Proving PH Performance: 2 examples from Portland Oregon PHnw 2012 Spring Conference

Transcription

1 Proving PH Performance: 2 examples from Portland Oregon PHnw 2012 Spring Conference David J. Sailor, Ph.D. Portland State University sailor@pdx.edu March 2, 2012

2 Outline Why do we instrument and monitor buildings? Retrofit of a 1998 house * Project Overview Measurement Results ObservaRons New construcron PH Duplex * Project Overview InstrumentaRon summary 2

3 Why monitor/measure? DemonstraRon that the project meets specific performance criteria InfiltraRon < 0.6 ACH50Pa Annual heat < 15 kwh/m2 (4.75 kbtu/sf) Annual primary energy < 120 kwh/m2 (38.1 kbtu/sf) Demonstrate subsystem performance relarve to recommendarons Window U < 0.8 W/m2K (0.14 Btu/h sf of ~ RIP=7) HRV efficiency > 0.75 Thermal bridging < 0.01 W/m K 3

4 Why monitor/measure? OpRmizing design for specific climates and building types thermal mass considerarons appropriate deviarons from design recommendarons Field tesrng of new technologies or techniques Phase Change Materials wall construcron TroubleshooRng If not performing as expected or desired why? Moisture in walls, indoor AQ, energy use, system efficiencies 4

5 Future- Fit Monitoring Everhart s PH Future- fit House: 2150 sf and built in 1998 MulR- year retrofit starrng ~ 2009 (a>er retrofit) Windows: R- 7 Walls: R- 50 to 53 Ceiling: R- 80 Floors: R- 49 Monitoring/TesRng AcRviRes Thermal Imaging Blower Door Tests Temperature, Humidity & CO2 Energy Monitoring 5 MaS Groves

6 Future- Fit Thermal Imaging Before Retrofit (Flir SC600) After Retrofit, except doors (Flir B60) 6

7 Future- Fit Blower Door Tests ACH (50 Pa) Results based on PH defined volume. IniRal: 5.1 ACH ACer Walls Sealed: 3.1 ACH ACer Ceiling Sealed: 0.93 ACH ACer Floor Sealed: 0.77 ACH Final Test: TBD 7

8 Future- Fit Monitoring Equipment InstrumentaNon Data Loggers (Onset/HOBO) Temp./Humidity Sensors Weather StaRon Sensors Telaire CO2 Monitor WaSNode Energy Monitor * Note: Permanent instrumentakon (in walls) purchased by homeowner; remainder is on loan from PSU s Green Bldg. Research Lab. 8

9 Future- Fit Interior Temp & Humidity Monitoring Hobo U21 Temperature and Humidity Dataloggers Many locarons in the house Recording hourly data 9

10 Future- Fit ASHRAE recommends indoor CO2 levels not exceed the outdoor concentraron by more than about 600 to 700 ppm. 10

11 Future- Fit Energy Monitoring WaSNode HRV Duct Heater (15 Minute Data) WaSs Up Pro Refrigerator 11

12 Future- Fit Results to Date Larsen Truss Wall Moisture: no significant change in the moisture level of the walls. CO2 Level: generally 500 to 900ppm with peaks up to 1200 during guest visits Space HeaNng Load: energy used May 2011 Feb 2012 (10 months) is 2,478kWh or 13.3kWh/m2. The total hearng requirement will be close to the 15 kwh/m2/year passive house requirement. 12

13 TrekHaus TrekHaus a PH Duplex (trekhauspdx.com) Trekhaus is a duplex built to passive house standards. The intent of the study by the Green Building Research Laboratory is to measure the effects phase change material on thermal comfort in a passive house. 13

14 TrekHaus Thermal Comfort Challenge in PH Increased temperature fluctuaRons OverheaRng during summer months 14

15 TrekHaus TrekHaus Energy Model Modeled in EnergyPlus v zones PCM modeled using conducron finite difference heat balance algorithm. Output variables include zone air temperatures, surface temperatures and zone air moisture content Modeled building in 4 climates Phoenix, Portland, Denver, Los Angeles 15

16 TrekHaus Modeled PCM BioPCM by Phase Change Energy Macroencapsulated PCM made from refined soy and palm kernel oil MulRple melt temperatures Pouches contain ~ 17 grams 16

17 TrekHaus PCM InstallaNon In ceiling In walls PCM PCM mats had to be resized in walls to 24 x16 to fit the framing. Cross seckon of Trekhaus 17

18 TrekHaus Sensor Nomenclature = Surface Temperature sensor (ST) = Air Temperature sensor (AT) = CO2 sensor (CO2) = RelaRve Humidity sensor (RH) = CO2/RH/T sensor (QPA*) = Wall Humidity/Temp (WHT) = Power (PWR) = Water heater Thermocouple sensors (WT) = WaSNode (WN). * QPA refers to the model of CO2/RH/T sensor as named by Siemens. 18

