management of educational facilities; Support integration of non-formal schools into the formal system; and, Provide for adequate multi-functional space for periodic migrants in ASAL areas Health Infant mortality: urban areas = 63 per 1,000; rural = 58 per 1,000; HIV Incidence: Urban = 7%; Rural = 6%; HIV Incidence, Urban women = 10%; Rural Women = 7%. National and County governments will: Adopt a more rigorous physical planning approach to the provision of health facilities; Develop at least one Level 6 hospital in each county; 19 Increase provision of government health services in the urban slums; Develop a holistic health package with on preventive and promotive services; Develop a culture of maintenance and improve budgeting processes for health facilities and services Promote public-private partnerships in health service provision; and, Encourage affordable medical health insurance schemes Public Open Spaces, Parks and other Recreational Facilities County governments and urban authorities shall: Provide adequate multifunctional public open spaces and cultural facilities; Acquire exploited quarries and other degraded areas for rehabilitation; Put in place measures to secure the space allocated for such facilities; Develop a culture of maintenance and improve budgeting processes; Pursue innovative and participatory/partnership approaches to the provision, ownership, operation and maintenance; Tap the potential of hitherto untapped natural resources, for example, for public purposes like river banks and beaches for recreational purposes Sports Facilities The contribution of sports to raising the national and international profile of the country is significant. In addition, sports create numerous employment opportunities. To address problems affecting these facilities, National and County governments will: Facilitate provision of multi-purpose sports facilities in all urban areas and cities; Develop a culture of maintenance and ensure improved funds for maintenance are included in annual budgets; and,

21 Capitalise on the country s sporting prowess by supporting sporting events organised to international standards Financing and investment in social infrastructure development and management Limited resources have made it difficult for urban authorities to invest adequately in social infrastructure (40-50% spent in wages and maintenance. County governments will: Introduce a more coherent resource mobilisation process towards social infrastructure and services; and, Pursue innovative and participatory/partnership approaches to the financing, provision, operation and maintenance of social infrastructure and services. CHAPTER 8: PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES 8.1 Introduction INFRASTRUCTURE= SUPPORTS... Vision 2030 identifies infrastructure as one of the key foundations that will support the three pillars of development: economic, social and political governance. Challenges hampering provision of infrastructure Poor planning and prioritization; Inadequate resources (equipment, tools, skills and capacities); Inadequate infrastructure development and maintenance; Poor implementation and enforcement; High rates of urbanization; Ineffective policies relating to infrastructure development; Undefined roles and responsibilities of institutions and agencies; Use of inappropriate technologies; 20

22 Inadequate research and development in infrastructure development sector; Inadequate political goodwill; Mismanagement of infrastructure and inadequate accountability; Inadequate monitoring and evaluation framework; Uncoordinated institutional and legal framework; Lack of urban transport and energy policies; Monopoly of service delivery; and, Vandalism of infrastructure facilities. Components of Infrastructure Infrastructure Transportation Water and sanitation services Waste management Energy Services Information communication & Technology services Component Non-motorised and intermediate transport, pipeline, road transport, maritime transport and inland waterways, railway transport, air transport and public transport water resources management, water supply, water storage, sewerage/sanitation services; municipal solid waste management, hazardous waste management, and storm water drainage; electricity (hydro, geothermal, nuclear, thermal), biomass, fossil fuel, wind, solar, biofuel, biogas and street lighting); Data, postal services, telecommunication, money transfer Role of Infrastructure in Urban Development To address the challenges common to all physical infrastructure and services, National and County governments will: Develop strategies for provision of infrastructure and services in small and upcoming urban areas to moderate migration from rural areas and small towns to major towns and cities; Develop and disseminate standards and guidelines for provision of physical infrastructure and services; Integrate environmental concerns in the development, operation and maintenance of infrastructure; and, Put in place mechanisms to ensure coordination of infrastructure development with land use planning and financing including PPP Transportation There are many challenges in urban transportation: long waiting hours; poor safety and security standards; high costs for both passengers and freight; limited integration; and unexploited regional potential of the transport system. To address these challenges, National and County governments will: implement an appropriate transportation strategy with emphasis on mass transport, pedestrian and cycling modes; Ensure safe, affordable, efficient, comfortable, reliable, inter-connected and sustainable transport Ensure that the urban transport system is properly integrated with land use planning and development; Provide, acquire, set aside, and protect land reserves for transportation facilities; Develop a transport system that more efficiently supports the economic development of urban areas and is interconnected with the rest of the country and neighbouring countries; Ensure that the user-pays-principle will be applied wherever feasible; 21

