Comparative study on PBDEs in EEE and Wastes in Selected Asian and the Pacific Countries

Transcription

1 Comparative study on PBDEs in EEE and Wastes in Selected Asian and the Pacific Countries Chen Yuan, Xiao Wenjing, Li Sumei Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific (BCRC China) Stockholm Convention Regional Centre for Capacity-building and the Transfer of Technology in Asia and the Pacific (SCRCAP)

2 Outline 1. Background 2. PBDEs in EEE and wastes in selected Asian and the Pacific Countries 3. Challenges 4. Recommendations for the sound management of PBDEs

3 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of industrial aromatic organobromine chemicals that have been used since the 1970s as additive flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products and articles Resist photolytic, biological and chemical degradation; Low water solubility and high lipid solubility, leading to their bioaccumulation in fatty tissues; Semi-volatile, enabling them to move long distances in the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

4 Commercial Use of PBDEs PBDEs are commercially produced in three forms: pentabde, octabde, and decabde. Lately, however, environmental concerns have been raised about the adverse characteristics of PBDEs: persistence, bioaccumulation, and the potential for long-range environmental drift. PBDE congeners, commercial pentabde and commercial octabde, are classified as POPs, decabde was suggested to be on the list.

5 The mean concentration of PBDEs in different articles Li Jinhui, Chen Yuan, Xiao Wenjing. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles: a review of its applications and legislation. nviron Sci Pollut Res. 2014, DOI /s

6 Application of PBDEs in EEE Materials Applications Articles Epoxy resins Circuit boards, protective coatings Computers, electronic parts Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Cable sheets Wires, cables Unsaturated (Thermoset) Circuit boards, coatings Electrical equipment polyesters (UPE) Acrylnitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymer casings/parts in electrical Computer- and TV casings (CRTs); (ABS) and electronic appliances office equipment; (other High ImpactPolystyrene (HIPS) Polymer casings/parts in electrical and electronic appliances electronic-equipment) Computer- and TV casings (CRTs); office equipment Cold-resistant separators Refrigerators Polybutylen-Terephthalate (PBT) Polymer casings Electronic appliances

7 Global PBDE restriction action in the recent 30 years

8 PBDEs issues in Asian and the Pacific Countries Different economical developing levels in the region Booming electrical and electronical consuming products and waste containing PBDEs Different levels of waste management on PBDEs What s the status of PBDEs in articles and waste? How do the manage the PBDE waste? How is the capacity in different countries?

9 Countries involved China Sri Lanka Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan

10 PBDEs in EEE and Wastes in in Selected Asian and the Pacific Countries Production and Use of PBDEs Import or export of PBDEs or EEE containing PBDEs Regulations on EEE and E-waste containing PBDEs Treatment Technology of E-waste

11 Production and use of PBDEs Countries Production Use China Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan China has never produced and used Octa- BDE. PentaBDE was began on late 90s and thoroughly ceased in the year of 2004 [1] There is no production of POPs-PDBEs in Cambodia There is no production of POPs-PDBEs in Mongolia. Pakistan has never been a producer of PBDEs. 1. The main former use of Penta-BDE was copper-clad plat, according to research. 2. Deca-BDE is a general purpose flame retardant and is used in virtually any type of polymer. / Mongolia is not producer of EEE. Thera are companies, that bring EEE parts and accessories to the country to assemble final products have been emerging. / Sri Lanka There is no production of POPs-PDBEs in Sri Lanka / [1] Chen, Yuan, et al. "Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics and printed circuit boards (PCBs)." Procedia Environmental Sciences 16 (2012):

12 Import or export EEE containing PBDEs Countries China Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka Import and export China imports and exports EEE a lot every year. No POP-PBDEs imported to or exported from or used in Cambodia, except POP-PBDEs contained in articles like CRT TVs and CRT monitors. Before 1990s, Mongolia imported EEE solely from the Soviet Union (Russian Federation), lately mainly from manufacturers (China, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc.). No export of EEE in Mongolia. The country has been importing large quantities of variety of paraphernalia which might have contained PBDEs e.g. electrical equipment and appliances. About 5 million of CRT type computer and television monitors uring the period of

13 Import and export of EEE in China in million USD Export Import Yearly growth of export Yearly growth of import Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People s Republic of China.

