63 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp (2018)

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1 63 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No., pp (08) HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL SPACE DESIGN ELEMENTS OF THE APPLICATION ACTIVATION DECISION TAKING THE BUILDING FACADE ON SHENNONG STREET IN TAINAN AS A CASE STUDY Wan-Fang Liu Chun-Ta Tseng Ping-Hung Kuo Wen-Chang Kuo 3, 4, * Department of Architecture National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan 70, R.O.C. Department of Industrial Design Tunghai University Taichung, Taiwan 407, R.O.C. 3 Department of Industry Engineering and Enterprise Engineering Tunghai University Taichung, Taiwan 407, R.O.C. 4 Department of Product Design Tung Fang Design University Kaohsiung, Taiwan 89, R.O.C. Key Words: historic buildings, building facade, decision-making, AHP. ABSTRACT Taking the building facade on Shennong Street in Tainan as a case study, this study assesses the design decision on its pattern. The research methods include the Delphi method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-eigenvector method (EM), and the Delphi hierarchy process (DHP). A total of 39 buildings (those which had been reconstructed or demolished were removed) were taken as the research cases. According to the analysis and evaluation of the selected facade patterns, the research method has the following important application benefits for the decision on and application of the design element of historic architectural space: () the AHP (EM) is simpler and more effective in obtaining the design elements of historic buildings; () the analysis of the top items in the comparison of AHP (EM) weights can place more emphasis on the focuses in decision-making; (3) the design features obtained with the AHP (EM) and the application tested by the DHP can lead to a more accurate evaluation of the design elements of the subjects. With the facades of the historic buildings on Shennong Street in Tainan City as the subjects, this study explores the current situation of the facades and adopts a classified definition and model combination perception test. With the AHP as the method evidence, it uses the AHP (EM) to obtain the pattern design elements, so as to put forward a design evaluation and application method that pays equal attention to the current situation and the elements of historic buildings. I. INTRODUCTION Historic buildings have the aesthetic value of being a modern public space design and are the cultural heritage of a living community. Consisting of cultural landscape, cultural route and intangible cultural heritage, they shape the cultural symbol of a historic community. In the 970s, James Jerome, an American cognitive psychologist, proposed the environment affordance, arguing that human must be able to perceive their spatial environments and feel it in its movement. *Corresponding author: Wen-Chang Kuo, koopoouoo@gmail.com

2 64 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No. In other words, the design evaluation foundation, which derived from interaction, is the affordance of the space design and activation reuse of historic buildings []. Therefore, how to acquire the evaluative tools, which includes the metropolitan space elements and cultural design features and objectively analyze overall features, and how to find out the affordance evaluation and application methods, which activates spatial environment, is extremely important for the renovation and decision evaluation of future urban space. With the facades of the historic buildings on Shennong Street in Tainan City as the subjects, this study explores the current situation of the facades and adopts classified definition and model combination perception test. With the AHP as the method evidence, it uses the AHP (EM) to obtain the pattern design elements, so as to put forward a design evaluation and application method which pays equal attention to the current situation and the elements of historic buildings. II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH PROCESS. Literature Review The current studies on the space activation of historic buildings can be classified into the following 7 types: () the space reuse of the cultural tourism; () the reuse of art and culture space; (3) the maintenance and management of architectural space; (4) community empowerment; (5) the preservation of buildings; (6) regional landscape; (7) historical verification. The following classification is based on the abstracts and research methods of the relevant literature: i. The space reuse of the Cultural Tourism: the measurement was based on literature review and users, and there was a questionnaire survey for the OT practitioners, planners and visitors; the descriptive statistics and the independent sample t test were employed []. ii. The Reuse of Art and Culture Space: The topics about the use of the art and culture space of old buildings were discussed. The literature investigation, the expert interview, and the questionnaire survey were conducted to probe into those topics [3]. iii. The Maintenance and Management of Architectural Space: The development of the space of historic buildings was discussed. The research methods of literature review, fieldwork and questionnaires, and expert interviews were adopted [4]. iv. Community Empowerment: A literature review was conducted to elaborate on the places of historic interest and community empowerment, and relevant arguments and management strategies were used to discuss the current situation of the cases [5]. v. The Preservation of Buildings: The preservation of historic buildings and the professionalism for the restoration were analyzed. The analytic methods were defined through literature review, and the Delphi method and the decision-making consensus value were used for the evaluation [6]. vi. Regional Landscape: Regional architectural landscape was taken as the subject. The current situation was analyzed to summarize the images of local landscape, which would be taken as the reference for future planning [7]. vii. Historical Verification: The importance of historical data was underlined. The analysis and demonstration were done through historical verification [8]. None of the above studies touched on the application of the design elements in the space design and activation of historic buildings. Hence, this study will be an essential reference for the future extraction of design elements from the space planning design of historic buildings.. Research Investigation and Process Shennong Street was taken as the subject of this study. Field investigation, facade drawing and pattern model were used to establish the research items, and the definition and classification of the facade design patterns were taken as the basis for the evaluation. The investigation involved two tasks: () investigate the main design elements of the facades; () collect the facade patterns: the facade materials, windows, entrances, and handrails on the first and second floors. The research process comprises 3 steps: () Facade space analysis: literature review as well as the classification and definition of facades; () Field work: field investigation and drawing; (3) integrated analysis: a) establish classification and definition; b) make the evaluation model graph; c) analyze the top items in the sorting of eigenvalues; and d) conduct the DHP retest. The research framework is shown in Fig.. III. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS During the Qing Dynasty, Shennong Street in Tainan was the busiest commercial street in Taiwan. More than 300 years ago, Taiwan and China's Xiamen trade mainly came in and out of this street. There are still many two-story wooden houses

