VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

Transcription

1 VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN

2 The space required to accommodate services Translation into English: Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen Vitus Bering Centre for higher education

3 To the architect and the plumber This guidance is prepared by Teknologisk Institut, Energi in corporation with Arkitekthjælpen and Forsikring & Pension. The aim is to ensure the quality of technical installations of the house; this includes function, aesthetics and security for water damage and also a reasonable cost of construction. Before 1990 a normal single-family house contained about 240 hidden pipe joints, where the risk for water damages was very big. Since then a new generation of codes for services has been published. The codes are an excellent basis for technical installations, if the intensions are fulfilled. Unfortunately, experience shows that in many cases the intensions of the codes are not fulfilled. This means, that too often technical installations are made without required space, and these can subsequently not be maintained. We would like to call for you as architect, that you also include the technical installations of the building in the superior arrangements of the building, and call for you as plumber, that you make optimal use of the architect s planning for the placing of the installations. The following section marked with red is important for you as architect. The section marked with blue is special aimed for the plumber. Leon S Buhl Teknologisk Institut, Energi Translation into English Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education.

4 The guidance is prepared by Leon S. Buhl - Teknologisk Institut in corporation with a working group composed of: Sune Sandø - ArkitektHjælpen, Bent Jensen - Tryg-Baltica, Birgitte Nord - Alka Forsikring, Jens Winther - Topdanmark og Ole Harpøth - F&P. ISBN: The plan drawing of the frontpage is performed by Westergaard Arkitekter M.A.A., Vedelsgade 18C, 7100 Vejle. Layout og production PAJOR Reklamebureau.

5 Table of contents For the architect.. 6 Pipe work of the house 7 Plumbing in utility room or storeroom.. 8 Space conditions for bath and toilet 12 Sanitary equipment 13 Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 14 Kitchen. 15 Flue system from natural gas boiler 16 Check list for the architect 17 For the plumber.. 18 Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19 Space conditions for installations in utility room and boiler room. 20 Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 21 Pathways for pipe work 22 Space for insulation.. 23 Handling of pipe in pipe system.. 24 Principles for visible pipe installations 25 Principles for pipes in skirting casing. 26 Principles for manifold installations. 27 Principles for heating systems. 28 Floor heating.. 29 Principles for drainage installations 30 Boiler plant.. 31 Domestic hot water supply.. 32 Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33 District heating systems 34 Sanitary equipment 35 Machines for washing and dishwashing.36 Manifolds for domestic water Outlets for taps Manifolds for heating. 39 Floor drains. 40 Domestic water meter installation Heating meters for district heating.. 42 Check list for the certified plumber..43 Legislation for services. 46 Examples for thought 48

6 To the architect 6 This section contains information about space conditions and demands for function, which should be requested, in connection with arrangement of services in a single-family house. In the drawing are shown the rooms, in which space for plumbing equipment and installations normally should be established. Pipes In the floor construction you need space for: Domestic water supply of PEX pipe in pipe system or Domestic water supply of copper Heating pipes Floor heating pipes Drainage pipes Remember! Pipes leading heat must be insulated Utility room In the utility room you need space for following: Heating system Domestic hot water system Manifolds for heating and water system Flue from boiler system Meters for water and (heating) Visible pipe work The wet rooms of the house In toilet and bathroom you need space for: Possible manifolds for pipes Space between sanitary equipments Slope to floor drain To obtain the intentional quality in the technical installations, we recommend that this publication form part of the project material, and you as architect discuss the mentioned details with the certificated plumber, so that the necessary coordination between the work of architect and the work of plumbing is obtained. In the following part of this section the conditions, which are mentioned above, are supplemented with examples.

7 Pipe work of the house 7 Demands for the pipe installations Pipes for domestic water supply are made without joints. This means, that embedded joints in walls and floors are not allowed. Heating pipes could be made with embedded joints. However, we advise against not having replaceable joints in directly connected district heating installations. Heating pipes of plastic must be a type with oxygen membrane, so that no oxygen can penetrate the pipe wall and cause corrosion in steel parts. What is a pipe in pipe installation? When embedded joints in domestic water pipes are not allowed the installation is often made as a socalled pipe in pipe installation. This installation consists of an internal media pipe of PEX and an outside casing pipe. The media pipe and casing pipe go from manifold to every single tap without joints In new heating systems pipe in pipe installation is also used, as the media pipe and casing pipe are led from manifolds to every single radiator connection without joints. What's an oxygen membrane Plastic pipes for heating are supplied with a membrane on the surface or inside the pipe wall. The membrane is so tight, that no oxygen can penetrate the media pipe. Concerning oxygen membrane see page (29) Pipe in pipe installation. The installation consists of a media pipe and a casing pipe. The casing pipe has two purposes: 1. To be able to lead possible out leaking water out, so that it can be seen 2. To secure, that the media pipe later in connection with a possible damage can be replaced. Central heating pipes either as traditional placed in the floor, or as a pipe in pipe/manifold installation. Remember! Room/space for insulation, demands in BR

8 Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 8 The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, that we have space enough for all necessary pipe installations, which shall connect the equipments. The heating system The heating system can either be: Boiler for fuel or natural gas Heat exchanger for district heating Alternative heating up by bio-system or heat pump Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel or gas. Min. 60 cm for service in front of boiler. Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuel or gas. Min. 60 cm in front of the unit to make service possible. Heat exchanger for district heating. The heat exchanger is normally placed on the wall 1 meter above floor level.

9 Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 9 Manifolds for floor heating To day, many heating systems are designed as floor heating instead of traditional radiator systems. A floor heating system needs a regulation system with manifold, pump and automatic regulation equipment. Meter installation for domestic water supply A domestic water meter in the house is required. It's the office for domestic water supply, which decide and approve the placing of the meter. The meter shall be placed, so that it is easy to make inspections. Floor heating plant. Space ought to be set aside as shown in the drawing. In front of the manifold arrangement must be about 40 to 60 cm. Meter installation for district heating Space ought to be set aside as shown in the drawing. The meter must not be placed below tabletops or in cupboards or something like that. If the house is heated with district heating, space for an energy meter is needed. The office for district heating determines, where and how the meter must be placed. Meter for district heating. It is a demand, that the meter is placed, so that it is easy to read.