23 Establish a comprehensive transportation management information system for all transportation modes; Enforce emission testing in all transport modes; Set standards and guidelines for decommissioning of vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and trains; and, Harmonise the roles and mandates of all transportation agencies in the urban sector Water & Sanitation Services Challenges facing water and sanitation services Destruction of high altitude water towers Effluent discharge into natural water courses Declining levels natural water per capita Inadequate water and sanitation services Low investment in water and sanitation services Weak institutional capacity of water sector To address these challenges, National and County governments will: Protective the five water towers Ensure sustainable and affordable water Ensure adequate water for industrial development Implement legal framework for in water act Develop and manage water resources by increasing per capita availability to 1,000m³ by 2020; Ensure good governance in water sector Implement strategies that address water and sanitation needs Develop a framework to strengthen institution capacity of water sector Encourage rain water harvesting Explore alternative sources of water Develop appropriate information and education framework for the sector. Waste Management Waste refers to solid, liquid, and gaseous substances - from different sources - that are degrading to the environment. National and County governments will: Ensure appropriate waste management systems are developed and managed; Explore innovative practices and modern technology for waste reduction; Create awareness on integrated sustainable waste management practices; Promote stake holder participation and investment in management; Ensure compliance with waste management legislations (EMCA, 1999); Develop waste management policies; Establish an implementation and monitoring framework; Develop an adequate institutional capacity; and, Ensure public participation in waste management and policy formulation 8.6. Energy The country is dependent on the importation of coal and petroleum while the electricity sector uses hydropower, thermal and geothermal sources. Major challenges include: high cost of energy, limited accessibility, dependency on foreign energy sources, inefficiencies in transmission, and low utilization of renewable energy sources. To address these challenges National and County governments will: Promote the development and use of renewable energy technologies; Develop prudent urban energy efficiency management and conservation; Establish strategic petroleum reserves; Develop strategies to replenish depleted biomass energy resources; Promote eco-friendly technology in urban architecture and design; 22

24 Develop strategies and programmes for power generation, transmission and supply; Promote alternative sources of green energy; and, Promote utilization of the vast coal deposits in Kenya for energy generation. 8.7 Information and Communication Technology To address challenges in this sector, National and County governments will: Mainstream ICT infrastructure as an enabler of other urban services; Establish universal open network for urban areas and cities to ensure that ICT infrastructure becomes an enabler of all urban development; Popularize the use of open source software in public institutions as well as the funding of related training, research and development; Develop a regulatory framework that separates infrastructure providers from service providers; and, Design all physical infrastructures to accommodate the needs of ICT. CHAPTER 9: URBAN HOUSING 9.1. Introduction RIGHT TO HOUSING = the right to an adequate standard of living (Article 25 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) & right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation ( Article 43 (1b) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 ) 9.2. Urban housing markets The county governments will: Conduct surveys to asses demand and supply of housing and establish price indices; Finance infrastructure and services in green field sites and informal settlements; Promote use of PPPs to expand housing delivery; Encourage mixed housing developments to make housing affordable; Provide emergency housing to accommodate on a temporary basis; Provide social housing to accommodate people in difficult circumstances; Ensure no discrimination in provision of housing; 23