3 Liu, W. F., C. T. Tseng, P. H. Kuo, & W. C. Kuo: Application of AHP Design Decision 65 Item design of the AHP expert questionnaire Selection of experts Description and definition of influencing items Expert question naire Establish the paired item matrix Calculate feature weight Failure in the test (C.R. > 0.) It indicates an error in consistency. Modify or delete the expert questionnaire Test on consistency (C.R. Value) Pass in the test (C.R. o.) Reach an acceptable level Sorting of feature weights (top items) DHP result analysis Fig. Research framework on Shennong Street today. The first floor is a storefront, and the second floor is a cargo warehouse. It is a well-preserved Old Street in Tainans old urban area. Shennong Street is located in the section between Hai an Road and Kangle Street in Tainan City. The whole street is long and narrow, with the facades on both sides adjacent to the street, and culture and life are integrated to form a half-closed life space. This means that streets also play a main role, and the street space has become an integral part of life [9]. This also shows that the subjects are full of abstract elements and diverse, uncertain properties. For that reason, the best-preserved 39 buildings were selected as the subjects. Meanwhile, the facade patterns of the first and second floors of the buildings on the street were taken as the subjects to obtain the feature factors of facade design and avoid the difference in property of analytic items. The drawings of the current facade patterns of the buildings are as follows (Fig. and Fig. 3).. Research Method In this study, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to decide on something uncertain and several evaluative norms. The AHP provides the objective mathematics to process the inescapably subjective and personal preferences of an individual or a group in making a decision [0]. The AHP approach was designed to help decision makers incorporate qualitative (intangible) and quantitative (tangible) aspects of a complex problem. It systematically solves complex problems by decomposing the structure of a problem into hierarchies and the users then make pairwise comparison judgments as to importance or preference to develop priorities in each hierarchy. After Thomas Saaty first introduced AHP in 976, the concept has gradually evolved through a number of applications as diverse as energy allocation []. To achieve the benefits of evaluative indexes, the DHP was employed to gather and delete views, for the method has the AHP-related evaluative hypotheses and the following three advantages: i. The Delphi method can gather and summarize the views of experts and scholars. ii. Sorting out views can reduce the subjectivity of decisions. iii. Giving the ability of group decision making to the model []. iv. Construct a set of pairwise comparison matrices. Each element at an upper level is used to compare the elements in the level immediately below with respect to it [3]. Urban architectural space is a structure of complex design, and its constituents include visible and invisible abstract elements; meanwhile, it involves such factors as history, cul-

