Detectors in Particle Physics

Transcription

1 Detectors in Particle Physics Claus Gößling (Dortmund) and Hermann Kolanoski (Berlin) Web page: Joined lecture with participants from HU Berlin, Uni Dortmund, Uni Lancaster, DESY/Zeuthen employing video conferencing and internet transmission (originating from a BMBF-funded programme "New Media in Teaching'' ). Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 1

2 Scope of the lecture Topic: Physics requirements, methods and techniques for detection of particle radiation; Explained for the examples of detectors for Particle physics Astro-particle physics Medical physics Pre-requisites: Basic physics courses, desirable: Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics WPF Elementarteilchenphysik an der HU: Obligatorisch: Experimentelle Teilchenphysik Theor. Einf. In das Standardmodell Wahl-obligatorisch: Detektoren (bei exp. Ausrichtung) Beschleuniger Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 2

3 Lecture, exercises, credits VL: 2 SWS (Th 11-13): UE: 2 SWS (fak.). (Th 15-17): H.Kolanoski (HU), C.Goessling (UniDo) HU: Alexander Konopelko HU: exercises start next week Leistungsnachweis HU: Schein nach Bearbeitung von Übungsaufgaben (mindestens 2/3 der Aufgaben sind zu lösen), nicht benotet. Wählbar als Prüfungsfach im Wahlpflichtfach. proof of attendance Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 3

4 Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 4

5 Table of Content Introduction (1) Interaction of radiation with matter (3) Gaseous radiation detectors (6) Semiconductor Detectors (6) Scintillation Detectors (2) Particle Identification (2) Energy Measurements (4) Electronics and Data Handling (if sufficient time) (2) Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 5

6 Literature: C. Grupen: ''Teilchendetektoren'', BI K. Kleinknecht: ''Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung'', Teubner ''Detectors for particle radiation'', Cambrige Univ. Press W.R. Leo: ''Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments'', Springer G.F. Knoll: ''Radiation Detection and Measurement'', Wiley T. Ferbel: ''Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics'', Addison-Wesley F. Sauli: ''Instrumentation in High Energy Physics'', World Scientific Delaney, Finch: ''Radiation Detectors'', Clarendon 1992 Review of Particle Physics: Experimental Methods and Colliders Lehrmodul Detektoren : zur Zeit 2 Teile: (in German) Berlin: Bonn: (Physik2000-Seite) Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 6

7 Application of Particle Detectors Experiments at accelerators: Experiments with cosmic rays: Detection of radiation in medicin, geology, archeology, Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 7

8 Tasks of Particle Detectors Detection, flux measurement, Flussbestimmung (z.b. Geiger counter, film badge,.) Determination of particle kinematics Identification of particles Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 8

9 Condition for Detection : Interaction of Particles with Matter Electromagnetic: ionisation, Cherenkov and transition radiation, electromagn. shower (e ±, γ) Strong: hadronic showers, nuclear reactions (neutron detection) Weak: neutrino detection (inverse β-decay) Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 9

10 Emulsions Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 10

11 Cloud Chamber Claud and bubble chambers: photographic recording, non-electronical observation expanding expanding piston piston Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 11

12 Bubble Chamber Big European Bubble Chamber D.A.Glaser, Nobel price 1960 Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 12

13 Proportional Counting Tube Geiger, Hans, ( ) Electronic readout! Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 13

14 Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) G.Charpak, Nobel price 1992 Electronic readout! Large number of channels only possible by integrated circuits Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 14

15 Semiconductor Detectors Diode Silicon strip detector Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 15

16 Scintillation Counters Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 16

17 Cherenkov Detectors Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 17

18 Typical Detector Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 18

19 ALEPH Detector (Collider-Detektor) Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 19

20 HERA-B Detector (fixed target) Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 20

21 CMS Detector at LHC Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 21

22 Requirements on a Detector, Quality Criteria Minimal disturbance of the process to be measured High acceptance and detection efficiency, hermeticity Good resolution (energy, momentum, angle,. ), granularity Elektronics and signal processing: fast, deadtime-free Online control and monitoring: error diagnosis Cost: compromises or clever ideas Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 22

23 CMS Technical Proposal Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 23

24 The Long Way to a Detector 1. Physics, good ideas,. 2. How, where, can the idea be realised? 3. Convince the others 4. Write a Letter of Intent which will be evaluated by a committee 5. If positive: if positive look for collaborators,.. 6. Write a Technical Proposal 7. If approved an important hurdle has been taken. 8. Gather a Collaboration 9. Apply for funding 10. Start detector development 11. Write a Technical Design Report 12. Build prototyp detector components Inbetween 13. Detector construction again and again reports 14. Commissioning of the detectors To the expert committee 15. Do physics.. write publications.. buy a ticket to Stockholm Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 24