19 TrekHaus 19

20 TrekHaus Placement of first floor sensors 1st floor List of sensors: ATWIBR1 ATWIBR2 ATWICR ATEIBR1 ATEIBR2 ATEICR PWRWILR PWREILR WT1WILR WT2WILR WT1EILR WT2EILR WN1WILR WN2WILR WN3WILR WN4WILR WN1EILR WN2EILR WN3EILR WN4EILR WT2WILR WT1WILR In the framing: WT1EILR WT2EILR blue = glazing PWREILR PWRWILR brown= doors Type of sensors: = AT sensors ATEIBR2 ATWIBR2 = WT sensors ATEICR ATWICR = PWR sensors 1 = WaSNodes Total number of sensors : 12 ATWIBR1 ATEIBR1 (6 AT + 2 PWR + 4WT) + 8 WaSNodes Note: East unit is unoccupied. Floor plan of 1rst floor Note: The WNs are not plugged in to the AM25T o20 r CR1000 datalogger

21 Energy ConsumpNon sensors TrekHaus The WaSNode (WN) Modbus: kwh energy and power meter that measures 1, 2, or 3 phases with voltages from 120 to 600 volts Vac A total of 12 WaSNodes will be installed, 6 in the laundry room on the first floor of each unit. They will be powered by single line voltage (120V) (no transformer needed) The WNs will monitor the power emised by the following groups : WN1: Phase A and B- Whole House Service Phase C- Plug loads WN2: Phase A and B- HRV Phase C- LighNng WN3: Phase A and B- Water heater Phase C- Bath/Bed Plugs WN4: Phase A and B- Range Phase C- Kitchen Plugs WN5: Phase A and B- Dryer Phase C- Washer WN6: Phase A- Dishwasher and Garbage Disposal 21

22 WaONode Wiring Diagram TrekHaus 22

23 TrekHaus Materials TesNng in GBRL ASTM C 518 and ISO

24 TrekHaus Water Heater Efficiency Water Heater power requirement monitored by WaSNode Pressure fiSed Thermocouples at water inlet and outlet measure temperature difference Seametrics SEB Low Flow meter measures water use on cold side of water heater AirTap ATI50 24

25 TrekHaus Placement of second floor sensors 2nd floor List of sensors : QPAWIICR QPAEIICR ATWIIBR ATEIIBR ST1WIICR ST2WIICR ST3WIICR ST4WIICR STWIIF1 STWIIF2 ST1EIICR ST2EIICR ST3EIICR ST4EIICR STEIIF1 STEIIF2 ATWIIBR ATEIIBR In the framing: blue = glazing brown= doors ST4EIICR ST4WIICR ST3WIICR ST3EIICR STWIIF1 STWIIF2 Types of sensors: STEIIF1 ST2WIICR ST2EIICR QPAWIICR QPAEIICR ST1WIICR ST1EIICR = ST = AT = CO2 = RH = QPA STEIIF2 Total number of sensors : 16 sensors (12 ST + 2 AT + 2 QPA). Floor plan o25 f 2nd floor

26 Combined Temp/CO2/Humidity Sensor TrekHaus Siemens QPA2062 Powered by 24 Volt AC Output 0-10 Volt DC OpRmal For indoor Measurement 26

27 TrekHaus Air duct sensors 4 air temperature sensors in HRV ducts as follows : OUT Bathroom (Cold/Hot air from inside) Kitchen Bedroom AT2WIIDUCT Heat Recovery VenRlaRon (heat exchanger) Bathroom Kitchen Bedroom AT3WIIDUCT Zehnder ComfoAir 350 AT4WIIDUCT AT1WIIDUCT INTAKE (Hot/Cold air from outside) Note: Although this diagram is for West unit, it applies for East unit as well with sensors being AT1EIIDUCT,etc. 27

28 TrekHaus Doors and Windows Home run window and door switches indicate open fenestration. Switch groups include: Front door and first floor windows Inner workshop door Outer workshop door and window Second floor windows and deck door

29 TrekHaus Wall Humidity and Weather StaNon Humidity of wall cavity measured with Onset Hobo loggers Weather station on roof measures: Temperature Humidity Solar radiation Wind speed and direction

30 TrekHaus Window Shades Time lapse camera pointed at South facing deck windows Battery powered Snapshot every hour Exports to onboard USB

31 Data CollecNon Campbell Scientific CR1000 Data logger 8 differential ports 8 analog input ports Various other ports Added compact flash memory and Ethernet module AM 25T multiplexor 25 thermocouple ports Airlink Raven XT remote access via cell phone tower TrekHaus

