Land Use Planning for Multiple Resource Objectives: Aligning Water and Land Use

Transcription

1 Land Use Planning for Multiple Resource Objectives: Aligning Water and Land Use 7 th Annual New Partners for Smart Growth February 7-9, 2008 Washington, DC

2 Issues in Southeast Lost more forests, farms and open space to sprawl than any other region Projected to grow by an additional 43 million people by EPA 34% of all NA endangered or threatened fish species USFWS USDA, US Census, and USA Today, 1999

3 Housing Starts Between 1995 and 2004 Nearly 3.5 million new homes built in EPA Region 4 Between 2005 and 2014 Nearly 6.7 million additional new homes could be built ~ U.S Census Bureau and National Association of Home Builders

4 Land Consumption Outstrips Population Tennessee Development Population Change Data and extrapolations developed by EPA from National Resources Inventory 2001; U.S. Census Bureau 2000.

5 R.B. Hammer & V.C. Radeloff University of Wisconsin - Madison

6 R.B. Hammer & V.C. Radeloff University of Wisconsin - Madison

7 R.B. Hammer & V.C. Radeloff University of Wisconsin - Madison

8 Impaired Waters in the Southeast EPA

9 Community Growth Readiness Growth Readiness Land Use Planning for Water Quality Quality Growth

10 Growth Readiness Learn how land use decisions affect water quality Comply with regulatory requirements Make informed decisions about managing growth Built on existing best practices Refined through experience

11 Training Classes Growth Readiness Community Consensus Building Workshops

12 Training for Planners and Engineers Leadership Training Model presentations targeted at different stakeholder groups Preparation for making presentations Site Planning Roundtable Management Training Issues Model Principles for Better Site Design Codes and Ordinances Worksheet Site Planning Roundtable Process

13 Imperviousness affects stream quality good stream quality fair sensitive impacted poor degraded seriously degraded 10% 25% 60% percent imperviousness in the watershed Center for Watershed Protection

14 Future water quality? The Future with best practices The Future business as usual

15 Model Development Principles Streets and Parking 1. Street width 2. Street length 3. Right-of-way width 4. Cul-de-sacs 5. Vegetated open channels 6. Parking ratios 7. Parking codes 8. Parking lot design 9. Structured parking 10. Parking lot runoff Lot Design 11. Open space development 12. Setbacks and frontages 13. Sidewalks 14. Driveways 15. Open space management 16. Rooftop runoff Natural Areas 17. Aquatic buffers 18. Buffer maintenance 19. Clearing and grading 20. Tree conservation 21. Conservation incentives 22. Storm water outfalls

16 Preserve Forest Cover and Open Space Cluster subdivision Good. Conventional subdivision Center for Watershed Protection

17 Reduce imperviousness Vicki Bohnhoff, Center for Watershed Protection

18 Use best management practices swales rain garden pervious pavement biorentention

19 Evaluate existing development rules Center for Watershed Protection's Codes and Ordinances Worksheet Rating Questions Ratings Basis for Rating 1. Street Width a. What is the minimum pavement width allowed for streets in low density residential developments that have less than 500 average daily trips (ADT)? b. At higher densities are parking lanes allowed to also serve as traffic lanes (i.e., queuing streets)? 2. Street Length a. Do street standards promote the most efficient street layouts that reduce overall street length? 0 If the answer is between feet, award 4 points 0 If the answer is YES, award 3 points 0 If the answer is YES, award 1 point YES, award 2 points YES, award 2 points YES, award 3 points If the answ estion No. 12 YES, award 1 point NO, award 1 point 3. Right-of-Way Width a. What is the minimum right-of-way (ROW) width for a residential street? b. Does the code allow utilities to be placed under the paved section of the ROW? 0 If the answer is less than 45 feet, award 3 points 0 If the answer is YES, award 1 point YES, award 1 point YES, award 2 points 4. Cul-de-Sacs a. What is the minimum radius allowed for cul-de-sacs? 0 If the answer is less than 35 feet, award 3 points If the answer is 36 feet to 45 feet, award 1 point b. Can a landscaped island be created within the cul-de-sac? 0 If the answer is YES, award 1 point c. Are alternative turn arounds such as "hammerheads" allowed on short streets in low density residential developments? 0 If the answer is YES, award 1 point 5. Vegetated Open Channels a. Are curb and gutters required for most residential street sections? 0 If the answer is NO, award 2 points b. Are there established design criteria for swales that can provide stormwater quality treatment (i.e., dry swales, biofilters, or grass swales)? 0 If the answer is YES, award 2 points 6. Parking Ratios a. What is the minimum parking ratio for a professional office building 0 If the answer is less than 3.0 spaces, award 1 point YES, award 1 point 20 feet or less, award 1 point 25 feet or less, award 1 point 8 feet or less, award 1 points less than 80 feet, award 2 point 4 feet or less, award 2 points NO, award 2 points YES, award 1 point

