Grow PDX radio show. Integrated pest management

Transcription

1 Integrated pest management By Weston Miller, OSU Extension Service Master Gardener 2016 Grow PDX radio show Wednesdays, 1:30pm 2:00pm Grow PDX is a show focusing on horticulture, community food systems and agriculture. This call-in show is hosted by Weston Miller, OSU Community and Urban Horticulturist. Listen in to get the real dirt! Preview of Presentation IPM Process Case studies Preventing pest problems Attracting beneficials Least-toxic pest control products IPM defined Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a scientific approach to pest management that integrates biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical options to control pest problems. The goals of IPM are to reduce risks to people and the environment by using pest biology, environmental information and all available technology to reduce pest damage to acceptable levels by the most economical means. Integrated Pest Management A strategy to prevent and suppress pests with minimum impact on human health, the environment and non-target organisms. Decision-making process that uses regular monitoring to decide if and when treatments are needed to control a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to keep pest numbers low. Master Gardener IPM goals: Answer the public s questions about gardening and household pests Encourage sustainable practices through education and outreach. Use the teachable moment to help clients make informed decisions 1

2 Some considerations to help client understand options Cost/benefit of no action Time constraints Cost of treatment Value of plant ($ and personal) Hazards of available controls Personal gardening philosophy As Master Gardeners, we Provide research-based information to help clients make informed management decisions. Goal- minimize impact on human health and environment Management priorities Cultural Physical Biological Chemical (least toxic) Some IPM messaging Pesticides should ONLY be used when needed, when risks to non-target organisms and habitats have been carefully considered, and when diligent attention will be given to following all label directions and other applicable laws. Steps of IPM 1. Prevention 2. Monitor the plants for sings and symptoms 3. Identify the pest organism Learn the life cycle 4. Set management goals 5. Manage the situation Cultural Physical Biological Chemical (organic and synthesized) 6. Evaluation An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure (Benjamin Franklin, ) Healthy landscapes prevent pest outbreaks Healthy plants resist pest damage Audience Question What can you do to prevent pest problems from developing in gardens and landscapes? Particularly important for organic methods. 2

3 Prevention Manage expectations Take care of soil Drainage Right plant, right place, right care Choose adapted varieties Choose resistant varieties Prevention Avoid over watering or under watering. Plan a watering schedule Irrigate in the morning Irrigate soil, not plants Provide air flow. Use sanitation technique Sanitation Rake and destroy Hot compost, yard waste, bury, burn, trash Apple/pear for codling moth/apple maggot Rose for black spot etc. Other diseased material Surface Tilling Garden symphylan Mulching A fresh layer in spring can help prevent spread of spores (fungal diseases) from splashing rain Tilling 3

4 Weeds can harbor pests Prevent plant problems Maintain/improve soil quality: Improve soil with organic matter Don t over cultivate Don t cultivate when it s wet. Slugs, snails, cutworm, earwigs, fleas beetles, lygus bugs, aphids, leafhoppers Prevention plant problems Provide food, shelter and habitat for beneficial organisms: Hedgerows, Beetle banks, Insectary plants Year-round flowers Monitor plants Look for damage on a regular basis Different times of the day Tools: hand lens, traps, beat sheets Collect samples of damage Keep a records of your observations Identify the problem Is the problem caused by: Non-living factor? Living organism If living, is pest an insect, disease, weed, etc.? Patterns of damage help to determine living or non-living cause Uniform => Nonliving Non-uniform => Living 4

5 Diagnosing Plant Problems Symptom Change in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes in leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc. Sign The organism that s causing the damage, ie. insect, mold, frass, etc. Non-living (Abiotic) plant problems Poor growing conditions Weather: heat, cold, wind, water Mechanical damage Nutrient deficiencies or toxicities Toxins: pesticides, soil or air pollutants Living (Biotic) Causes Vertebrate pests Insects & mites Nematodes Fungi Bacteria Viruses Aphids Most Plant Problems Caused by non-living factors Poor growing conditions Temperature extremes Poor water management Soil compaction Mechanical injury Abiotic factors also make plants susceptible to pests / diseases. User error! Things People Do (TPD) Tools of the trade Key for management: 1. Understand life-cycle of pest/disease 2. Use strategies to break life-cycle 3. Employ multiple strategies 4. Be realistic about control 5. Think long-term; few quick fixes Courtesy of Lindsey DuToit 5