32 TrekHaus TOTAL NUMBER OF SENSORS 25 channels available on each AM25T mulrplexer (/unit): 4 are used in the foundanon : 4 ST sensors; 6 are used in the 1rst floor : 3 for AT sensors + 2 for WT sensors + 1 for PWR sensor; 11 are used in the 2nd floor : 4 for ST sensors on walls + 2 for ST sensors on floor + 1 for AT in master bedroom + 4 for HRV as AT air ducts sensors; 4 are available. 8 channels available CR1000 datalogger (/unit) : 1 H/L used for the AM25T mulrplexer; 1 H/L is used for the flow meters; 2 H/L are used for the Siemens sensor; 3 H/L are used for window/door switches; 1 is available. Notes : The foundakon has redundant sensors (8 total sensors in each unit). They won t be plugged in and will act as backup sensors, therefore only 4 are used on each units. 4 WaLNodes and 2 In- wall humidity sensors per unit won t be plugged to the AM25T/CR1000 system 32

33 STW2F2 33

34 Questions? greenbuilding.pdx.edu

35 35

36 DEEP ENERGY RETROFITS 10 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CASE STUDIES Jeremy Fisher PHNW 3/3/2012

37 Project Locations

38 Energy Monitoring Goals Provide real-time feedback to occupants Real-time access to data to facilitate detection of faults, communication failures, changes in load profile, etc. Use of wireless communication system to avoid running wires in the home Limit the intrusiveness and space requirements of the equipment Integrate all energy monitoring on a single platform and user interface, including both electricity and gas Monitor all significant end-uses at the electrical panel or gas appliance, avoiding any intrusion on living space One minute resolution that allows precise characterization of load profiles Reasonable price Acceptable levels of accuracy and reliability Ability to remotely manage data collection system Current transformers must be small enough to fit one for every circuit inside the main electrical panel

39 Wireless Communication

40 Monitoring Equipment

41 P1 Project Description 1904 Craftsman Bungalow Berkeley, CA Pre: 960ft2 Post: 1,630ft2 The existing home was uninsulated with one natural gas floor heater on the 2nd level The house was lifted, and the ground floor was rebuilt to legal height The retrofit was guided by the European Passive House design principles 4 bedroom, 2 bath, 4 occupants, home office

42 P1 Retrofit Description P1 Pre-Retrofit Post-Retrofit Wall Insulation None 1st floor: 5.5 cellulose R19 2nd floor: 3.5 cellulose, 2 ext XPS R23 Attic/Roof Insulation Some fiberglass 10 cellulose in attic floor- R38 Foundation Insulation None 1 XPS slab perimeter R5 3 Polyiso over slab with thermally broken wooden sleepers R21 Windows Single pane wood frame, double hung 2 pane, low E, Argon, wood frame U-0.3, SHGC-0.35, VT ENVELOPE Air Leakage 271 CFM50, 1.1 ACH50 MECHANICAL Cooling None None Heating Gas Floor Furnace, Est. 60% efficient, on second floor, no distribution Electric resistance baseboard heaters in each room DHW 40 gal gas tank in garage Gas Tankless, 0.84EF kBtu/hr Ventilation Natural ERV SER 81-83%, exhausts from bath and kitchen, supplies living room and bedrooms Distribution None R6, foil faced flex duct for ERV

43 P1 Retrofit Description

44 Whole House Energy Pre/Post

45 P1 Total Monthly Energy Use

46 P1 Monthly Energy End-Use

47 P1 Annual Energy End-Use

48 P1 Monthly Median T/RH

49 P1 Mileage Box

50 ERV Monitoring in P1 Goal is to determine the effectiveness of using an ERV in a well-insulated, air-tight home in a mild coastal climate. Does the ventilator recover more energy than it uses? How could the ventilator be run to maximize its performance? Measurements are taken at a one minute time step, giving a very dynamic view of ERV performance under real conditions.

51 ERV Data Acquisition 24 Hour View

52 P3 Project Description Two 1958 ranch-style homes connected by a covered breezeway Pre: 1,933ft2 Post: 2,342ft2 The two separate structures were connected by enclosing the breezeway, forming a Ushaped home with a central courtyard 3 bedroom, 2 bath, 1 Occupant, home office Images courtesy of

53 P3 Retrofit Description P3 Pre-Retrofit Post-Retrofit Wall Insulation None 1: 3.5 dense-packed fiberglass, 5 ext EPS R38 2: 5.5 dense-packed fiberglass, 2.5 ext EPS R33 Attic/Roof Insulation Vented Attic, R19 batt insulation 15 blown fiberglass, 2.5 EPS R68 Foundation Insulation None Slab edge: 3.75 Rockwool R16 1: Top of slab, 4.5 EPS R19 2: Top of slab, 1.5 EPS,.6 Aerogel R12.5 Windows U: 1.2, SHGC: pane, wood frame, U: 0.125, SHGC: 0.53 ENVELOPE Air Leakage 151 CFM50, 0.48 ACH50 MECHANICAL Heating and cooling Gas boiler, air handler with hydronic coil Mini Split Heat Pump, solar hydronic coil on ERV supply DHW Gas tank, 0.58EF 3-4 X6 Solar thermal panels, 80 gallon insulated storage tank, Gas tankless backup 0.82 EF Ventilation Kitchen and bath exhaust ERV SER 81-83%, exhausts from bath and kitchen, supplies living room and bedrooms Distribution R4 ducts in attic Ducted ERV, all within thermal envelope