10 Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 10 Domestic hot water supply Domestic hot water supply can either be a traditional hot water store tank or, with district heating, a heat exchanger. Measurement in cm Measurement in cm Ordinary hot water store tank for central heating or district heating. The store tank is normally placed about cm above floor level concerning replacement of an anode from the bottom of tank. Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solar heating. The biggest part of the pipe installation is placed in the lowest part of the cabinet. Min. 60 cm free space in front of the tank should be set aside, to make it possible to reach the pipe installation lowest in the cabinet. Central heating supplied with fuel. In a lot of modern boiler units the hot water store tank is incorporated in the unit, and requires therefore no extra space. Boiler for natural gas. It s possible to get units, but it s common to place the hot water store tank just beside the boiler on the wall. If we use a hot water store tank prepared for solar heating, this tank requires more space than a traditional tank. Furthermore space is required for the pipe installations, because the tank is connected to solar heating, central heating and domestic water. It is to be expected, that future building regulations will make demands for tanks prepared for solar heating. It is not always allowed to use heat exchanger for heating up domestic hot water. Measurement in cm Besides the space for the domestic hot water exchanger space should also be set aside for the pipe connections below this. If the domestic water supply is a manifold system, space for the manifolds should also be set aside.

11 Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 11 Manifolds for domestic hot water supply Most of all installations to day are designed as manifold pipe systems, when the installation is hidden in floor or wall constructions. The reason is, that it is forbidden to have non-replaceable joints placed inside the building constructions. When the manifolds for the domestic water installation are placed, following demands shall be respected: Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaks from joints and media pipe are discovered at once. There must be tight sealing round the pipe coming up the floor. If the pipe installation is made of plastic pipes as pipe in pipe, the casing pipes have to be led up above the floor surface, so that possible out leaking water will be led out on a waterproof floor and not penetrating to the building constructions. The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easy to inspect and repair. A floor drain ought to be placed close to the manifold installation. Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water supply. About 50 x 50 x 20 cm should be sat aside for the manifold arrangement. Where PEX pipe in pipe system is used, the casing pipe shall be led 20 cm above the finished surface of the floor Furthermore space for leading domestic coldand hot water pipes to manifolds shall be set aside. Those pipes are normally placed visible from the water meter and the hot water equipment. Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typical fill up like shown in the drawing above. Remember! Domestic hot water pipes must be insulated.

12 Space conditions for bath and toilet 12 In case of long pipelines to bath and toilet room of the house, the manifolds could necessarily be placed in the rooms or in direct adjoining rooms. By placing manifolds in these rooms you should notice the following: Floor drain In bathrooms with space for shower, it's necessary to place a floor drain. It is important to establish sufficient depression and slope to the floor drain. The manifold must in the same way as in utility room - be placed, so that possible outleaking water will be discovered at once. Possible out-leaking water must not be able to damage the building constructions, but shall be led to floor drain. Cabinet for manifolds If it is planned in advance, it is possible to use special cabinets for manifolds. The manifold cabinet must have a waterproof bottom, so that possible water cannot penetrate the building constructions. Possible out-leaking water must only be able to flow out, where the floor is waterproof. Example on placing floor drain, so that necessary slope and depression will be obtained. Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which is incorporated in the wall construction. The bottom of the cabinet must be waterproof.

13 Sanitary equipment 13 When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatories and bathrooms, you must be sure about necessary space. In the following drawings are shown sketches with examples on space demands and distance conditions. In bathrooms for older people and handicapped, more space must be estimated. Wheel chairs must have a turning area with a radius of min. 1,5 m and best 1,7 meters. See BR-S98 *) Other measurements you can find in HFB, Håndbog for Byggeindustrien. Measurement in m Space requirement for different types of sanitary equipment. Measurement in m Example on space requirements in connection with lavatories for older people and handicapped. Measurement in m

14 Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 14 Definitions and demands for wet rooms Definitions on the wet room s wet zones are shown in the figures. The areas in the floor, where daily water influence shall be expected, must have slope towards floor drain and be without depressions. These areas are shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings. Moist zone Wet zone Measurement in mm The figures above show wet- and moist zones in connection with arrangement of showers. Moist zone Wet zone Measurement in mm Pipe penetrations in wet zones In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must be allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the membranes, these penetrations have to be made watertight. The figures above show wet- and moist zones in connection with bathtub and sink. These demands come from the building regulations BR 95 and BR-S 98. Further information: SBI-direction 189

15 Kitchen 15 In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchen sink with connected water- and drain installation. Furthermore, you need space to place an automatic dishwasher. For the automatic dishwasher you need waterand drain connection. If the automatic dishwasher doesn t have an incorporated security for water outflow, it must be placed on a waterproof bedplate, which secure, that water outflow is discovered at once. The drainage from the automatic dishwasher is connected to the drainpipe from the kitchen sink. The domestic water connection must be done with an approved flexible tube. If the automatic dishwasher doesn t have an incorporated security for water outflow, it must be placed on a waterproof bedplate.

16 Flue system from natural gas boiler 16 In connection with a gas boiler system it is important to make good planning of the flue system from the gas boiler. The solution above roof will be the best, because you will have no condensing problems on the outer wall. Very often, the flue can set up limits for the design of the boiler room or other rooms, where you want to place the boiler. In the following drawing are shown examples of possible flue systems from gas boiler systems. Gasreglement - Afnit A: Contains the demands for placing of flue system and for work with gas installations The local gas distribution company will make the final approval. Examples of possibilities for placing the flue system from gas boilers depending on their placing in the building.