20 Community Workshop Series Workshop 1 Understanding Growth s Impact on Water Quality Workshop 2 Having Growth and Water Quality too Workshop 3 Deciding What s Right for Our Community Workshop 4 Getting Organized for Action

21 Workshop Series Workshop 1 Understanding Growth s Impact on Water Quality Learn how land use can affect water resources Identify specific water- related development issues Map projected growth Homework: COW

22 Workshop Series Workshop 2 Having Growth & Water Quality Too Discuss issues raised by maps formulated from first workshop Learn about best practices for development Compare existing rules and practices with best practices Form work groups

23 Workshop Series Workshop 3 Deciding What s Right for Our Community Review work group recommendations Develop action plan to resolve issues and finalize recommendations

24 Workshop Series Workshop 4 Getting Organized for Action Present final recommendations Develop action strategies to accomplish change

25 Action Plan Implementation Products Report PowerPoint presentation Audiences Elected officials and planning commission members Developers, realtors, engineers, etc. Other stakeholder groups

26 Immediate Results Best practices to build support for broader ordinance change Rain gardens (Tazewell, VA) Porous paving system & vertical infiltration drain (Lake Chatuge swim beach) Experimental county road design (Union County, GA) Cluster Design Subdivisions (Blount Co TN)

27 Results to Date: Built Projects Cluster design Subdivisions Preserved Open Space (typically within subdivision) Grassy Swales 7 Porous Pavement Bioretention, Raingardens and related

28 Results to Date: Communities with Development Rule Changes Codes Road Regulations Clearing and Grading Regs Comprehensive Plan Zoning Ordinance Storm water Ordinance /Buffer / Tree Landscape

29 Results to Date: Participants Better Equipped to Handle Issues Flooding / Stormwater 33 Impaired Stream 11 Source Water 59 Open Space / Forest Protection Wetland Protection Watershed Planning

30 Results to Date: COW Scores Average score increased 8.2 points, or 21 %, for 229 communities baseline 46.4 current / planned

31 Results with Assistance h e e Average score increased 19.8 points, or 44 %, for 61 communities 42.5 baseline 62.3 Tech Assist. (61) Training Only (168) current / planned

32 Land Use Planning for Water Quality

33 Land Use Planning for Water Quality Training and Workshops

34

35 Changing a Paradigm First consider what needs to be preserved; then determine where new development should occur Green infrastructure an interconnected network of natural areas and other open spaces that Conserves natural ecosystem values and function Sustains clean air and water Provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife It is a natural life support system

36 What does a green infrastructure network look like? Interconnected network Hubs Links Other sites Vary in size, ownership, and function Graphic UT College of Architecture and Design Green Vision Studio

37 Lands to Conserve Types Forested areas Riparian buffers Prime farmland Wetlands Key Locations Sourcewater Floodplains Headwater streams Critical wildlife habitats

38 Why green infrastructure is important Protects quality and supply of drinking water Improves air quality and controls erosion Minimizes infrastructure costs Enhances property values and tax revenues Attracts business and boosts tourism Preserves community character and quality of life Provides recreational opportunities Expands non-motorized transportation network

39 Identify Land to Conserve Using GIS Maps Watershed boundaries Land Cover Forest Canopy Cover Impervious Cover Streams and stream condition Protected lands Riparian buffers Floodplains Wetlands Source water intake locations Valuable habitat areas Working lands such as farmland Cultural/historic Lands.