54 P3 Retrofit Description

55 P3 Retrofit Description

56 P3 Total Monthly Energy Use

57 P3 Monthly Energy End-Use

58 P3 Annual Energy End-Use

59 P3 Monthly Average T/RH

60 P3 Mileage Box

61 P4 Project Description 1940 s Bungalow Petaluma, CA Pre: 1,540ft2 Post: 2,510ft2 This retrofit was carried out in 3 phases: 1- In 1998 prior to moving in 2- In 2004 renewable energy was added 3- In 2010 a structural/seismic retrofit A 4th phase is in planning, including a solar combisystem with a back up biomass boiler for total carbon neutrality. 2 bedroom, 2 bath, 2 occupants, home office

62 P4 Retrofit Description P4 Pre-Retrofit Post-Retrofit Wall Insulation None 1: 5.5 Dense pack cellulose R19 2: 3.5 Dense pack cellulose R13 Attic/Roof Insulation None 12 loose fill cellulose R43 Foundation Insulation None Stem wall: 1.5 XPS R7 exterior Windows Single pane aluminum frame 2 pane, Low E, argon filled, fiberglass frame U: 0.32 SHGC: 0.3 ENVELOPE Air Leakage 1,983 CFM50, 5.4 ACH50 MECHANICAL Heating and cooling Gas furnace, 40% EF Condensing Gas furnace, variable speed fan, 2 stage gas valve, 96.1 AFUE; 200ft2 of SolarWall with 500CFM supply fan DHW Gas tank, 58%EF Condensing gas tankless, 80% EF, demand recirc pump Ventilation Kitchen exhaust, vented to inside Bath and kitchen exhaust, natural vent stack in stairwell Distribution Sheet metal ducts Manual central dampers added to ducts, supply leakage: 61CFM Return leakage: 99CFM LIGHTS/APPLIANCES/MEL All incandescent lights, old appliances CFL and LED lights, top 10% energy star appliances, home office, very low MELs

63 P4 Retrofit Description

64 P4 Historical Utility Bill Data

65 P4 Total Monthly Energy Use

66 P4 Monthly Energy End-Use

67 P4 Annual Energy End-Use

68 P4 Monthly Average T/RH

69 P4 Mileage Box

70 P5 Retrofit Description 1920 s 2-bedroom house Pt Reyes Station, CA Pre: 800ft2 Post: 905ft2 Community Land Trust Association of West Marin (CLAM) bought the property and funded the retrofit to rent to very lowincome households. 2 bedroom, 1 bath, 4 occupants Most images sourced from:

71 P5 Retrofit Description P5 Pre-Retrofit Post-Retrofit Wall Insulation 3.5 fiberglass batts 3.5 cellulose, 1 ext XPS R18 Attic/Roof Insulation Some fiberglass batts 16 loose fill cellulose R57 Foundation Insulation R-19 fiberglass batts Sealed crawlspace, 11.5 blown cellulose in floor framing R41 Windows Single pane aluminum frame 2 pane, Low E, argon filled, fiberglass frame. Unknown values ENVELOPE Air Leakage 292 CFM50, 2.4 ACH50 MECHANICAL Heating Wood fireplace Electric wall radiators DHW 40 gal. electric tank EF 0.88 Ventilation Bath and kitchen exhaust, point source ERV LIGHTS/APPLIANCES/MEL Mostly CFL, very low MELs

72 P5 Retrofit Description

73 P5 Retrofit Description

74 P5 Total Monthly Energy Use

75 P5 Monthly Energy End-Use

76 P5 Annual Energy End-Use

77 P5 Monthly Average T/RH

78 P7 Project Description 1910 Craftsman Bungalow San Mateo, CA Pre: 3136ft2 Post: 3288ft2 House within a house concept, using kitchen and rear zone as primary living space in winter. Insulated entire home, maintaining architecturally significant interiors, increased comfort and hope to achieve 1000 home challenge with future PV installation. 3 bedroom, 2.5 bath, 2 Occupants

79 P7 Retrofit Description

80 P7 Retrofit Description

81 P7 Historical Utility Bill Data 50.4% reduction through user behavior

82 P7 May 2011-Jan 2012 Energy End Use

83 Average Baseload Comparison

84