6 IPM Resources PNW Insect Management Handbook PNW Disease Management Handbook More IPM Resources Washington State University University of California If There is a Problem Compare to healthy plant of same type Uniform damage- Non-living (Abiotic) Non-uniform damage- Living (Biotic) 1. Understand problem 2. Tentative diagnosis 3. Identify management options 4. Determine action threshold 5. Implement management practices 6. Monitor effects Slugs n snails Spotted garden slug Reticulated Slug Gray field slug Brown Garden Snail 6

7 Slugs n Snails What do they need to live? Encourage predators Birds, snakes, ground beetles Eliminate habitat Beer and board traps Chemical (baits) Vertebrates Song Birds Violet-green swallow Common Garter Snake Attracting Reptiles & Amphibians Benefits David Rosen Toad Pacific Chorus Frog David Rosen Help control garden pests Garter snakes on slugs Habitat needs Water source in sun & shade Logs or rocks for shelter Rocks for basking Good disguise Domestic Ducks 7

8 Trapping slugs and snails Slugs- chemical control (O) Iron phosphate (slower acting) Metaldehyde (danger) Toxic to pets Copper Strips Diatomaceous Earth For Slugs n snails Repeat applications Effective? Not in rainy PNW Rose Black Spot Black Spot Conditions that favor black spot Presence of infected plant material Presence of susceptible tissue Splashing by rain or watering Leaves wet 24 hours 8

9 Black Spot Disease Cycle Cultural Controls for Black Spot Plant resistant cultivars Avoid dense plantings and shaded areas Avoid overhead watering Prune canes back to two buds if canes are severely infected Carefree Spirit - AARS award winning rose w/o fungicides Sanitation Rake and destroy Hot compost, yard waste, bury, burn, trash Mulching A fresh layer in spring can help prevent spread of spores (fungal diseases) from splashing rain Other Controls for Black Spot No biological control methods Chemical control Many choices for home gardener 9

10 Attracting beneficial insects Conservation Biological Control Reduce disturbance Provide shelter and water Nectar and pollen for insects Tolerate parasitized insect hosts Spiders Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae Spiders are generalist predators! Leave some pests to feed the natural enemies Conservation biological control Increases the abundance of natural enemies where the habitat has been manipulated (Langellotto and Denno 2004) Spatial scale of conservation biological control area influences success (Langellotto and Rosenheim in prep) Conservation biological control Few studies have been conducted in garden systems Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes? Beetle Banks Hedgerow Two Dimensional System Field Margin Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System 10

11 Azalea lace bug situation: emerging pest in Oregon Farmscaping for beneficials Photos: Robin Rosetta, OSU Extension Great resources from Xerxes Society Pocket Guide to Natural Enemies Lady beetles Larvae and adults eat aphids, mealy bugs, mites and insect eggs. 11

12 Lacewings Larvae eat aphids, thrips and mealy bugs Adults eat pollen and nectar Eggs on stalks Lady beetle larva Lacewings Green lacewing eggs Praying mantis Green lacewing larva dining on a caterpillar Purchasing and releasing beneficial insects Hover flies (Syrphid) Larvae eat aphids and thrips Adults eat pollen and nectar Mimic wasp appearance, but they hover in flight Eggs are laid in aphid colonies, larvae feed on aphids. 12

13 Assassin bug Parasitoids Parasitic wasp laying eggs in aphid Aphid mummies Parasitoid wasp video: Body invaders 13

14 4 steps to success for attracting pollinators and natural enemies Ground bee nests: do not disturb 1. Recognize existing habitat 2. Protect and enhance that habitat 3. Provide new habitat 4. Manage land to minimize disturbance Strategies to attract pollinators and natural enemies: Start with soil! Plant a diversity of plants with overlapping bloom time Provide nesting and egg laying sites Provide sheltered, undisturbed places Minimize use of chemicals Consider strategic use of herbicides Start with soil Add compost to soil 2-3 parts soil:1 part amendment rototilling digging Courtesy Linda McMahan Plant diverse plant species with diverse architecture Provide for insect needs: Flowers Nectar for energy Pollen for nutrients Water bath Refuges for egg laying 14

