Farm Water Management Slow, Sink, Spread, Store & Plan for Overflow
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- Muriel Mathews
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1 ! Farm Water Management Slow, Sink, Spread, Store & Plan for Overflow Supported by: Funding by: Hatchet & Seed Edible Landscapes + Eco-Design Nov. 28, 2016 Tayler Krawczyk Hatchet & Seed
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3 Take Home Lessons for Today! Slow reduce velocity of storm runoff, reduce erosion, protect rivers/streams from dangerous swelling! Spread - use gravity to move water from wet areas (valleys) to dry areas (ridges)! Sink increase infiltration & percolation, increase interflow, increase groundwater recharge! Store hold water in retention basins, dugouts, ponds reservoirs and in high OM soil for later use! Plan for Overflow plan where where record storm-water surges will go, don t be surprised
4 Hatchet & Seed Edible Landscapes + Eco-Design
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![We can stabilize climate [store carbon, and restore watershed function] as a by-product](/docs-images/80/80808375/images/7-0.jpg "of profitable, ecological farming. - Abe Collins, Holistic Planned Grazing Practitioner")
7 We can stabilize climate [store carbon, and restore watershed function] as a by-product of profitable, ecological farming. - Abe Collins, Holistic Planned Grazing Practitioner
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9 Our Regional Climate Context en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Rain_shadow
10 CRD Regional Climate Modeling Highlights from the findings include: - Extreme temperatures (32 C to 35 C) are projected to occur almost four times as often in future CRD. - The amount of precipitation falling during very wet days is projected to increase by 20%; with precipitation during extremely wet days projecting to increase by 25% in CRD - More extreme precipitation events (with 3-hour duration) are projected to occur on average three and a half times as often in future in CRD. - There will be fewer Heating Degree Days and a substantial increase in Cooling Degree Days in CRD
11 The Mediterranean Water Management Blues
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15 Keyline History
16 Yeomans, P.A.. Water for Every farm.
17 Keyline Scale of Permanence
18 Watershed Basics Source: tamop425/0032_vizgazdalkodas/ch01s02.html
19 Water, Silt & Nutrient Source: Tayler Krawczyk
20 Natural concentration of soil moisture.
21 Natural concentration of soil moisture.
22 Natural concentration of soil moisture.
23 Natural Concentration of Soil Moisture. Photo Source: Campbell Wilson. PRI Australia Article.
24 On Pooling & Drainage It is important this result (pooling in the valleys) is treated not a problem of excess moisture to be drained away but as a symptom of water probably being squandered from the upper slopes. - Ken Yeoman, Keyline Designs Source: Tayler Krawczyk
25 Classic Keyline Landscape Definitions Photo Source: HUMA. Understanding the Application of Keyline Design.
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28 Ridge Line Ridge Line Valley Line Valley Line
29 Completing a Keyline Layout on Paper
30 By Georgi Pavlov. Available for download with donation at huma.org
31 By Georgi Pavlov
32 Understanding Classic Keyline Geometry Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
33 Understanding Classic Keyline Geometry Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
34 Understanding Classic Keyline Geometry Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
35 Understanding Classic Keyline Geometry Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
36 Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
37 Photo Source: HUMA. Understanding the Application of Keyline Design. Simplified Contours
38 Photo Source: HUMA. Understanding the Application of Keyline Design. Focus on Function! Keep it Simple!
39 Photo Source: HUMA. Understanding the Application of Keyline Design. Anomalies it is often necessary for compromises with the geometry to have to be made, and that s okay. It is much better to have a layout that is not entirely correct but that is easy and inspiring to work with, than a layout that is technically correct but that everyone hates working with. - Georgi Pavlov
40 What if there are no classic keyline landforms? Choosing a guideline using common-sense.
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42 How is keyline pattern layout different than other layout patterns? What are the advantages & disadvantages?
43 Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
44 Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
45 Source: Doherty, Darren. Regrarians Handbook. 2014
46 Surveying in Practice! Start with Contour Maps! Flags / Stakes! Elevation Survey Tools - Transit Level - Laser Level - A Frame - Water Level (Bunyip)
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48 What if we do not have contour maps available for our region?! Demand them from local governments!! Affordable drone mapping has come!