17 Check list for the architect 17 Remember! Has space for scullery / boiler room been set aside, and does this have a size, which makes space for the components, that should be placed in the room? Description Utility room / boiler room should be able to contain following technical installations: Boiler or heat exchanger Hot water store tank or heat exchanger Manifolds with shunt system, regulating valves and pumps for floor heating or radiator system Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water supply, and perhaps circulation pump for domestic hot water. Inlets of service pipe for domestic water supply or district heating system, with the meters arrangement. Is scullery / boiler room and other installation heavy rooms placed in a way proportional to each other, that will give the shortest possible pipe routing. Long pipe routing means that: Possibility for circulation on domestic hot water supply Possible renewing of media pipe can be more difficult. Is utility room / boiler room placed in a way in the building, so that it s possible to make chimney or flue system and maybe openings for fresh air for the boiler. For gas boiler systems the following have to be fulfilled: Either horizontal or vertical flue system should be possible to establish. Vertical system is best. Maybe openings for combustion air, but it depend on choice of boiler system. Is it possible to place manifolds other places in the building outside the utility room or boiler room, and is it possible to get a quick report if leaks occur. The following must be fulfilled: If a manifold cabinet is placed in the wall construction, the cabinet must have a watertight bottom. Manifolds must not be hidden in cupboard plinths or recesses in floor construction after being installed. Have pathways for the installations been taken into consideration, and are these sufficient for the installations? Space for the pipe installation must be available inclusive the necessary insulation, therefore remember: The Insulation of the pipes can increase the diameter with mm Distance between the insulated pipes must be min. 50 mm. Pipes placed in building constructions must not heat up or cool down each other.

18 To the plumber 18 This section contains information about the installation technical conditions, which shall be met in connection with planning and execution of the pipe installations of the single-family house. Already in the outline phase of the plan solution the architect has made a lot of lay out proportions, which you have to continue working from. It s your job to ensure, that the final installations fulfil the demands, given in valid regulations and different codes, and that the installations work all right. From the drawing appears, where you especially shall be careful, when you plan and execute the pipe installations. Pipe work In wall- and floor constructions following pipes can be built in: Domestic water pipes made of plastic as pipe in pipe system. Domestic water pipes made of copper. Outlets for taps. Heating pipes. Floor heating pipes. Drainage pipes. Utility room In the utility room following pipes and components ought to be placed: Heating system for the house. Domestic hot water system Manifolds for heating and domestic water supply system. Meters for domestic water supply and possible meter for district heating system. Lavatory and bathroom In separate lavatory and bathroom, following should be taken into consideration: Pipes and pipe penetrations in wet zones. Floor drains placed in shower pit. Distances between sanitary equipment. Placing of possible manifolds.

19 Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19 Principles for renewing The Danish code of practice for domestic water supply distinguishes between renewable installations and non-renewable installations. Domestic water installations must be made without joints in the non-renewable part of the installation. However it is allowed to make parts of the installation as nonrenewable, when copper pipes or stainless steel pipes are used. PEX-pipes could be embedded in floor or wall without a casing pipe, if these are only used for domestic cold water. The Danish code of practice for domestic water supply defines renewable pipes in the following way: Renewable installations are installations, which are accessible for repair without doing any harm to the building constructions. How do you evaluate if a pipe is renewable? The most important factor, when you have to decide, if a pipe is renewable, is not so much the installation technical aspects, as the respect for the building itself. If renewing of a pipe demands demolition of walls or breaking up floors, the pipe is nonrenewable. The pipe is renewable; if it is visible or if it is accessible for renewing by removing a cover by unscrewing few screws. In case a pipe is insulated the demand about renewing is valid for the whole pipe construction that is for pipe and insulation. Non-renewable pipe installations are installations, which only can be repaired by performing an operation in the building constructions. Examples on renewable installations

20 Space conditions for installations in utility room and boiler room 20 The technical installations are normally placed in utility room or boiler room. The room shall be designed in a way, with sufficient space for all necessary components and additional control and service. There must furthermore be placed a floor drain or other drains, so that water from high-pressure safety valves and water from draining the systems can be led to the drainage installation. Boiler room with the most important equipment for technical installations. Besides the components themselves, space for the necessary pipes and smaller components as pumps etc. have to be set aside. A waterproof floor must be casted below boilers and store tanks placed directly on the floor, so that out flowing water not penetrates the floor construction in this place. Solar heating Notice, that a hot water store tank prepared for solar heating normally takes more space than an ordinary domestic hot water store tank. Furthermore a hot water store tank prepared for solar heating requests more pipe connections as solar heating pipes, extra circulation pump and pressure expansion tank. See also the pages 10, 31 and 32 Utility room or boiler room should be able to contain following components and additional pipe installations: Boiler or heat exchanger for heating up the building. Store tank or heat exchanger for domestic hot water supply. Manifolds with shunt arrangement, regulation valves and pumps for floor heating or system with radiators. Manifolds for domestic water supply (coldand hot water, maybe also circulation on hot water). Inlet of service pipes for domestic water supply and district heating incl. meters Wash machine and tumble dryer.

21 Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 21 Definitions and demands for wet rooms Definitions on wet room zones are shown on the figures. The areas in the floor, where daily water influence shall be expected, must have slope towards floor drain and be without depressions. These areas are shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings The figures above show wet- and moist zones in connection with arrangement of showers. The marked area shows, where the floor must have a slope towards the floor drain. No penetrations with vertical pipes are allowed in wet zone. The figures above show wet- and moist zones in connection with bathtub and sink. If a hand shower is placed in connection with washbasin, a floor drain must be placed inside the marked area, and slope must be made to this. No penetrations with vertical pipes are allowed in the wet zone. Pipe penetrations in wet zones In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must be allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the membranes, these penetrations have to be made watertight. Demands from BR95 and BR-S98 Further information: SBI-anvisning 189

22 Pathways for pipe work 22 In connection with the pathways for the pipes it is important to ensure, that sufficient space for every single pipe and the legal insulation is present. Pipes always have to be done inside the thermal insulation of the building, so that heat loss will benefit the building, and so that the pipes are not expose to frost. This means, that the pipes always have to be placed inside the insulation of the building. Space requirements for pipes incl. insulation. In rooms, where visible pipes are placed below the ceiling, it will be necessary with a headroom of min. 1,9 m. Pipes must be placed inside the insulation of building. BR-demand of headroom below pipes.