14 Import or export EEE containing PBDEs Countries China Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka Import and export China import and export EEE a lot every year. No POP-PBDEs imported to or exported from or used in Cambodia, except POP-PBDEs contained in articles like CRT TVs and CRT monitors. Before 1990s, Mongolia imported EEE solely from the Soviet Union (Russian Federation), lately mainly from manufacturers (China, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc.). No export of EEE in Mongolia. The country has been importing large quantities of variety of paraphernalia which might have contained PBDEs e.g. electrical equipment and appliances. About 5 million of CRT type computer and television monitors during the period of

15 Import and usage of EEE containing PBDEs in Cambodia Statistics of imported EEE by types in the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2007 No EEE Categories Total 1 TV Color 66,127 52,642 44,463 29,257 29,868 24,711 25, ,777 2 TV B&W 90, , ,200 85,133 96,887 70,558 60, ,391 3 Computer 26,342 1,863 1,990 1,852 1,467 9,232 3,101 45,847 4 Mobile Phones 1,486 1,407 7,356 12, , ,605 86, ,504 Source: Technical report on national inventory of used of EEE in Cambodia, (MOE, May 2007) There is no production of POPs-PDBEs in Cambodia. Most of industrial products available in Cambodia are imported either as new and second hand materials/equipment.

16 Import or export articles containing PBDEs Countries China Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka Import and export China import and export EEE a lot every year. No POP-PBDEs imported to or exported from or used in Cambodia, except POP-PBDEs contained in articles like CRT TVs and CRT monitors. Before 1990s, Mongolia imported EEE solely from the Soviet Union (Russian Federation), lately mainly from manufacturers (China, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc.). No export of EEE in Mongolia. The country has been importing large quantities of variety of paraphernalia which might have contained PBDEs e.g. electrical equipment and appliances. About 5 million of CRT type computer and television monitors during the period of

17 Amount of EEE and c-octabde in EEE/WEEE in Mongolia Amount of c-octabde in EEE/WEEE In-Use Waste Househol ds Institutio nal Corpor ate CRT monitor CRT television 3462 kg 270 kg 484 kg 210 kg 301 kg 4216 kg 512 kg

18 Import or export articles containing PBDEs Countries China Cambodia Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka Import and export China import and export EEE a lot every year. No POP-PBDEs imported to or exported from or used in Cambodia, except POP-PBDEs contained in articles like CRT TVs and CRT monitors. Before 1990s, Mongolia imported EEE solely from the Soviet Union (Russian Federation), lately mainly from manufacturers (China, Republic of Korea, Japan, etc.). No export of EEE in Mongolia. The country has been importing large quantities of variety of paraphernalia which might have contained PBDEs e.g. electrical equipment and appliances. About 5 million of CRT type computer and television monitors during the period of

19 The amount of c-octabde in stockpiled CRT computer and TV monitors during the period of in Sri Lanka

20 Regulations Countries China Cambodia Regulations China REACH and China RoHS; Hazardous Chemicals Control Ordinance; Environmental management measures for the registration of hazardous chemicals, Technical specification for pollution control of Electrical and electronic waste treatment, etc. No national legal instrument addressing safe and sound management of PDBE whether as it products, containing in products, contaminated in wastes or it become obsoletes or wastes, Mongolia / Pakistan Sri Lanka There are both national and international legislation to prohibit e-waste trade from developed to developing countries, yet these toxic waste still find their way to Pakistan. 1. International obligations on Trans-boundary movements of Hazardous Waste and other international laws; 2. Scheduled Waste Management License (Hazardous Waste Management License); 3. At present, some legal provisions are in place only to manage certain types of E-waste and to control the second hand EEE entering in to the country. They are not covering entire lifecycle management of E-waste.

21 Major regulations on PBDEs in China Law/Regulation Name Technical Policy on Pollution Prevention of Discarded Appliances and Electronic Products Labeling for control of pollution caused by electronic information products SJ/T Issuing Institution Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, State Environmental Protection Administration Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Implementation Date Main content concerning PBDEs 27 April 2006 Encourages the establishment of multivariate recycling system for e-waste. 6 November 2006 Hazardous substances include PBDEs Information such as name and concentration should be noted on the Electronic Information Products label or in the specifications Requirements for Concentration Limits for Certain Restricted Substances in Electrical and Electronic Products SJ/T Measures for the Administration of the Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products Administrative Measure on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Waste Electric and Electronic Products Technical Specifications of Pollution Control for Processing Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (HJ ) Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Ministry of Environmental Protection Ministry of Environmental Protection 6 November 2006 Concentrations of PBDEs (DecaBDE not included) should be no more than 0.1% 1 March 2007 Restricts the use of hazardous substances in the design and production of electronic information products, corresponding with the RoHS Directive, to reduce or eliminate PBDEs and other toxic and harmful substances in electronic information products. PBDEs content in electronic information products is not to be higher than 1000ppm 1 February 2008 Provision on the supervision and management responsibilities by relevant parties on the dismantling, use and disposal of waste electrical and electronic products. 1 April 2010 Applicable to waste electrical and electronic equipment in collection, transportation, storage, and dismantling, to implement pollution control in the process of management.