4 66 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No rebuilt rebuilt Fig. Facade patterns of odd numbers (49-95) rebuilt demolished rebuilt rebuilt rebuilt Fig. 3 Facade patterns of odd numbers (56-98) CI n RI n max CR CI RI max CR a /5 /3 /7 /7 /7 a0.085 a /3 a0.99 a33 /5 5 /5 /5 a a4 /7 /5 /7 /5 /7 w a the weight of a7 was the highest, so it was chosen. a /3 a a6 7 /3 5 /3 /5 a a a Fig. 4 Calculation of feature value matrix ture, urban mechanism, and metropolitan plan. The decisionmaking and evaluation requires a research method that can establish decision-making principles, simplify design problems, and find design factors. The evaluative indexes include two parts. Part is the number of the selected facade patterns, and Part shows the number of the questionnaire Matrix weights. Meanwhile, the Matrix consistency was tested to obtain the pattern of the best weight reference design. After the weights were obtained, the Delphi Hierarchy Process (DHP) was adopted to collect the views of experts and scholars. The eigenvectors were consistent with the above evaluative data: a higher statistical weight () led to a higher evaluation. Take Fig. 4 for an example: a matrix (7 7) was used to obtain and CI/ CR (0.), which indicates consistency; when the matrix was converted into Matrix, the weight would be obtained.

5 Liu, W. F., C. T. Tseng, P. H. Kuo, & W. C. Kuo: Application of AHP Design Decision 67 A F Patterns of Facade Design Representatives (Code/Room Number) a0 49 a0 5 a03 59 a04 6 a05 65 a06 70 a07 7 B F Patterns of Facade Design Representatives (Code/Room Number) b0 55 b0 59 b03 67 b04 68 b05 69 b06 70 b07 80 b08 8 b09 7 b0 88 b 90 b 9 b3 9 b4 94 Fig. 5 Main design patterns of the facades on shennong street g Entrance design (Bb~b4) f Window design (Bb~b4) Facade of B F e Handrail design (Bb~b4) d Fandrail meterial design (Bb~b4) c Entrance design (Ac~Ac7) Facade of A F b Window design (Ac~Ac7) a Fandrail meterial design (Ac~Ac7) Fig. 6 Evaluation model of facade mode (Research methods using matlab software to calculate.). Classification and Definition of Subjects b5 b3 According to the facade patterns in Fig. and Fig. 3 and its situation at the time of the study of the first and second floors, 5 experts and scholars were invited for the classification and definition of the subjects. The patterns of the representatives on the two floors are as follows (Fig. 5): Seven evaluative items were summarized according to the patterns in Fig. 5: A F: a. facade material b. window c. entrance. B F: d. facade material e. handrail f. window g. entrance. The evaluation model draw (Fig. 6) was made as the analytic and arithmetic codes of matrix values. 3. Analysis of Feature Weights of the Evaluation Matrix According to the classification and definition of A F and B F, the number of test items was converted into the matrixes (7 7, 4 4) to seek the consistency of the weights. Moreover, the top data points selected with CI/CR were used for the comparison. Two general tables of the sorting of A Fig. 7 Aa F and B F expert weights were obtained through the calculation and integration of the results (Table and Table ). According to the above sorting, the best design pattern set of the facade on A F and B F was obtained (Table 3). The DHP test on the above results showed that there was consistency in the evaluation. The four design feature patterns of facades are as follows: i. Aa: The main materials were wood and washed stone, which fully revealed the special artistry of the construction materials in the past (Fig. 7).

6 68 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No. Table Sorting of a f aa/ab/ac in the expert questionnaire rank Aa Item Matrix max CR a4 7* a3 7* a4 7* a 7* a4 7* a 7* rank Ab Item Matrix max CR a3 7* a 7* a 7* a 7* a3 7* a3 7* rank Ac Item Matrix max CR a3 7* a3 7* a4 7* a6 7* a5 7* a5 7* Table Sorting of b f bd/be/bf/bg in the expert questionnaire rank Aa Item Matrix max CR b9 4* b 4* b 4* b6 4* b6 4* b9 4* rank Ab Item Matrix max CR b5 4* b5 4* b3 4* b8 4* b8 4* b6 4* rank Ac Item Matrix max CR b9 4* b9 4* b9 4* b3 4* b3 4* b6 4* rank Ac Item Matrix max CR b6 4* b0 4* b3 4* b3 4* b3/4 4* b4 4* Table 3 Comparison of the most representative design patterns on a f and b f on shennong street A B Evaluative Item Sorting Item Evaluative Item Sorting Item Aa a4/a3/a Bd b/b6/b9 Ab a/a4 Be b5/b3/b8/b6 Ac a3/a5/a6/a4 Bf b9/b3/b6 Bg b3/b4/b0/b6 ii. Ab: Standardization, geometry, order and balance were the main design patterns (Fig.8). iii. Be: Its design pattern was the best, dominated by continuity, rhythm, sign, proportion and order (Fig. 9).

