Example of cost comparisons of a sub-base road for rural construction:

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Example of cost comparisons of a sub-base road for rural construction: Road Information: Length of road: Width of road: Crust/depth of work: Area to be worked: Volume of work: 1000 meters 6 meters 24

1 Example of cost comparisons of a sub-base road for rural construction: Road Information: Length of road: Width of road: Crust/depth of work: Area to be worked: Volume of work: 1000 meters 6 meters 24 centimeters 6000 square meters 1440 cubic meters Assuming the cost of metal (rubble) on the following criteria: - Distance of quarry from site: 80km* - Basic rate of quarry: Rs.400/- per cubic meter* - Capacity of truck: 8.5 cubic meters* Therefore the cost of site: Rs.665/- per cubic meter* (inclusive of transport charges) Assuming the cost of soil (rubble) on the following criteria: - Distance of quarry from site: 3 km* - Basic rate of quarry: Rs.80/- per cubic meter* - Capacity of truck: 8.5 cubic meters Therefore the cost of site: Rs.88/- per cubic meter* (inclusive of transport charges) Price of DZ-1X: Labour and Equipment rates: Labour for spreading of soil/metal: Hiring of roller (non-vibrating): Hiring of water tanker: Hiring of tractor: Rs.1100/- per liter Rs.40/- per cubic meter* Rs.3000/- per day, fuel consumed is extra* Rs.135/- per day* Rs.450/- per day* * - these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the materials to be sourced and local hiring charges. Page 1 of 5

2 Conventional Method with Foreign Soil Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts 665 1,149, Soil Required Cu.mts 88 26, Labour For Spreading Metal 1728 Cu.mts 40 69, Labour For Spreading Soil Cu.mts 40 11, Spraying DZ-1X Tractor Tilling + Watering Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 48 days , (8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day) Add for Sundries and Contingencies 1.5 % 21, % 21, Grand Total 1,478, Cost / Cu.m 1, Cost /Sq.M Cost/ Sq.ft Here the entire road is made using soil and metal brought in from outside sources. Conventional Method with Soil from Site Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts Soil Required Cu.mts 0 0 Labour For Spreading Metal 1728 Cu.mts Labour For Spreading Soil Cu.mts Spraying DZ-1X Tractor Tilling + Watering Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 48 days (8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day) Add for Sundries and Contingencies 1.5 % % Grand Total Cost / Cu.m Cost /Sq.M Cost/ Sq.ft Here the entire road is made using metal brought in from outside sources. This is more commonly used. The conventional method of sub-base of road making involves the cost of box cutting the road way, followed by the filling of the cut box with 40-63mm size rubble (metal) and soil mix, involving 2-4 passes of a roller every 3-4 inch s of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the amount of work a roller can process, per hour. From the above data it is found, to process 1km by 6 meter road, one will require approx. 380 hours of rolling, which adds to fuel and time based costs. Page 2 of 5

3 Metal with DZ-1X Metal Requirement, 40 mm to 10mm size 288 Cu.mts , Soil Required 1152 Cu.mts Labour For Spreading Metal 1728 Cu.mts 40 69, Labour For Spreading Soil Cu.mts 40 11, Spraying DZ-1X 349 Liters , Tractor Tilling + Watering 7 days 850 5, Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Liters , Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 7 days , Add for Sundries and Contigencies 21, Grand Total 729, Cost / Cu.m Cost /Sq.M Cost/ Sq.ft Here the entire road is made using 15% volume of road brought in from outside sources, the soil requirement is entirely from local site. This is the most common recommendations used to base the estimate of a road. Here the process begins just like the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out soil next to the cut out box. This soil is then treated with DZ-1X and the proper amount of moisture, ranging from 12-18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil is then spread back into the box cut along with size mm size metal and mixed using a tractor cultivator. This is then rolled 2-4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled is no more than 8 inches. Considering that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the speed with which a roller (non-vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from the above data, rolling hours would be required to work 1km by 6 meter road. DZ-1X Only Metal Requirement, 40 mm to 10mm size Soil Required Labour For Spreading Metal Labour For Spreading Soil 1440 Cu.mts 40 57, Spraying DZ-1X 349 Liters , Tractor Tilling + Watering 7 days 850 5, Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Liters Rs , Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 7 days , Add for Sundries and Contigencies 7, Page 3 of 5

4 Grand Total 495, Cost / Cu.m Cost /Sq.M Cost/ Sq.ft 7.67 Here the entire road is made using no metal. This is used where the soil aggregates already have sufficient quantities of rubble or is of a very agreeable quality such as murram type of soil (yellow soil), or clay-sand, sandy-silt, or silty-clay types having gravel aggregates. DZ-1X with Foreign Soil, Metal not required, soil trucked in from other site Metal Requirement, 40 mm to 10mm size Soil Required 1440 Cu.mts , Labour For Spreading Metal Labour For Spreading Soil 1440 Cu.mts , Spraying DZ-1X 349 Liters 1, , Tractor Tilling + Watering 7 days , Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Liters Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 7 days 3, , Add for Sundries and Contigencies 9, Grand Total 609, Cost / Cu.m Cost /Sq.M Cost/ Sq.ft 9.43 Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the sandy type. DZ-1X with Metal + Foreign soil Metal Requirement, 40 mm to 10mm size 288 Cu.mts Rs Rs.191, Soil Required 1152 Cu.mts Rs Rs.101, Labour For Spreading Metal 288 Cu.mts Rs Rs.11, Labour For Spreading Soil 1152 Cu.mts Rs Rs.46, Spraying DZ-1X 349 Liters Rs.1, Rs.383, Tractor Tilling + Watering 7 days Rs Rs.5, Water Required for DZ-1X treatment Liters Rs.0.13 Rs.19, Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller 7 days Rs.3, Rs.26, Add for Sundries and Contigencies Rs.11, Grand Total Rs.797, Cost / Cu.m Rs Cost /Sq.M Rs Cost/ Sq.ft Rs Page 4 of 5

5 Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the clay type and sand is hauled in to make a more agreeable mixture. After the sub-base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top coatings of either tar, or cement when it is sufficiently dry (approx hours, depending on weather conditions). This surface will remain road worthy for upto 2 years without any top coatings. To improve life of the road a top coating will have to done, depending on the maximum load the road has been built-up. Also, the use of vibrating rollers is highly recommended as it can increase the packing density of the soil and hence also increase th Page 5 of 5

Soil Texture and Structure. Chris Thoreau February 24, 2012

Soil Texture and Structure. Chris Thoreau February 24, 2012 Soil Texture and Structure Chris Thoreau February 24, 2012 Soil texture refers to the relative amount of sand, silt, and clay found in a soil The mixture of these components affects the feel of the soil