15 Planting strategies from NRCS Plants for Pollinators in Oregon 8 or more species grouped at site Increase abundance and diversity: 3 plants during each blooming period (early spring, spring, summer) 1 native bunch grass Annual vegetable plant flowering sequence Early spring flowering Mustards (arugula), fava beans, calendula Spring flowering Basil, coriander, squash Summer flowering dill, parsley, sunflower NRCS- Plants for Pollinators Perennial plant flowering sequence Early spring flowering Seaside daisy, allium, sedum, lupine, strawberries Spring flowering Agastache, lavender, rosemary, rue, alyssum, oregano, yarrow Summer flowering Statice, parsley, yarrow, feverfew NRCS- Plants for Pollinators Attracting Beneficials (Table 3 pg. 448, 450) Apiaceae- parsley Asteraceae- calendula Brassicaceae- arugula Dispacaceae- Teasel, blue buttons Fabaceae- fava bean, clovers Hydrophyllaceae- phacalia Polygonaceae- buckwheat More thoughts on attracting beneficials Favor native plants Use plants with a variety of floral colors Use plants with a variety of floral shapes Plant in clumps (interconnected patches) Try to ensure that some plants are in bloom throughout the season Native plants 4 x more likely to attract native bees than non-natives Native plant species attract 3x as many species of moths and butterflies 15

16 Beetle Bank Native bunch grasses provide refuge for ground roving beetles Put 1 above existing grade Carabid beetle Rove beetle Ground beetles Adults are dark or metallic Larvae are grub-like with large mouthparts. Feed on soil organisms. Active at night. Scaphinotus marginatus larvae and adult (Ken Gray image collection) Beetle banks in farm setting Beetle bank grass species Creeping wild rye (Elymus sp.) Idaho fescue (Festuca sp.) Other ornamental grasses Farmscaping for Beneficials Project Some favorite non-natives Sunflower, buckwheat and wild Cruciferae insectary plantings Insectary strips, among vegetable crop rows Beetle bank Photos from IPPC Farmscaping for Beneficials Project Cardoon (Left) and Rugosa rose (Right) 16

17 Companions Marigold and basil Phacelia Intercropping with insectary plants Lettuce Cilantro/coriander Summer Cover Crops: Daikon, Buckwheat Buckwheat Phacelia 17

18 Attracting butterflies to your garden Great pollinators Food source Larva (leaves) Adult (nectar) Puddling on soil Providing nutrients & water Attracting butterflies to your garden Host plants Native plants More recognizable Plant characteristics: Fragrant Shape Size cluster flowers Milk weed- Asclepias sp. Butterflies can be specific about which species of plant they lay their eggs Fender s blue and kincaid lupine Attracting hummingbirds to your yard Benefits Pollinators Feed on garden pests Identifying hummingbirds Rufous (look for orange) Anna s (look for pink) Rufous Hummingbird Anna s Hummingbird Attracting hummingbirds to your yard Habitat Water for bathing Branches for nesting Food source Insects Nectar (plants) Native plants Colorful (red, yellow) Nectar (artificial feeder) Steps of IPM 1. Prevention 2. Monitor the plants for sings and symptoms 3. Identify the pest organism Learn the life cycle 4. Set management goals 5. Manage the situation Cultural Physical Biological Chemical (organic and synthesized) 6. Evaluation 18

19 Case study: Azalea lace bug Lace bug: 0.13 adults n s Lace bug IPM Cultural Don t plant or remove very damaged plants Resistant varieties- Encore Cultural: shade, water, nutrition Physical Remove leaves with eggs Hand removal/hosing of adults and nymphs Biological Habitat for beneficials release lace wings larvae Chemical: Lace bug IPM 1. Acephate organophospate, broad sprectrum 2. Azadirachtin (neem) organic, broad spectrum 3. Cyfluthrin- pyrethroid, broad spectrum 4. Horticultural oil- some organic, smothers 5. imidacloprid neonicotinoid, systemic, broad spectrum 6. Insecticidal soap- organic, dries cuticle 7. Spinosad (O)- organic, broad spectrum Systemic Insecticides: Increasingly used on crops, ornamental plants, and lawns Systemic mode of action Residues in pollen and nectar Can be persistent over time in plants and soil Threats to Pollinators: Systemic Pesticides Photo: Mace Vaughan 19