23 Space for insulation 23 Where heat-leading pipes are placed in the building components you must have space for not only every single pipe but also the insulation. Normally the insulation increases the pipe diameter with mm. Pipes for a single radiator don t need to be insulated in the same room as the radiator, if a thermostatic valve is mounted on the radiator. The distribution pipes for more radiators always have to be insulated. Necessary thickness of pipe insulation for heating- and domestic water pipes. Heating pipes of copper mm. Heating pipes of steel 15 mm. Domestic water pipes of copper mm. Domestic water pipes of steel 20 mm. The domestic hot water pipes, which only supply one tap, should not be insulated inside the room, where the tap is placed. Outside the room the pipe have to be insulated. Domestic hot water pipes, which lead water for more taps always have to be insulated. Pipes for a single radiator don t need to be insulated in the same room as the radiator, if a thermostatic valve is mounted on the radiator. Pipes for heating and domestic hot water, that are placed between two layers of insulating in a floor construction and not placed too close to each other, can be considered as legal insulated. Are domestic coldwater pipes led together with hot water and heating pipes, the distance between these should be made, so that you don t get the cold water heated. Domestic hot water pipes in the same room as tap, don t need to be insulated. Heating pipes can be placed inside the insulation in ground deck in connection with new buildings as shown in the drawing.

24 Handling of pipe in pipe system 24 In connection with the pipe laying and the handling of pipe in pipe system for heating and domestic water it has to be ensured, that these are laid and fixed so, that the media pipe later can be renewed. This means in practice, that: The pipes must be fixed No sharp bendings on the pipes pipe All bendings and change of direction shall be done with soft curves. Fixing can be done with special steel clamps, which do not compress the casing pipe flat. When entering the wall or leading above the floor construction it is very important, that the bending radius isn t too small. Therefore it will be suitable to use special bending-clamps in these places. The drawing shows bending clamps that are used outside the casing pipe and ensure the right bending radius. Remember! All pipes with hot liquid must be insulated. When entering the wall you can either use bending-clamps, which give media-pipe and casing pipe the correct bending radius, or you can use components, as shown above. For both types it s important, that the media pipe following can be drawn out from the casing pipe. Casing pipes can be fixed to the floor construction with special cable clips. The cable clips must not compress the casing pipes, so that the media pipe can t be drawn out.

25 Principles for visible pipe installations 25 Visible pipe installations are typically used in utility room, boiler room and basement. Normally it will be necessary to connect the different components as boiler, store tank and manifolds by means of visible pipe work. Demands for insulation of visible pipes. Technical installation as heating and domestic hot water must always be insulated according to the Building Regulations. If the pipes are placed in places, where walking below them should be possible, the Building Regulations have a demand, that the headroom shall be 1,9 meter below the pipes (incl. insulation). It s important already in design and planning of the pipe pathways to consider, that pipes, which have to be insulated, take more space than non-insulated pipes. The table shows pipes incl. insulation. Pipes that are placed visible must be suspended in a way that makes it possible to insulate them.

26 Principles for pipes in skirting casing 26 Skirting cases and prefabricated panels for pipes. In case it is necessary to place the pipes inside the room, but visible pipes are not desired, then it is possible to hide the pipes behind skirting cases. When this pathway is chosen, the pipes will still be replaceable, but not visible. Lots of prefabricated panels are in trade, and it s possible to use skirting cases of wood as a partly integrated part of the building constructions. Pipe installations led along the floor in a skirting panel. Service shafts Pipe installations led along the ceiling inside a pipe panel. It is not common to use service shafts in single-family houses. In buildings with 1½ storey it will in some cases be necessary to find a vertical pathway for parts of the installation placed inside a service shaft.

27 Principles for manifold installations 27 Manifold installations are chosen where domestic water installations should be hidden on their way to the taps. The manifold installation can either be made as replaceable or non-replaceable, depending on the pipe material that is chosen. The manifold system have 3 principal factors: 1. The manifolds that are connected domestic cold- and hot water. Manifolds must be placed centrally, and in a way, that possible leaks will be discovered at once, before essential damage is made on building constructions. 2. Pipes without joints in building constructions. The pipes can either be copper pipes or PEX-pipes. 3. Outlets in wall for taps. In connection with the taps the joints must be replaceable. Outlets in the wet zone must be tight, so that no water can penetrate into the building constructions. Pipe work in floor construction. If copper pipes are used, these could be nonreplaceable. If PEX-pipes are used, these must be led in casing pipes. Se also the pages 11, 12, 17, 37 and 50 Manifolds in connection with domestic hot water supply. The connected pipes can either be copper pipes or PEX- pipes. Outlet in wall construction. The used principles for joints must be replaceable for both copper and PEX-pipes.

28 Principle for heating systems 28 Pipe installations for a heating installation in a building will normally be partly visible in utility room and boiler room, but will from there be made as hidden and most often non-replaceable. The most common thing to do is to place the pipe installation in the floor construction, and from there lead up the pipes to every single radiator Pipe work from radiator to radiator without joints in floor construction. Building regulation and code of practice for heating systems have no demands for replaceable pipes and no hidden joints. But it s mentioned, that hidden joints are not sufficient in district heating systems with directly connection. A lot of heating installations are nowadays made so that the pipes are led in unbroken length as nonreplaceable in the floor construction, while all joints are made as replaceable in connection with the connections to for example radiators or manifolds. Concerning oxygen diffusion: see page 34 Pipes are led from radiator to radiator without joints in the floor construction. The installation can either be made of copper pipes or plastic pipes with oxygen membrane. Pipe work in floor construction with joints Pipe work from manifolds to every single radiator without joints in floor The installation can either be made of steel pipes or copper pipes. The joints are placed below the floor, which is legal, but not the best solution. By directly connected district heating systems this solution is not recommended, because leaks can give big damages in the constructions. Pipes are led unbroken from a centrally placed manifold to every single radiator without hidden joints. The installation can either be made of copper pipes or plastic pipes with oxygen membrane. Manifolds must be placed above floor.

