Session: HVAC 101 HVAC 101. Steve Sain Sain Engineering Associates, Inc. August 9, Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island
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1 Session: HVAC 101 HVAC 101 Steve Sain Sain Engineering Associates, Inc. August 9, 2016 Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island
2 Why? 2
3 Acknowledgements 3
4 Disclaimer I m gonna shoot down the middle! Just not enough time for. Fans Pumps VRF VSDs Chilled Beams Control Strategies Types of Compressors Absorption Systems Evaporative Cooling ASHRAE Standards LEED Myriad of Air Distribution System Configurations Energy Conservation Measures & other.. 4
5 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 5
6 Do Your Best! 6
7 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 7
8 Heat & Heat Transfer The term "ton" comes from the days when cooling was done with ice. A ton of cooling capacity expresses the rate of cooling accomplished when one ton (2,000 lb.) of ice is melted in 24 hours. Since each pound of ice takes 144 Btu to melt, that's 288,000 Btu (2,000 lbs x 144 Btu/lb) per 24 hours, which is a cooling rate of 12,000 Btuh. 8
9 Heat & Heat Transfer Sensible Heat The heat associated with a temperature change of a substance at a constant moisture level. Latent Heat The heat associated with the phase change of a substance. Enthalpy Total heat content of a substance, including both sensible heat plus latent heat. 26
10 Heat & Heat Transfer How much heat is absorbed? 10
11 Heat & Heat Transfer Refrig Cond Press (psig) Cond Temp ( F) Evap Press (psig) Evap Temp ( F) R 134a R R 410a Why Refrigerants? 11
12 Heat & Heat Transfer q Btu/hr = ṁ lb/hr x Δh Btu/lb = Btu/hr = BTUH q ṁ h T Legend Heat Flow Rate or Heat Absorption Rate Mass Flow Rate Enthalpy Temperature How can we quantify this stuff? but we (USA) work in terms of volumetric flow rates so Volumetric Flow Rate Density (ρ) Heat Capacity (c) Air CFM lb/ft Btu/lb o F Water GPM 8.34 lb/gal 1.0 Btu/lb o F 12
13 Heat & Heat Transfer Air: Sensible Heat Only How can we quantify this stuff? lb 60 min 0.24 Btu q CFM T 3 ft hr lbf q CFM1.08ΔT Btu hr 13
14 Heat & Heat Transfer Air: Sensible + Latent Heat How can we quantify this stuff? lb 60 min q CFM h 3 ft hr q CFM 4.5Δh Btu hr 14
15 Heat & Heat Transfer Water: Sensible Heat Only How can we quantify this stuff? q GPM 8.34 lb gal 60 min hr 1Btu lb F T q GPM 500 T Btu hr 15
16 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 16
17 Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone 17
18 Psychometerics & Comfort Zone Dry Bulb Temp Wet Bulb Temp Dew Point Temp Humidity Ratio 18
19 Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone 19
20 Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone 20
21 Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone 21
22 Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone 22
23 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 23
24 Vapor Compression Cycle 24
25 Vapor Compression Cycle Condenser Expansion Evaporator 25
26 Vapor Compression Cycle How much heat is absorbed? 26
27 Vapor Compression Cycle 27
28 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 28
29 Chillers & Chilled Water Systems 29
30 Chillers & Chilled Water Systems 30
31 Chillers & Chilled Water Systems 31
32 Vapor Compression Cycle How much heat is absorbed? 32
33 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 33
34 Boilers & Heating Systems 34
35 Boilers & Heating Systems 35
36 Boilers & Heating Systems 36
37 Boilers & Heating Systems Flue Gas Analysis Oxygen Trim Control
38 Boilers & Heating Systems Steam System 38
39 Boilers & Heating Systems Properties of Steam 14.7 psia = 0.0 psig) Temperature (F) Latent Heat of Vaporization Enthalpy (h) 39
40 Vapor Compression Cycle How much heat is absorbed? 40
41 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 41
42 Air Distribution 42
43 Air Distribution Exhaust Air Return Air Ventilation Air Supply Air 43
44 Air Distribution Variable Air Volume (VAV) 44
45 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 45
46 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery 46
47 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery Air to Air Heat Pump Note: Auxiliary Heat Typically Needed at (& below) Approx 40 o F Outdoor Air Temp 47
48 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery Geothermal Heat Pump Earth Typically Approx 55 o F Regardless of Season or Location 48
49 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery 49
50 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery Energy Recovery Ventilator 50
51 Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery Heat Recovery Wheel 51
52 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 52
53 HVAC Energy Efficiency Power Ton = 12,000 BTUH Watts = BTUH x HP = watts (or x = 2,545 BTUH) Efficiency EER = BTUH output / Watts input SEER = BTUH output / Watts input (avg. over ann. usage) SEER: Accounts for seasonal ambient temperature variation. Typically about 10% > EER Examples by size: Ton < 1: SEER = 30, Ton < 5: SEER = 19, Ton < 500: SEER = 15 (air cooled) 53
54 HVAC Energy Efficiency Efficiency COP = BTUH output / BTUH input COP = BTUH absorbed / BTUH input KW/Ton = KW input / Tons output KW/Ton = KW input / Tons absorbed Conversion? COP = EER / Btu/Wh KW input / Tons absorbed = 12 / EER = / COP COP typically used for chillers, influenced by air cooled or water cooled condensers Examples by condenser types: air cooled: COP = 3.8, water cooled: COP =
55 HVAC Energy Efficiency 55
56 Agenda Heat & Heat Transfer Psychrometrics & Comfort Zone Vapor Compression Cycle Chillers & Chilled Water Systems Boilers & Heating Systems Air Distribution Heat Pumps & Heat Recovery HVAC Energy Efficiency 56
57 Questions? 57
58 Session: HVAC 101 HVAC 101 Steve Sain Sain Engineering Associates, Inc saineng.com Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island
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