25 Encourage densification where serviced and underutilized land already exist; and, Promote residence association as a means to improve management of housing estates 9.3. Housing configuration Housing configuration refers to the varied urban house forms and the corresponding neighbourhoods that cater for the different social groupings in urban settlements Urban authorities will: Promote compact residential neighbourhoods for optimal use of land and infrastructure; Promote the development of varied types of housing including family and single person dwellings; Ensure that multi-storey apartment blocks exceeding four storeys are provided with lifts, fire escape stairs, fire fighting equipment and adequate parking space; Encourage green construction especially the use of renewable energy sources and recycling of grey water in housing development; Ensure that housing is responsive to positive aspects of culture and lifestyles; Require housing designs to be responsive to regional climatic conditions; and, Enforce development control measures and standards as set by the Building Code Land for urban housing The supply of serviced land at affordable prices in appropriate locations is one of the critical inputs for urban housing development. To accelerate the delivery of land for housing, National government, County governments, and urban authorities will: Promote forward planning for efficient delivery of serviced land for housing development; Promote urban land redevelopment and readjustment to optimize land utilization; Customize the existing PPP framework to facilitate housing development on privately held land; Introduce incentives to accelerate the delivery of land for housing development especially for the poor; 24 Develop a penalty system to discourage land hoarding by speculators; and, Legislate taxation to exclude speculation on undeveloped prime urban land Urban informal housing National and County governments will: Map the existing informal settlements; Harmonize existing policies, legislation and administrative frameworks related to urban informal housing; Establish inspectorate departments in urban authorities to enforce legislation on urban informal housing; Impose penalties for invasion on public land; Have a committed budget for social housing development; Initiate a programme of phased improvement and redevelopment of informal housing over the medium and long-term; Phase out informal housing by the year 2030 in all cities and urban areas by accelerating the delivery of affordable housing through private and public formal channels; and, Prohibit the formation of new informal housing settlements Citizen and community participation in urban housing Citizen participation is empowerment of communities that enables citizens to make an impact in decision making processes in provision of urban housing. National and County governments will: Develop a framework for effective citizen participation in housing development; Promote integrated and coordinated management of the entire housing process; Educate community members about their rights, roles and obligations in urban housing delivery; Work with the communities to develop appropriate mechanisms for empowering them; and, Sensitize the citizens on the central role of planning in the development of urban housing.

26 9.7. Urban housing for vulnerable groups National and County governments will: Improve access for the vulnerable to affordable housing that has secure tenure and is in locations near their work places; and, Target vulnerable groups in the development and allocation of housing through affirmative action Urban housing infrastructure To ensure that Adequate Urban housing infrastructure is available, National and County governments will: Build the institutional and financial capacity of urban authorities; Increase public budget allocations for housing infrastructure; Provide fiscal incentives to encourage the private sector to provide housing infrastructure; Use legislation, such as the Streets Adoption Act, to support the provision of housing infrastructure; Promote pro-poor pricing of infrastructure and services in housing; Adopt green concept in the development of housing infrastructure; and, Put more emphasis on sustainable housing development 9.9. Urban Housing Management Housing management involves the processes, systems and manpower required to manage the life cycle of houses and landed property. Constraints: Lack of clear records of the housing stock in urban areas and cities, and an institutional machinery Lack of a well-established process for the replacement or redevelopment of housing Uneconomical rents collected by urban local authorities. For proper management National and County governments will: Enforce the provision of as-built drawings and maintenance manuals for new residential buildings; Provide guidelines on housing maintenance and undertake public education Build capacities of residents associations as partners in the management of housing estates; and, Ensure rent regulation does not kill the incentive for landlords to maintain their houses Urban Housing Finance Adequate and affordable housing cannot be delivered without an efficient housing finance system that is accessible to the majority of urban residents. Challenges: Low incomes for poor urban residents; Poor state of housing micro-finance there by reaching only a small number of households; and Little policy attention in housing micro-finance. To ensure the efficient and accessible housing finance system, National and County governments will: Provide long-term capital for mortgage; Simplify legal and regulatory framework for microfinance; Encourage expansion of credit reference bureaus; Introduce credit enhancement mechanisms such as guarantors to reduce credit risks; Support capacity building for housing microfinance lenders and housing cooperatives; Promote savings culture through tax incentives to individuals saving in cooperatives and microfinance lenders; Offer fiscal incentives to private developers offering affordable housing; and, Establish national housing fund to promote housing for the poor Capacity Building, Research & Development To redress these deficits in capacity building, research and development, the National government will: Establish a National Housing Research Institute to undertake research on the housing sector; 25

27 Once established, promote cooperation between the National Housing Research Institute and other relevant institutions such as universities and polytechnics; Collaborate with county governments to ensure training of personnel to meet the needs of housing management and administration, and community participation; and, Collaborate with county governments to formulate business models that use PPPs to develop housing. CHAPTER 10: URBAN SAFETY & DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Introduction WHY ARE OUR CITIES DANGEROUS?...the concentration of economic wealth and infrastructure; rapid and chaotic urbanization; the expansion of slums often into hazardous locations such as flood plains; the failure of urban authorities to enforce building codes and planning regulations; and environmental modifications through human actions Status and context of urban safety and disaster risk management All urban areas in the country are prone to disasters thus the need to institute an appropriate risk management framework Urban planning and safety Urban safety is a complex problem not limited to policing and crime control. It is linked to urban planning with regard to the location of various land uses and building designs. 26