29 Floor heating 29 Floor construction and floor heating The floor construction for floor heating must fulfil BR. demands for U-values. However, it is at the same time advisable, doing extra insulation to minimize the heat loss downwards. Normally this can be done with 25 % extra insulation. Pipes for floor heating in concrete floors must be placed in a dept of 6-10 cm in the finished concrete slap. In a wood construction the pipes are placed just below the floor covering. The pipes are often placed on heat distributing plates of aluminium. The manufacturer of the wooden floor should be consulted regarding risk for following damages in the wooden floor. The floor heating installation can either be made of plastic pipes (PEX, PP or PB) or copper pipes. Other materials are not recommended. Structure of a floor heating construction with the pipes placed in a wooden floor. The floor heating installation will normally be able to heat the dwelling by a heat-forward temperature of o C. If the floor heating installation is made of plastic pipes, these should be a type with an oxygen stop, which prevents absorption of oxygen through the pipe wall. The oxygen stop can either be a nylon covering placed outside the pipe, or an aluminium casing placed in the middle of the pipe wall. Pipes with oxygen stop are normally signed like this: DIN 4726/9 SAUERSTOFFDICKT. Structure of pipes with oxygen membrane. Placing of floor heating pipes in casted floor construction.

30 Principles for drainage installations 30 The drainage installations in the building are normally placed, so that a minimum of inconvenience is obtained. Drainage installations in a single family house In houses with one ground floor the drainage pipes are normally placed in ground deck below the building, and led up to every single sanitary object. The drainage must be led out of the building with a minimum depth of 0,75 m from garden level to the inside bottom level of pipe. In buildings with more storeys, it will normally be necessary to lead the pipes through one or more rooms. Often the pipes could be led in a shaft or pipe recess. If drainpipes are passing living rooms or kitchen, you should either choose a pipe material that muffles the noise, or the pipes should be placed in a sound insulated shaft. The Building Regulations give demands for maximum sound level. In single family houses the local authorities will often make demands, so that the drain installation have to be ventilated above roof, instead of using a vacuum valve. The demand is given to ventilate the main sewer. Drainage installation placed in ground deck below the building. Drainage installation in buildings with 1½ storey In buildings with 1½ storey, it s necessary to find a pathway for possible installations in 2. storey.

31 Boiler plant 31 Boiler plants for oil heating should be placed in utility / boiler room. Chimney or outlet from the boiler together with necessary ventilation in the room must be established to cover the need of fresh air for the system. Pipes and chimney passing inflammable material must not give higher temperatures than 80 o C on the material. Gas fired boilers are also placed in utility / boiler room. By gas fired boilers it s important to place boiler, so that discharge can be established to flue or chimney. Flue can be established horizontal through the outer wall, but notice problems with condensation and product of combustion. Demands for gas systems and flue systems see Gasreglement, afsnit A. Furthermore you should have a possibility for fresh air supply to the boiler room, this must be uncloseable. Fuel- or gas fired unit (boiler + hot water store tank) with incorporated equipment in cabinet. The height of a boiler can vary from m depending on manufacturer and type. In order to allow future service you must have a free space in front of boiler of cm. Notice!! If the boiler is placed standing on the floor, the floor below must be waterproof, so that out flowing water cannot penetrate the floor construction. Fuel- or gas fired boiler with external mounted burner. In order to allow future service you must have a free space in front of boiler of cm. Gas fired boiler placed on wall. The boiler is typical placed cm above floor level. Wall placed boilers normally have balanced flue system (double pipe). Requires space below boiler for pipe work.

32 Domestic hot water supply 32 Domestic hot water store tank The store tank must be placed in a room with drainage, so that water outflow from safety valve can be led off. Furthermore, the tank shall be placed, so that it s possible to empty the tank without damaging the building constructions. The size of a hot water store tank depends on the type of heating system. Recommended sizes are shown in the following table: The table is valid for single-family houses. Heating system Gas fired Fuel fired District heating Solar heating Number of litres litre litre litre litre For guarantee reasons the manufacturer have demands about, that tanks with anode must have control and possible replacement of the anode every second year. Tanks prepared for solar heating Traditional domestic hot water tank connected a central heating system. The tank is placed on the wall next to heating boiler either horizontal or vertical. Common tank size litres. If the tank is a solar heating tank, the volume should typical be litres. In connection with the tank you need space for replacement of the anode. Space for service and repair is very important in solar heating systems as well as other systems. Tanks prepared for solar heating require more space than other tanks. The tank is bigger and more space for pipe work is necessary. It has to be expected; that the Building Regulations in the future give demands about installation of solar prepared heating tanks. Domestic hot water store tank placed in bottom of unit for fuel or gas firing. This placing is normal for modern boiler units. In front of the unit must be space for service and repair. The tank size in this type of unit is typical litres.

33 Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33 Heat exchangers for domestic water for district heating can be placed in a unit, which contains both heat exchangers for the central heating system and for domestic hot water. In connection with the heat exchanger should space be set aside below this for pipe installations, just as space for future service of the exchanger inside the cabinet should be set aside. Domestic water heat exchangers must be placed in room with drainage for the overflow from the safety valve of the system. The drainage possibility could be a funnel, which above a water trap is connected to the drainage installation. If the domestic hot water tank is connected either solar heat or district heating the connection must take place to a special branch to ensure, that the stratification in the tank will not be destroyed. For the sake of the energy economy a timer should be mounted in connection with the pump. If the taps are placed a long distance from each other, it can be necessary to establish circulation on domestic hot water system. This will be the case, if it takes more than 10 seconds for the hot water to reach the farthest tap. The pump for circulation is normally placed in connection with the hot water supply. Domestic water heat exchanger for district heating will often be built together with the ordinary district heating exchanger, so that all components are built into the same cabinet. If the system is made as a split system, the heat exchanger for domestic water will be placed and operated by it self. If the system is made of copper pipes, the pump must not be too big. This will cause too high a water velocity and from that the following risk for corrosion. If the water system is designed as a manifold system, there is normally no need for circulation, because the waiting time is less than 10 seconds.