22 Treatment Technology of plastics in E-waste Countries Treatment Technology China 1. Waste plastic mixture separation technology can be divided into two categories: dry method and wet method. The methods mainly include light separation, electrostatic separation, wind power separation, density separation, flotation and other waste plastic separation. Compared with dry method, wet method possesses higher separation precision. 2. According to the statistic information, flame retardant plastic mainly apply to housing hold of EEE such as PP ABS HIPS PC/ABS. The most WEEE can be collected by the Household Electric Appliance "old-fornew" policy and the WEEE informal collection information cannot be gathered. Cambodia No controlling measure on safe and sound dismantling or recycling of EEE as well as sound handling scrap material and wastes contaminated or containing POP-PBDE at junkshops or recycling facilities. Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka No WEEE collection, separation and recycling system is in place yet No Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and formal recycling activities operating in Pakistan. The used electronic items new and second hand (e-waste) is collected and manually dismantled. General practice in formal sector is manually dismantling of instruments to separate printed circuit boards, plastics, and other metal components. Normally 2 to 10 workers are engaged in dismantling operations in these establishments. Some of them are been provided with adequate trainings. Formal sector dismantlers are mainly localized to Colombo and suburbs.

23 Existing separating technologies of plastics containing PBDEs in China Dry separation method (1) Light separation (2) Electrostatic separation (3) Wind power separation Wet separation method (1) Density separation (2) Sink and float separation

24 Treatment process of materials containing PBDEs

25 Countries Treatment Technology of plastics in E-waste Treatment Technology China 1. Waste plastic mixture separation technology can be divided into two categories: dry method and wet method. The methods mainly include light separation, electrostatic separation, wind power separation, density separation, flotation and other waste plastic separation. Compared with dry method, wet method possesses higher separation precision. 2. According to the statistic information, flame retardant plastic mainly apply to housing hold of EEE such as PP ABS HIPS PC/ABS. The most WEEE can be collected by the Household Electric Appliance "old-fornew" policy and the WEEE informal collection information cannot be gathered. Cambodia There is no controlling measure on safe and sound dismantling or recycling of EEE as well as sound handling scrap material and wastes contaminated or containing POP-PBDE at junkshops or recycling facilities. No WEEE collection, separation and recycling system is in place yet Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka No Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and formal recycling activities operating in Pakistan. The used electronic items new and second hand (e-waste) is collected and manually dismantled. General practice in formal sector is manually dismantling of instruments to separate printed circuit boards, plastics, and other metal components. Normally 2 to 10 workers are engaged in dismantling operations in these establishments. Some of them are been provided with adequate trainings. Formal sector dismantlers are mainly localized to Colombo and suburbs.

26 PBDE-containing wastes treatment in Cambodia Up to now, Cambodia does not have a big scale recycling facilities for recyclable wastes including e-waste. Cambodia does not have formal or informal treatment facilities for PBDE yet. The recycling activity is focused more on plastic TV/monitors casings. As there is at present some recycling of TV/monitor casings taking place in the country.

27 WEEE in the landfill in Mongolia Consumers usually get rid of their used EEEs in a way by donating it to others or sell as spare parts, or just dispose of it together with household wastes.

28 Countries Treatment Technology of plastics in E-waste Treatment Technology China 1. Waste plastic mixture separation technology can be divided into two categories: dry method and wet method. The methods mainly include light separation, electrostatic separation, wind power separation, density separation, flotation and other waste plastic separation. Compared with dry method, wet method possesses higher separation precision. 2. According to the statistic information, flame retardant plastic mainly apply to housing hold of EEE such as PP ABS HIPS PC/ABS. The most WEEE can be collected by the Household Electric Appliance "old-fornew" policy and the WEEE informal collection information cannot be gathered. Cambodia There is no controlling measure on safe and sound dismantling or recycling of EEE as well as sound handling scrap material and wastes contaminated or containing POP-PBDE at junkshops or recycling facilities. Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka No WEEE collection, separation and recycling system is in place yet No Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and formal recycling activities operating in Pakistan. The used electronic items new and second hand (e-waste) is collected and manually dismantled. General practice in formal sector is manually dismantling of instruments to separate printed circuit boards, plastics, and other metal components. Normally 2 to 10 workers are engaged in dismantling operations in these establishments. Some of them are been provided with adequate trainings. Formal sector dismantlers are mainly localized to Colombo and suburbs.

29 POP-PBDEs in the recycling streams in Pakistan The bulk of second-hand equipment (e-waste) received as donations/charities, however only 2% of these might be reusable repairable, the rest goes for informal recycling in the country. Informal recycling of the waste has become a successful business in Pakistan because little expertise, easy access to waste and large profit margins.