28 To ensure urban safety, National and County governments will: Develop mechanisms to mainstream safety in urban planning and design; Conduct safety, security and environmental impact assessment; Institute measures to enhance capacity to enforce safety regulations at all levels; Develop comprehensive data bases for informed decision making in crime prevention; Establish a framework for PPPs in service provision and management of urban safety; Institute measures to deal with terrorism and proliferation of small arms at all levels; and, Promote use of approaches such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Urban social fabric and security Urban areas in Kenya are unequal and the expanding urban population is being absorbed into slum settlements with squalid living conditions, poor infrastructure, and high poverty rates. To address these issues, National and County governments in collaboration with urban authorities will: Provide pro-poor social and economic opportunities for its citizens; Develop programmes to address social deviance among the youth; Develop programmes that promote cultural transformation and civic culture in urban areas; and, Adopt international standards for evictions and relocations Urban security systems Urban policing Urban safety and security in Kenya is viewed as the principal function of the police. Globally, there is a shift towards urban authorities playing a central role in policing and crime prevention. In Kenya, the ratio of police to citizens is about 1:1,000, far below the United Nations recommended norm of 1: 450. To address these issues, National and County governments will: Institutionalise the role of urban authorities in crime prevention; Develop institutional and legal frameworks for metropolitan and urban policing; Enhance mechanisms to entrench safety requirements in urban planning; Adopt international standards on policing and safety; and, Develop a regulatory framework for private security agencies to raise the standards of service delivery. Neighbourhood and community policing Communities can be assisted to develop communitybased action plans on safety and security. To address these issues, County governments will establish and fast track an integrated institutional framework for community policing and crime prevention. Information systems on urban safety and crime Sustainable solutions to the challenge of urban safety require systematic analyses of crime and violence. National and County governments will: Develop and institutionalise an integrated safety and crime management information system; Develop capacity for crime and safety management information system; Establish a framework with appropriate capacity for research and regular reviews; and, Utilization of modern technologies for crime analysis and prevention to provide real time solutions Urban disaster risk management Due to the complex nature of urban areas, disasters lead to significant social, economic and environmental impacts. Since there is low level of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for disaster risk management. 27

29 National and County governments will: Formulate institutional frameworks for an integrated approach to urban DRM; Develop mechanisms to strengthen urban community resilience to disaster risks; Institute measures to harness the capacity of the private sector for DRM; Establish effective early warning systems that incorporate local knowledge; Formulate M& E systems for DRM; Introduce mechanisms for public awareness and DRM training programmes at all levels; Develop mechanisms for capacity building in DRM at all levels; Establish a framework for mainstreaming disaster mitigation measures in operation budgets; Develop mechanisms for enforcing disaster-related legislations; Introduce mechanism for enhancing mitigation at all levels; Establish mechanisms to ensure efficient fire services in urban areas; and, Establish systems for sharing of disaster response services across urban areas Urban DRM information systems There is limited use of information technology and automation making it difficult to store, retrieve and update the spatial information required for disaster management. National and County governments will: Develop an integrated DRM information system; Establish mechanisms for access and dissemination of urban DRM information; Institute measure for continuous vulnerability assessments for DRM; and, Promote the adoption of best practices in DRM. CHAPTER 11: MARGINALISED & VULNERABLE GROUPS Introduction WHOSE TOWN IS IT ANYWAY... Within urban areas, there is a considerable section of the community that is marginalised and is not able to participate in development and access to services Generic policies and poor implementation of existing policies Although the policies and laws exist, they have not been fully implemented. National and County Governments will: Review existing laws that discriminate the marginalised groups; Ensure that the needs and priorities of the vulnerable and marginalised groups are mainstreamed in all strategies and programmes in urban areas and cities; Ensure effective implementation of laws relating to vulnerable and marginalised groups 28