34 District heating systems 34 Heat exchangers for central heating can in principle be placed other places than in utility / boiler room, but according to BR., code for drainage and code for domestic water supply there must be drainage for the overflow from the safety valve of the installation. The drainage can be a floor drain or other suitable sanitary object. The district heating system can either be made as a split system, where the single components are built together for a finished installation on site, or as a finished unit that contains all components. You have to notice, that the different district heating distribution companies make different demands for the components and types that are set up in exactly their district heating area. This can typically be demand on use of heat exchanger or use of pressure regulation valve. As well different demands could often be made in connection with placing and installation of meters for district heating. Split systems require more space than units, but often it will be possible to arrange the space in the room, so that pipe installations to connect other components will be simpler. Split system for directly connected district heating. Split system build up with two heat exchangers one for central heating and one for domestic hot water. Instead of a heat exchanger for domestic hot water a hot water store tank could be used. Example on a unit system including all necessary components.

35 Sanitary equipment 35 All installation objects require supply of domestic cold and or hot water. The installations require also connection to the drainage installation. The installation objects must be VA-approved. The installation must according to the Building Regulations be made according to DS 432, (Code for drainage installations), and DS 439, (code for water installations). When the installation objects are placed in lavatory and bathroom it must be ensured, that the space is sufficient. In the following drawings are shown sketchily examples on space requirement and distance conditions. Measurement in m Space requirement for different types of installation objects. In bathrooms, intended for older and handicapped people, more space must be figured out. Wheel chairs must have a turning area with a radius of at least 1,5 meters and rather 1,7 meters. Measurement in m Examples on space requirement in connection with toilets for older and handicapped people. Normally the architect will take this into account in connection with the plan solution. Measurement in m

36 Machines for washing and dishwashing 36 The washing machine of the dwelling is placed in utility room or bathroom. The machine requires connection for domestic water and connection to the drainage installation. The washing machine can either have its own drainage installation with water trap or be connected to drainage of another installation object, e.g. floor drain or similar. flood securing The dishwasher is placed in the kitchen or utility room of the dwelling. The machine requires connection for domestic water and a connection to the drainage installation. The drain can either be connected to the drain of the kitchen- or utility sink, or be led to an independent drain above a water trap. Demands are made about, that washing machines and dishwashers must be placed on a waterproof bedplate, in case they are not provided with a special securing against out streaming water. The bedplate could possible be an underlay, which leads possible out streaming water forward in front of the machine. Flood securing that interrupt the water supply by abnormal water streams e.g. by hose leaks. Machines with special securing can be placed anywhere. Washing machines and dishwashers that are sold in Denmark must be approved according to EN solenoid valve Hose connections for washing machines and dishwashers must be VA-approved, and must not have a length exceeding 2 meters. The hose must be with factory-mounted couplings. Flood securing based on level control in bedplate below washing machines and dishwashers and also shut-off by means of solenoid valve.

37 Manifolds for domestic water 37 For manifold installations are used either copper pipes or plastic pipes led in casing pipes. Manifolds for domestic water must be VA-approved. The manifolds have to be placed, so that possible leaks in the pipes or joints will be discovered at once, e.g. if water flows up from the casing pipe. To ensure that there is a correct report in connection with a possible leak, the casing pipes in pipe in pipe systems should be led at least 20 cm up above finished floor. The floor around the pipes must be tight. The manifolds must be placed, so that it is possible unhindered to inspect them. This means, e.g. that they must not be placed in the plinth of a cupboard or in a recess in the floor construction. Measurement in cm Necessary space conditions for installation of manifold installations for domestic water- In connection with the placing of the manifolds it has to be ensured, that sufficient space around the pipes will be present, so that the installation later can be controlled and possible service be made. If the manifolds are placed in a cabinet in the wall, the cabinet must have a solid and waterproof bottom, so that possible out-leaking water cannot penetrate to the wall. Embedded water pipes must be made without joints. Measurement in cm Where the installation is made with PEX-pipes in casing pipes, it must be secured, that the casing pipe is at least 20 cm above the finished floor, and the concrete must be casted tight around the pipes. Where the manifolds are placed in a cabinet, this must have a waterproof bottom.

38 Outlets for taps 38 Depending on which material that is used for the pipe installation there are different solution models in connection with outlets in the wall construction. Following from the Building Regulations must be remembered: In the water charged part of a wet room pipe penetrations are not allowed. Walls and wall coverings and also joints, connections, pipe penetrations and alike must be waterproof in the water charged part of the room. These rules make special demands for the pipe penetrations, which necessarily must be made e.g. in connection with a shower niche, a bathtub etc. By the penetration of the membrane of the wall tightness must be re-established like the original. There are several solutions, which fulfil this. Is the installation made as pipe in pipe installation with PEX-pipes, a solution as the here shown could be used, also if it is a lightweight construction. The shown solution form part of a membrane, which secures, that no water can penetrate into the wall. The joint between PEX-pipe and coupling takes place inside the coupling box, and by a possible leak the out flowing water will be led through the casing pipe forward to the manifold. It is possible to separate the coupling box, so that later can get access to the coupling and possibly replace this one. Where the pipe installation is made as manifold installation with copper pipes, a solution as the here shown could be used also in connection with a plasterboard wall construction. The solution form part of more than rubber seal rings, also a membrane that secures, that no water can penetrate into the wall. The joint between copper pipe and coupling takes place outside the wall construction. By a possible leak the out flowing water will be led outside the wall construction.

39 Manifolds for heating 39 In connection with manifolds for heating there are no demands for placing and report by leaks. The manifolds should however be placed in the same way as manifolds for domestic water. The manifold consists of a main pipe with connection possibilities for the pipes, which are led forward to the single components or installation object. Pumps and automatics In connection with the placing of manifolds for heating- and floor heating installations, there should be besides the demands for space conditions for the manifolds and pipe connections space also for pumps, valves and automatics. Manifold central intended for floor heating system in the whole building. There will be both a pump and temperature control for every single floor-heating circle. Manifolds intended for central heating with radiators. The pipes are led from the manifold forward to every single radiator. Soft steel pipes, copper pipes or PEX-pipes with membrane could be used. Manifolds intended for a smaller floor heat installation.