30 Countries Treatment Technology of plastics in E-waste Treatment Technology China 1. Waste plastic mixture separation technology can be divided into two categories: dry method and wet method. The methods mainly include light separation, electrostatic separation, wind power separation, density separation, flotation and other waste plastic separation. Compared with dry method, wet method possesses higher separation precision. 2. According to the statistic information, flame retardant plastic mainly apply to housing hold of EEE such as PP ABS HIPS PC/ABS. The most WEEE can be collected by the Household Electric Appliance "old-fornew" policy and the WEEE informal collection information cannot be gathered. Cambodia There is no controlling measure on safe and sound dismantling or recycling of EEE as well as sound handling scrap material and wastes contaminated or containing POP-PBDE at junkshops or recycling facilities. Mongolia Pakistan Sri Lanka No WEEE collection, separation and recycling system is in place yet No Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and formal recycling activities operating in Pakistan. The used electronic items new and second hand (e-waste) is collected and manually dismantled. General practice in formal sector is manually dismantling of instruments to separate printed circuit boards, plastics, and other metal components. Normally 2 to 10 workers are engaged in dismantling operations in these establishments. Some of them are been provided with adequate trainings. Formal sector dismantlers are mainly localized to Colombo and suburbs.

31 Formal sector of E-waste management facilities in Sri Lanka The collection network of formal sector is well organized and mainly focused on commercial / industrial sectors which are considered as mass scale generators. Formal sector extended their collection to all most all types of e- waste. Formal sector dismantling is also carried out by the formal sector collectors which is also an activity covered under the Scheduled Waste Management License (Hazardous Waste Management License)

32 Informal sector of E-waste management facilities in Sri Lanka Informal sector collectors operate their collection activities mainly as door to door collection. Generally the metal scrap collectors are the key players in this sector. Unlike the formal sector, informal sector collection operations are distributed to the rural areas as well. Collection network of the informal sector may consist of several modes of linkages such as buyers, intermediates, transporters, etc. Informal sector dismantlers spread all over the country and in most cases operations are going on in domestic level. Some cottage level establishments dedicated only for dismantling are also found.

33 Material flow and management of WEEE

34 The material flow of PBDEs contained in articles in China

35 WEEE management system in Sri Lanka

36 WEEE management system in PPM (Cambodia) Semi - Formal Informal Used EEE Import Used EEE Sales EEE Consumer E-Waste Generation E-Waste Treatment E-Waste Disposal Landfill Reuse / Recycle Reuse / Recycle E-Waste Fractions / Streams Scrap Yard Export

37 What challenges are they facing?

38 Challenges 1. Insufficient legislative framework Except China and Sri Lanka, the other selected countries don t have much national legal instrument addressing safe and sound management of PDBE whether as it products, containing in products, contaminated in wastes or it become obsoletes or wastes. 2. Unavailability of an efficient national wide collection system In some instances collection mechanism does not operate to the extent expected due to several uncertain factors such as insufficient storage facilities, cost for transportation from long distances, poor personal commitments and lack of incentive for the customers to give their obsolete electronic and electrical instrument to the collectors etc

39 Challenges 3. Lack of controlling measures and technology Except China, there is not much controlling measure on safe and sound dismantling or recycling of EEE as well as sound handling scrap material and wastes contaminated or containing POP-PBDE at junkshops or recycling facilities 4. Difficulties on implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Implementing EPR in Asian and the pacific counties has been identified as a big challenge as there is no any legal provision to implement. 5. Inadequate awareness among general public Even today, though the Central Environmental Authority has mandated that E-waste are to be given only to authorized collectors, most of the E- waste are being disposed through informal channel in order to earn some quick money.

40 Challenges 6. Lack of suitable substitute for PBDEs Current using substitutes of PBDEs, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane(dbdpe) and some non-halogenated flame retardants such as phosphorus or mineral based compounds have been gaining attention in recent years. However, no significant advantages to environmental and human health aspects have been noted.

41 Recommendations for the sound management of PBDEs 1. The legislation that could address the need for further prevention of the release of PBDE into the environment could be a ministerial declaration or a circulation 2. More efficient national wide collection system should be build up 3. Strengthening formal sector for dismantling and recycling EEE containing PBDEs 4. Technical transfer of dismantling and recycling EEE containing PBDEs should be strengthen.

42 Recommendations for the sound management of PBDEs 5. Implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) should be promoted 6. Capacity building and awareness raising on POP-PBDE issues particularly their impact on human health and the environment should be provided. Such awareness should cover the environmentally sound handling, dismantling and recycling of EEE and its wastes 7. Research on environmental friendly substitutes for PBDEs should be the focus of the technology development direction of the future

43 The 11 th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology

44 Topics of ICWMT11 Contact Us Dr. Chen Yuan/Ms. Wang Jiecong Tel: Fax: Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific,School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China, Website:

45 Thanks for your attention!