7 Liu, W. F., C. T. Tseng, P. H. Kuo, & W. C. Kuo: Application of AHP Design Decision 69 a b9 B6 b5 b8 Fig. 8 Ab Fig. 9 Be a3 b3 b3 b6 simpler and more effective in obtaining the design elements of historic buildings. The analysis of the top items in the comparison of AHP (EM) weights can place more emphasis on the focuses in decision-making. The design features obtained with the AHP (EM) and the application tested by the DHP can lead to a more accurate evaluation of the design elements of the subjects. This study combines the AHP, Delphic and the DHP to form a new research method that can analyze the problems involving concrete and abstract uncertain factors. Besides, the research method can be used for setting resources in a decision on the space design of historic buildings and choosing a best alternative and will become an important and valuable design decision-making method. The suggestions for future studies are as follows:. For the application of the space activation decision and reuse of historic buildings, the pattern test can be repeated for accuracy, as is shown in the evaluative results.. The AHP-based space activation decision on historic buildings in this study can be applicable to such research topics as environment space and public space art to obtain different feature design rules and patterns. 3. The pattern sample combination can be used to seek a combination applicable to all kinds of spaces and make different test analysis and studies. REFERENCES a3 a5 b3 b4 Fig. 0 Bg iv. Bg: The pattern was standard, with proportion, order and balance as the benchmark (Fig. 0). IV. CONCLUSIONS By examining the building facades, the AHP (EM) is. Han, X., and P. Siostrom. 05. City Sense(s): Hidden Dimensions of Urban Design and the Making of Urban Places. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.. Lai, C. J. 05. The Study of How to Make the Historical Sites for Catering Usage in Changhua County. Master Thesis, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan. 3. Shie, Y. L. 04. A Study on the Adaptive Reuse of Fu- Sing Granary. Master dissertation, Da-Yeh University. 4. Lu, P. C. 04. A Study of Preservation and Reuse of Bo- Pi-Liao Historic District. Master Thesis, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. 5. Deng, Y. X. 03. Management and Revitalization of Historical Sites: A Case Study of Li Family Abode in Lu Zhou. Master Thesis, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan. 6. Chen, Y. C. 0. A Study on the Professional Competence in Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Historic Buildings. Master Thesis, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. 7. Pai, Y. T. 0. A Study of Landscape Architecture Re-

8 70 Journal of Technology, Vol. 33, No. search of Xinbeitou Hot Springs Area in Taipei City. Master Thesis, China University of Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan. 8. Han, S. S The Textual Methods for Historic Monuments and Buildings: A Case Study of the Official Residence Building of Former Tainan County Governor Built in Japanese Controlled Period. Master Thesis, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 9. Yoshinobu, A The Aesthetic Townscape. Translated and edited by P. T. Yin. Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House. 0. Saaty, R. W Decision-Making in Complex Environments: The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Decision- Making and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for Decision- Making with Dependence and Feedback. Pittsburgh: Super Decisions.. Gerdsri, N., and D. F. Kocaoglu Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Build a Strategic Framework for Technology Roadmapping. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 46 (7-8): doi: 0.06/ j.mcm Kia, A. H. Z., and M. M. Adeli. 04. Implementing AHP Approach to Select a Proper Method to Build High-rise Building (Case Study: Tehran). In Proceedings of International Symposium of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Washington, DC, 9 June- July 04: -. Washington, DC: ISAHP. 3. Saaty, T. L Decision Making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences (): doi: 0.504/IJSSci Manuscript Received: Oct. 7, 07 First Revision Received: Nov. 0, 07 Second Revision Received: Jan. 09, 08 and Accepted: Jan. 6, 08