30 Facilitate public participation by, and representation of, the marginalized and vulnerable groups; and, Promote awareness of existing urban policies to empower the marginalised groups Poverty and economic empowerment The marginalised and vulnerable groups in urban areas face high unemployment levels. They have inadequate opportunities in education and the urban economy in addition to having poor access to health and sanitation facilities. To address these disadvantages, National and County governments will: Promote poverty reduction strategies; Promote incentives to encourage employment of the marginalised and vulnerable groups in urban areas and cities; Promote programmes that encourage marginalised and vulnerable groups to engage in productive economic activity; Promote awareness of existing urban policies to empower the marginalised groups Gender and urban development The Constitution of Kenya 2010 has prioritised management of gender disparities, which remains a big challenge. National and County governments will: Ensure that urban policies and programmes create gender awareness; Protect and promote women's human rights, Ensure urban planning gives women full rights to the city; Ensure gender equity in resource allocation and distribution; and, Ensure that urban policies foster improved livelihoods for women in order to minimize vulnerabilities The Youth The youth are a mobile and very large part of the urban population. As they settle in urban areas in search of employment they exert pressure on services and infrastructure. National and County governments will: Implement youth development strategies and programmes that promote youth socio-economic empowerment; Establish technical and vocational training and learning institutions for the youth in urban areas and cities; Ensure adequate financial support for the development of sports and recreational activities for the youth; Ensure representation of young people in decision making bodies related to youth affairs; and, Ensure youth participation, representation, and inclusion in urban planning and development The Elderly With increased urbanization, the number of elderly in urban settlements has risen. This group needs protection and promotion so that its members can lead decent lives. National and County governments will: Establish strategies and programmes sensitive to the elderly populations in urban areas and cities; Enact by-laws on built environment, physical and social infrastructure sensitive to needs of the elderly Review existing policies and legislation to improve social security for the elderly; Implement policies on the establishment and maintenance of elderly people s homes by private and public agencies; Promote measures to enhance social security of the elderly; and, Promote implementation of the Constitution, policies and legislation to realize the full participation of the elderly in decision making Persons with disabilities Persons with disabilities have limited representation in addition to being among the poorest people in urban areas. Moreover, they have largely been excluded from development decision making. National and County governments will; Promote both disability-inclusive and disabilityspecific development in urban areas; 29

31 Implement policies that equalize opportunities for persons with disabilities; Construct more education and learning institutions in urban areas equipped to meet the learning needs of persons with disabilities; Introduce technologies to suit the needs of persons with disabilities; Improve rehabilitation facilities in urban areas and cities for persons with disabilities; Support community-based rehabilitation as an integral part of basic urban services; Ensure full access for children with disabilities to health, education and recreational facilities in all urban areas and cities; Support national and local production of low cost artificial limbs and other mobility devices, and their use from the earliest possible age; and, Mainstream policies and legislations related to persons with disabilities in all sectors of urban development Street families For better management of the problem, County governments will; Promote programme and strategies for the poor, street families and homeless persons; Ensure that programme and strategies will provide access to basic facilities like shelter, food, education, health and clothing; Establish referral centres for psycho-social, life skill education, counselling, medical services, recreation, and temporary shelter and care; Promote family welfare programmes for the needy and necessitous persons; Pursue re-integration and family reunion for the street persons and the homeless; Facilitate access to education and skills training for the street persons; and, Establish a harmonized data base for the poor and needy to facilitate coordinated interventions by various line government ministries/department partners. CHAPTER 12: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES Introduction Sustainable development, participation, ICT, poverty, equity, capacity building, partnerships and gender...these cross cutting issues will be addressed through either special interventions or a common and systematic approach Sustainable development Urban areas that meet the social, economic and environmental needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. Three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and socio-political sustainability, each of which needs to be addressed in a coordinated and systematic way Public Participation Public participation is a key factor in endeavours to achieve sustainable development. Opportunities for participation: Promoting community-government partnerships in asset management; 30