49 Once you have your guideline chosen and layout completed, what techniques are available?
50 Keyline Cultivation for Pasture Rejuvenation
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55 How is a Yeomans Plow Different any old subsoiler?
56 About Our Field Monitoring Program Sara Duncan, p.ag
57 Results: CONTEXT PILOT PROJECT to discover: HOW and WHY Keyline Design can be used on small farms in our region Whether the intended BENEFITS are MEASURABLE Are INITIAL RESULTS promising? Opportunity and METHODS for SCALING UP in PRACTICE and ASSESSMENT
58 Results: HYPOTHESES
59 Results: HYPOTHESIS TESTS
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61 Bullock Lake 25% stones+ fine gravels Silt loam No Ah Shallow depth to auger refusal on slope Gleying in plots on crest of hill Ravenhill Clay pan at 20 cm 10-15% gravel Silt loam (till) Thin Ah weak lower soil development Gleying in lower slope positions Beetnik Sandy loam 30% cobble -gravel Thin Ah Well drained in treated area
62 Results: PENETROMETER MEASUREMENT Depth of plough Modified fom public domain: File:Penetrometer.jpg
63 Results: ROOTING Average (Range) Rooting Depth (cm) Site Year Control Treatment Ravenhill (9-23) 18 (14-27) (12-17) 15 (11-17) Bullock Lake (12-16) 17 (13-20) (17-20) 20 (17-25) Beetnik (9-12) 30 (26-38)
64 Results: SOIL CARBON Total Carbon Active Carbon Short-term (<5-10 years) small absolute change in total carbon Active fraction change may be measured more quickly
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66 Results: SOIL MOISTURE
67 Results: SOIL MOISTURE
68 Results: INFILTRATION Slightly higher rainfall wetting curve Holds moisture longer May reduce moisture retention in some situations ( evaporation? Drainage? Under saturated conditions) May infiltration to subsoil by holding moisture in topsoil in other situations?
69 NEXT STEPS! Spring/summer and Fall 2017! Penetrometer measurements! Rooting measurements! Fall 2017! Final soil carbon sample collection! Final volumetric water content downloads! Final report December 2017
70 NEXT STEPS Keyline Super Plow? OS Design by: Luke Hallam, from Darren J. Doherty
71 Keyline SuperPlow Source: Darren J. Doherty Carversville Farm Foundation
72 Other Applications of Keyline Patterning: Market Garden Retrofit
73 Where & How Has This Been Applied?
74 Where & How Has This Been Applied?
75 Where & How Has This Been Applied?
76 Source: Shepard, Mark. Restoration Agriculture.
77 Source: Shepard, Mark. Restoration Agriculture.
78 Source: Shepard, Mark. Restoration Agriculture.
79 Where & How Has This Been Applied? Versaland, Iowa. Grant Shultz.
80 Where & How Has This Been Applied? Source: Rancho San Ricardo. Pablo Ruiz Lavalle.
81 Where & How Has This Been Applied? Source: Darren J. Doherty
82 Where & How Has This Been Applied? Source: Ridgedale Permaculture Richard Perkins
83 Ridgedale Permaculture Model, courtsey of Richard Perkins. By Georgi Pavlov.
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85 Source: HUMA Georgi Pavlov
86 Other Water Management Strategies
87 Swales on Contour Advantages! - Slows overland flow of water & nutrients - disturbance creates niche for new plant establishment - soil loosening - soil warming - planting mound gets above water table - more soil-air interface Potential Challenges - existing infrastructure/ fences - possible winter springs in unwanted areas - compaction of temporarily saturated soils if used - blocking cold air drainage - Can create access challenges for machinery and animals - Large energy output; permanent feature - Does not address soil health in between swales that is causing excess overland flow
88 Swales - Contour (retention) vs. Off Contour (diversion) - Be diligent, plan carefully. Consider advantages and disadvantages of all options.