40 Floor drains 40 It is important, that sufficient slope towards the floor drain is made. You do not need floor drains in bathrooms and in rooms with taps that are not placed above an installation object or a floor drain. The floor drain should be placed, so that it subsequently is easy to clean it. You have to ensure, that the chosen floor drain type fits the actual floor construction. The floor drain must be mounted according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The height siting must be OK and membranes etc. correctly mounted. Connections to the side inlets in the floor drain must be made with VA-approved connection nipples. Not used side inlets must be corked up. Floor drains placed in a concrete floor must be led to the surface of the floor. Floor drains that are placed in a light floor construction must be secured, so that they can stand the vertical loads, which arise, when you walk on the floor. Floor drains in light constructions must be secured, so that they can stand, that you walk on them. There must be sufficient slope towards the floor drain, and no depressions are allowed. By connection of side inlets must be used VAapproved connection couplings. Not used side inlets must be corked up.

41 Domestic water meter installation 41 All domestic water installations must nowadays be provided with a meter for the water consumption. It is the local water supply company that must approve the placing of the meter. The installed meter is property of the supply company. The domestic water meter must be installed, so that it is easy to read and replace it. This means, that it must not be placed in cupboards, below tables and similar. Regular reading of the water meter can ensure the user against leaks and water waste. In the following sketches are shown the space demands, which are made for placing of a water meter. In single cases the water supply company accept, that the water meter is placed in a meter well outside the building, but in general the demand is, that it should be placed inside the building. The meter must be placed, so that it will not subsequently be exposed for damage. Placing of domestic water meter in room. It is important, that the meter can be read and replaced. a. max. 0,4 m b. min 1,0 m for pipe dimensions up to 32 mm b. min. 1,8 m for pipe dimensions bigger than 32 mm c. min. 2 x meter dimension The above drawing states the distances, which are necessary to be able to replace the meter and to ensure, that this will not be kept in press.

42 Heating meters for district heating 42 In buildings heated with district heating, you must install a meter for the district-heating consumption. It is the district heating contractor, who decides the placing and type of meter. A lot of district heating units have been prepared for a meter, which will satisfy the demands of the districtheating contractor. If a split system is made, the meter should be built in with sensors according to a drawing that will be delivered from the heating contractor. Most meters that are used for settling of the district heating consumption are electronic, and in certain areas are used meters, which can be read in a cupboard outside the building in the same way as electricity consumption. The heating meter inclusive the necessary pipes will normally require space as shown in the drawings. Space demands for pipe installation around meter and sensors All measures in mm Space demands in connection with the meter and the pipe installations, when the meter is placed on the wall.

43 Check list for the certified plumber 43 By planning of the installation Remember Are main components placed, so that they subsequently can be repaired? Description At least 60 cm must be set aside in front of oil and gas heated systems for service. Space must be made, so that the anode of the domestic hot water tank can be replaced. Pumps and automatics must be able to get service. Are manifolds for domestic hot water placed, so that they give report about possible leaks? Manifolds must be placed, so that they can be inspected without difficulty. The casing pipes must be finished at least 20 cm above floor surface, so that possible out-flowing water is discovered at once. Will the chosen systems for the domestic water installation fit the wet room constructions in the water charged zone? (SBI 180 and supplement to BRS-98) Vertical pipe penetrations must not be found in the water charged zone. Outlets for taps must fit the chosen wall construction. Have floor drains been chosen, so that they fit the floor construction especially in the water charged zone? In floor constructions with membranes the floor drain must be fit for building into these. Possible make control with the manufacturer s directions for the floor drain. Have material combinations for domestic water installations been chosen, so that they later will generate corrosion damages? Copper pipes always have to come after galvanized steel pipes. Change between copper and steel in the main pipe must be provided with an ion trap. Stainless steel only should be used, if the chloride content in the water is < 150 mg/l. Have the main pathways been chosen, so that possible heat loss from the pipes will benefit the building. Main pipes must be placed inside the weather screen of the building, this means inside the insulation. Main pipes should not be placed in attics and inside crawl space. If this nevertheless is the case, they must be insulated inside the weather screen.

44 44 Have the pathways been planned and projected, so that they make allowance for the installations that have to be led forward? Domestic hot water pipes and heating pipes must be insulated against heat loss. The insulation increase the pipe diameter with about 60 mm. Domestic cold water pipes must be secured against heating up either by insulation, or by placing away from hot water pipes. The insulation increases the diameter with about 60 mm. By execution of the installation Remember Are main components as boiler and hot water tank placed on the finished floor covering? Description The floor covering must be led totally in below the boiler and tank, so that possible out flowing water from safety valve etc. cannot penetrate into the floor construction. Have manifolds for domestic water been placed and mounted, so that possible leaks can be discovered at once? Manifolds must not be hidden in toe recess for cupboards etc. Manifolds must be placed, where you have a finished floor covering, so that possible water from the casing pipe will be discovered at once. The casing pipes must be led about 20 cm up above floor surface and tight casted around, so that out flowing water is discovered at once. Have material combinations for domestic water installations been made, so that they later will generate corrosion damages? Have copper pipes been installed after galvanized steel pipes? Are changes between copper/steel in the main pipes made with ion trap? When stainless steel pipes are used, the chloride content must be examined. Are the floor drain construction correctly made according to the manufacturer s directions? Slope towards the floor drain is needed. PVC coverings must not bulge around the floor drain. Connections to side inlets must be made with approved connection coupling. No distance between floor drain and grating is allowed. Is the pipe in pipe installation with PEX-pipes for domestic water laid out and fixed, so that it is possible to replace the media pipe later? The casing pipe must be led at least 20 cm up above floor surface by manifolds and must be tight casted around. The installation must be fixed in straight sections The casing pipe must not have breaks or be squeezed flat. There must be sufficient bending radius, where the installation is bended.