40 GIS Maps

41 Identify land to conserve

42 Implementation Strategies and Tools Planning Watershed Comprehensive Master Site Land acquisition Codes and ordinances Incentives Funding wilderness area greenway

43 Workshops on the Gulf Coast Mobile and Baldwin Counties, Alabama Wetlands protection Apalachicola, Florida No Adverse Impact Moss Point, Mississippi Rebuilding after Katrina Issues/maps Flood surge Floodprone lands Wetlands

44 Consider protection and development strategies for their communities Design workshop in the context of local protection and development issues and activities Think about developing a green infrastructure network Identify land for protection Consider possible strategies for implementation

45 Some early results Darien, Georgia - Passed a comprehensive water resources protection ordinance and 2 Conservation Ordinances Public Zone and Residential Zone Alabama and Florida panhandle communities In process of rewriting wetland ordinances and establishing stronger wetlands protection measures Tennessee planners beginning to incorporate some of the approaches into their work with local communities

46 Community Mapping Service Online Map Viewer or

47 Quality uality Growth rowth in Your Town

48 Quality Growth Quality Communities What makes a community great? Good Schools Flourishing Economy Safe, Affordable Places to Live Healthy Environment with Clean Air & Water Unique Sense of Character Strong Community Ties Ability to Travel Around Easily AResponsive Government Opportunities for All to Prosper Quality Communities = Quality of Life

49 Need for a Quality Growth Worksheet Quality Growth Quality Communities Unprecedented growth in the Southeast Development patterns resulting in Longer commutes Limited housing choices Increased taxes Lost natural lands and community places Available assessment tools address either smart growth OR water protection strategies, but not both.

50 Quality Growth Worksheet - What is it? Quality Growth Quality Communities Assessment tool which enables communities to: Raise awareness about best practices in quality growth and water resources Review their development rules against the objectives of quality growth and watershed protection Identify opportunities for improvement in local development rules Identify fundamental practices to achieve quality growth

51 Who developed it? Quality Growth Quality Communities U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Watershed Forum Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development University of Tennessee Municipal Technical Advisory Service Cumberland River Compact

52 Who else had input? Quality Growth Quality Communities Experts in both quality growth and water resource protection, including representatives of Center for Watershed Protection Smart Growth Leadership Institute Blount County (TN) planning Department National Association of Counties National Association of Home Builders Upstate Forever (SC) The Nature Conservancy The Conservation Fund Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

53 Based on nationally recognized audits and worksheets Quality Growth Quality Communities Smart Growth Leadership Institute Code and Zoning Audit Tool Center for Watershed Protection Better Site Design Handbook Codes and Ordinances Worksheet American Planning Association Model Smart Growth Land Development Codes Interim PAS Report, March 2006 U.S. Green Building Council LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System Des Moines Metropolitan Area Smart Growth Audit

54 Quality Growth Objectives Quality Growth Quality Communities Compact mixed use development Expand housing choice Create walkable and bikeable neighborhoods Distinctive, attractive communities Preserve open space, resource lands, and environmentally sensitive areas Direct development toward existing communities Increase transportation choices Make cost-effective development decisions Minimize storm water runoff Protect water resources

55 Categories of Development Rules Quality Growth Quality Communities Organizes development rules into 5 categories Land use Street network Parking and driveways Green infrastructure Water resource management Under each category, asks a series of questions to help communities determine their impact in supporting specific quality growth objectives.

56 Land Use Quality Growth Quality Communities Considers where we grow and how we grow Encourages Growth in existing and infill locations Reuse and redevelopment of underutilized properties Compact, mixed use, and walkable land use patterns Mizner Park, Boca Raton, FL

57 Street Network Quality Growth Quality Communities Encourages street design approaches that create pedestrian and bike-friendly neighborhoods and communities Context sensitive street solutions Interconnected street networks Oak Terrace Preserve North Charleston, SC

58 Parking and Driveways Quality Growth Quality Communities Encourages Balancing the supply of parking in a community with actual demand Use of parking solutions that support compact, mixed-use development pattern The Market Common Clarendon Arlington, Virginia

59 Green Infrastructure Quality Growth Quality Communities Support the creation of an interconnected network of green and open space Increase the amount of green (trees, open space, parks, etc.) in new and existing neighborhoods Mountain Island Lake, NC 1999 Centralina Council of Governments

60 Water resource management Quality Growth Quality Communities Encourage communities to use nonstructural approaches to manage stormwater and protect water quality Site specific tools Regional approaches Watercolor, Florida

61 Types of regulations Quality Growth Quality Communities Community plans Zoning codes Subdivision ordinances Parking standards Design guidelines Capital improvement program Street design standards Storm water management guidelines

62 Quality Growth Quality Communities Quality Growth Quality Communities

63 Quality Growth Quality Communities Quality Growth Quality Communities

64 Next steps Refine the worksheet materials Worksheet Resources Pilot the worksheet Develop training material Pilot training Quality Growth Quality Communities Quality Growth Quality Communities

65 Contact Information Quality Growth Quality Communities Jane Fowler, Southeast Watershed Forum Liz Upchurch, Tennessee Valley Authority