89 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
90 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
91 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
92 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
93 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
94 Source: Water Harvesting The Permaculture Way. Geoff Lawton.
95 Hatchet & Seed Edible Landscapes + Eco-Design
96 Source: Hatchet & Seed.
97 Mimic Forest Ecosystems! Source: Hatchet & Seed Source: Jacke. Edible Forest Gardens.
98 Mob / Holistic Planned / Management Intensive Grazing
99 Silvo-Pasture as Drought-Proofing Source: Hatchet & Seed.
100 Silvo-Pasture as Drought-Proofing Source: Shepard, Mark. Restoration Agriculture.
101 Mob / Planned / Management Intensive Grazing Source: Sheldon Firth. Author of "Letter to a Vegetarian Nation"
102 Bottomlands: Tile Drainage? Source: Partners. Conservation Technbology Information Center
103 Balancing Tile Drainage & Retention
104 Alternative Drainage for Bottomlands Still trying to keep slopes between 1:100 1:200 to slow erosion. Source: Nature Conservancy
105 SOURCE: conservationdrainage/design.html#
106 Nature s Pattern for Aerobic Soil in Wet Environments - Pits & Mounds Creates microclimates & microtopography! Areas of permanent aeration!
107 Hugelkultur
108 Hugelkultur
109 Soil Health
110 Living Soil as Microscopic Water Storage
111 Source: Stamets. Mycellium Running.
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113 Soil, Organic Carbon & Water
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115 IRRIGATION POND DESIGN Source: Hatchet & Seed.
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121 Is soil removal needed? Best to re-use on site! Check your municipal bylaws
122 Sizing Your Pond How much do you need?
123 Use Manufacturer s Catalogues to determine your expected need! GPM / GPH / LPM / LPH per emitter X number of emitter. How many zones can the system be divided into? What is max GPM that will be needed at one time?
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127 Sizing your Pond: Assessing Water Needs Source: Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
128 Planning for Evaporation Loss
129 Planning for Evaporation Loss Example: approx. 4 ML pond Equation Source: Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia L =.67 x 625mm x 1450 m2 L = 607,188 L 607,188 L of evaporation / 4,000,000 total L = 15% Evaporation Loss Evaporation rate can be up to 100% if pond is too shallow.
130 Source: Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
131 Siting Your Pond
132 Choosing an Experienced Excavation Contractor - Ensure they have experience building ponds and understand: 1. regulatory regime 2. importance of separating earth materials for later use 3. importance of diligent soil assessment, design & construction 4. risks associated with embankment ponds
133 Soil Investigation
134 Soil Investigation Texture Sampling
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136 Calculating Catchment Source: Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia. P. 5
137 Calculating Catchment
138 Surveying
139 Irrigation Pond Design Considerations Ponds,_Planning,_Design,_Construction.pdf
140 ! Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
141 ! Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
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143 ! Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
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149 ! Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
150 Excavated Pond
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152 ! Lewis, B. (Barry), Farm dams: planning, construction and maintenance. Collingwood, Australia
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154 Source: Wall construction depending on clay content / materials available..
155 What If Insufficient Clay is Found? Source: Darren Doherty. Regrarians Facebook Page. Installing Bentoliner.
156 What If Insufficient Clay is Found? LLDPE Liner for Eco-sense pond, Highlands, BC. Photo by Ann Baird.
157 What If Insufficient Clay is Found? Products on the Market! Geotextiles: cushioning, liners, Burp vavles! Bentonite Clay! Gleying! WaterSave PL Plug & Seep (biologically friendly?)! Soil Floc? (biologically friendly?)
158 Sinuous Channel, Silt Traps & Level Sill Spillways
159 Spillways Level-Sill Spillways are preferable to culverted spillways for large ponds. For smaller ponds, culverted spillways like this can work as long as rock rip-rap is added.
160 This spillway is less than ideal. Level-sill is recommended. Also, there is an alder tree growing on the pond wall which could puncture the retaining wall. No deep rooted trees should be aloud to grow on a retaining wall. Short rooted plants like grasses and blackberries are suitable.
161 Spillway Guideline! Square root of catchment in hectares = width (in meters)! 10 acre catchment = 4 hectares = 2 meter wide spillway
162 Docks
163 LUNCH!
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