32 Communities involvement in the planning, design, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of assets; Community policing at the neighbourhood level; Housing development programmes; Citizen participation in the formulation of financing proposals and setting of expenditure priorities by the urban authorities; overall urban planning and development process Information, Communication and Technology GOAL: To establish a comprehensive urban database, over time, in the country. ICT is needed in many urban sectors, e.g. Land information management systems in all urban areas and cities; Transportation management information system for all transportation modes; A comprehensive ICT and e-governance strategy in relation to urban governance; Computerisation of the customer base to enhance the efficiency of revenue forecasting and collection, Computerized financial management system; Integrated database in every county linked to the national spatial data infrastructure; Integrated safety and crime management information system; and, Information management system on urban disaster risk management. Data needs on: Vulnerable groups in urban areas, Urban housing markets, Gender disaggregated data, and For publication and dissemination thereof Poverty eradication Urbanisation & poverty: Urbanisation in Kenya is strongly correlated with the growth in urban poverty Poverty reduction is a very important cross-cutting issue but one which warrants further specificity within each dimension of urban development It is best addressed through special intervention such as the implementation of pro-poor strategies that deliberately focus on the needs of the urban poor across the different urban services. Examples: Design of water and sanitation programmes to specifically focus on the urban poor; Promotion of pro-poor pricing of infrastructure services in housing Equity/Equality = equitable access by all - be they the poor, women, men, the youth, older persons, religious or ethnic minorities or the disabled - to urban infrastructure and services and the necessities of urban life. Equity: Opportunities for individual and group to realise their potential in life. It s a Constitution principle. The implementation of this policy will seek to mainstream the principle in all its programmes Capacity building To effectively and efficiently undertake reforms in urban development, this policy will highly prioritise and mainstream capacity development in all aspects of the policy Public private partnerships PPP is an emerging strategy to improve infrastructure development and service delivery. To ease pressure on the government in service delivery, PPP will be pursued in urban areas. 31

33 12.9. Gender To ensure gender equity, a gender mainstreaming approach will be adopted: Respective needs and concerns of women and men in relation to access to urban services will be identified and planned for Sensitisation will be undertaken Equitable access will be measured through gender disaggregated data Gender discrimination, for instance, in the allocation of shelter and residential plots, will be discouraged Examples of interventions: Inclusion of separate toilet facilities for girls/boys in school-building design; Provision of sanitary pads to under-privileged girls; Re-admission of girls who have dropped out of school due to pregnancy and early marriages. Sensitisation at all levels of society Youth, older persons & vulnerable or marginalised groups: Specific needs of these groups with regard to access to the respective urban services will be ascertained through disaggregated data, which can then be responded to through targeting and special measures. Collecting disaggregated data on the housing needs of vulnerable groups will facilitate a coherent strategy to be determined on meeting such needs. Identifying and mapping vulnerable groups and those at risk to disasters, who are often located in the informal settlements, can be coupled with developing mechanisms to strengthen urban community resilience to disaster risk. The application of special measures could include, for example, the enactment and enforcement of building by-laws and codes sensitive to the needs of persons with disabilities and of the elderly. CHAPTER 13: IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK Introduction A POLICY IS AS GOOD AS ITS IMPLEMENTATION...This implementation framework provides the general road map for translating into action the wide range of policy statements in the National Urban Development Policy (NUDP). The rationale behind NUDP is derived from the many and diverse issues that surround urbanization and urban development, coming at a time when Kenya has embarked on implementing a devolved governance system. Structures for policy implementation are based on the constitutional allocation of responsibilities between national and county governments. 32

34 13.2. Scope This chapter looks at broad framework for the implementation of NUDP: The key factors that will influence policy implementation; The broad institutional framework A brief outline of policy The time frame required for implementation Implementation Strategy The strategy will be set out in a substantial document that will provide details on: National and county-level priorities; Programme objectives and outputs; Indicative resource requirements; Institutional mandates; Implementation timeframes; and, A monitoring and evaluation framework. The preparation and implementation will be done through participatory approach involving the public and private partners coordinated by the two levels of government Proposed Institution for Policy Implementation It is recommended that a National Urban Development Authority (NUDA) be established to implement the policy Implementation aspects Implementation strategy focuses on the following aspects: Assignment of urban development mandates between levels of government Setting priorities Programming and budgeting Resource mobilization Public private partnerships. Monitoring and evaluation Context for policy implementation Policy implementation will be done with regard to: The Constitution of Kenya 2010 and related legislations of the devolved governance system ; Kenya Vision 2030 strategy; National and county governments; A wide range of sectors that require an integrated development approach; and, A web of political, economic and social forces, both domestic and international Institutional arrangements and capacity requirements Policy implementation will be the responsibility of national and county governments, working together with the private sector, local communities, and development partners. 33

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