45 45 Have floor-heating pipes been made and fixed, so that no damages can take place in connection with the casting of the floor? The floor-heating pipes should normally be laid out on a steel reinforcement net. They are fixed either with special binding wire or with finished clips. In certain finished systems the pipes are pressed down in traces in insulation plates. Have correct coupling boxes / wall penetrations for domestic water in water charged zones been used? If you have a demand on a membrane in the wall construction, where the coupling box / wall penetration penetrate this, a coupling box must be used or a penetration with built in membrane. Has it been secured, that penetrations of the wet room membranes have not taken place in connection with mounting of other components? Pipe holders for visible pipes must not be screwed through the wet room membranes. Are the pipe installations placed, so that renewable pipes later can be replaced? Replaceable pipes must be placed in a pathway, so that it is possible to remove cover plates or similar without doing any harm to the building constructions. Casing pipes must be laid out and fixed, so that they have no breaks or similar, that do, that the media pipe cannot be drawn out later. Are the pipe installations placed in their pathways, so that make reports by possible leaks? If pipes are placed in pipe panels, shafts or similar, they must be made, so that out flowing water is discovered at once. Is the size of the chosen pathway sufficient for the chosen pipe installation? The outline of the pathway must be, so that you have space for legal insulation of the pipe installation. This means for smaller pipes, that the outside pipe diameter will be 2 3 times bigger. Are the heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes regular insulated? Heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes that are used, as distribution pipes always have to be insulated.

46 Legislation for services 46 By planning of new installations it is important, that existing codes of practice and directions are respected. In this section are explained about the regulations, codes of practice and directions, which must be followed in connection with projecting and execution of services. The Building law The Building law is the administrative law that regulates all building activity in Denmark. The Building law doesn t give direct rules about, how the building activities should be planned and carried out. In chapter 5 of the law is referred to, that the Ministry of Housing can work out a Building Regulation, and that this must be based on existing standards and codes of practice within the building activity. The Building Regulations BR 95 & BRS 98 At present we have two valid building regulations, the ordinary building regulation, BR 95 and the regulation for small houses BRS 98. In both regulations are special sections, which specify conditions in relation to the services of the building. In BR 95 it is chapter 12 of the regulation, which refer to codes of practice and directions for services. In BRS 98 it is chapter 7, which refer to codes of practice and directions for services. In both regulations are, besides references to different codes of practice, some direct rules, that have relation to services. One of the most essential in this connection is the condition for penetrations by installations in the water charged part of a wet room. BR d and BRS d say: In the water charged part of the room must not be made pipe penetrations in the floor. In the following are mentioned codes of practice from Ingeniørforeningen Danmark and Dansk Standard. From the regulations is referred to these codes, which at present are the codes that are valid for installations in the building activities. DS 432, Code of practice for drainage installations This code gives the rules for design and installation of drainage installations in buildings and below ground in private property. DS 439, Code of practice for water installations This code gives the rules for design and execution of water installations in buildings and below ground in private property. A substantial condition that is stated in this code is, that it is not allowed to have joints in the non-replaceable part of a water pipe. DS 452, Code of practice for thermal insulation of technical installations This code gives the rules for insulation of the installations that are placed in the building. This code could have meaning in relation to the space conditions for the different installation objects. DS 469, Code of practice for heating systems with water as heat conducting fluid This code gives the demands for the thermal indoor climate and rules for design and execution of heating systems in buildings. Arbejdstilsynets publications no. 42 and 58 In these publications are given the demands for security equipment and safety pipes in heating systems. These conditions could have meaning for boiler and service room concerning arrangement and lay out. Gas regulations The gas regulations give the rules for gas-heated systems, their arrangement and placing and chimney- and outlet conditions. Especially the rules have meaning for the possibilities you have for placing and arrangement of boiler room / service room.

47 47 SBI directions In connection with the codes there are a lot of SBI directions, which aim to give instructions and examples on projecting, arrangement and execution of installations. The SBI directions cannot be regarded as a directly part of the demands of The building Regulations, but should to a great extent be used as foundation. Following SBI directions are relevant in connection with installations: SBI direction 165, Water installations SBI direction 185, Drainage installations SBI direction 169, Wet rooms of the building SBI direction 180, Examples on wet rooms of buildings. This is a collection of examples from direction 169. VA- approvals The VA-approvals are prepared by the Ministry of Housing. The approvals include all materials and components that are built into water- and drainage installations. Furthermore the regulations in the approvals in connection with treatment of a building case must be regarded in the same way as the demands in the building regulations. Excepted from the rules for approval are certain products that are mentioned in the circular for approval agreement, and also linked products that are meant for installation in a single installation. MK-approvals This approval agreement includes materials and constructions in the building act. For the area of installations special referring could be made to materials and constructions that take part of wet rooms and wet room coverings. Law no. 250, Law for authorization with additionally regulations This law says that work with gas; water and drainage installations alone must be made of companies and persons that have acquired authorization as Gas, Water- and Sanitary master Certificated plumber. The law concerns primarily the relations between the authorized company and the supply company or the local authorities. For buildings that have their own water supply, the law is not valid in relation to the water installations of the building. The electrical power regulations The electrical power regulations should only be mentioned here, because it can have a meaning for placing of parts of the installations of the building near to switchboards or other electrical installations. Examples on VA-approvals VA 1.12/DK to VA 1.14/DK VA 1.22/DK to VA 1.26/DK VA 2.41/DK to VA 2.42/DK Pipes and fittings Joints and solder fluxes Water traps and floor drains

48 Examples for thought 48 Example 1: If not already in connection with arrangement of the plan solution of the house space for installations is set aside, the plumber must subsequently try to cram everything down into a broom cupboard. If service or repair will become necessary, big parts of the installation in this example must be removed. Furthermore no floor is casted below the cupboard. Out flowing water will therefore be able to penetrate into the floor construction. In this example it has been necessary to compress all pipe installations, gas boiler and gas meter in a 60 x 60 x 180 cm cupboard which is all too small space.

49 49 Example 2: From the picture you can see, that no casting of a tight floor has been made, and that the casing pipes on the water pipes have not been led up above the concrete. Out-flowing water will therefore be able to flow out into the floor construction without being discovered. Segment of a pipe installation with manifolds for domestic water and floor heating, inlet of water main pipe and water meter, and also pumps for floor heating and hot water circulation.

50 50 Example 3: No casting around the pipes has been made, and therefore it has not been possible to make a tight surface, e.g. in the shape of tile covering around the pipes. The manifolds are not fixed. Manifold installation for the floor heat placed in bathroom outside the wet zone.