20 Principles of IPM Prevention Monitor the plants Identify the pest organism learn life cycle Establish an acceptable injury level Manage the situation Cultural Physical Biological Chemical (organic and synthesized) Evaluation Organics defined Organic movement Connected to environmental movement Rachel Carson Silent Spring Interest in Organic Gardening 5% of America s 90 million households use exclusively organic management An additional 31% are hybrid gardeners Trend expected to double in coming years National Gardening Association. (2005). Environmental Lawn and Garden Survey. South Burlington: National Gardening Association. Retrieved May 12, 2008 at Organic Industry Trickle-down effect from organic foods industry to gardening Organic does not mean Pesticide free or chemical free generally means products are derived from natural sources 20

21 Confusion!!! Organic agriculture practices are generally more sustainable, but not always the case where letter of law followed but missing the true purpose of the law The word Organic in context: chemcial Organic chemistry- contains carbon The Word Organic in Context: Biological Organic matter- Residue from plant and animals as part of compost, manure, cover crops, mulch, and fertilizers made of natural materials Organic agriculture and foods National Organic Program (NOP) The Word Organic in Context: Legal Defined by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Organic Agriculture is Federally Defined USDA National Organic Standards Board 1995: Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony. Agricultural practices that: Mimic natural ecosystems Maintain/replenish soil fertility 21

22 Practically speaking, organic standards require minimum No use of most synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers Use natural products (with some exceptions; ex. = remay): Derived from mineral, plant, animal Organic Food Labeling Grown and handled according to standards Minimally processed Maintain the integrity of the food No artificial preservatives No irradiation No GMO Services include: Oregon Tilth What s a gardener to do? No certification required Certification Education Research Resources If you want to meet NOP standards: Organic Garden Products USDA National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Soil fertility Weed management Pest management Disease management 22

23 Label is the law With All Products Identify plant and pest and confirm on label for allowed uses of product Read and follow the directions! Wear proper eye protection, mask, clothing, gloves, etc. Please do not recommend homemade solutions as MGs! Organic Herbicides Flame-weeder Acetic acid (vinegar-based) Clove/citric acid based Herbicidal Soap Contact Non-selective Do not translocate OK for annuals Perennials- hmmm Organic Pesticides Azadirachtin- Neem Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)- biological Beauveria bassiana- biological Horticultural oils Insecticidal soap Iron phosphate- slugs Kaolin clay Lime Sulfur Pyrethrins (high hazard for bees!) Spinosad Sulfur Biological Products 23

24 Beneficial microorganisms Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt B.t. kurstaki and caterpillars B.t. israelensis and mosquitos B.t. israelensis and fungus gnats Dunk B.t. san diego and elm leaf beetle Spinosad 24

25 Beauvaria bassiana Organic Chemical Methods: Botanical Insecticides Derived from botanical sources Biodegrade rapidly Widely varying levels of toxicity Pyrethrins Organic Derived from chrysanthemum flower Contact insecticide Broad spectrum BEWARE- extremely toxic to bees too Botanical insecticide: Neem From seeds of the neem tree Broad spectrum against many pests Must be ingested to be toxic; also used as horticulture oil to smother Low mammalian toxicity May require repeat applications Insecticidal Soap Contact insecticide smothers and desiccates insect Use against soft-bodied insects like aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites Low mammalian toxicity Requires excellent coverage, repeat applications Biodegrades rapidly Effective only until it dries Horticultural Oil Derived from petroleum, vegetable or fish oil Smothers insects and mites Works best on soft-bodied insects Low mammalian toxicity Avoid hottest part of day Avoid drought-stressed plants Use commercial products rather than homemade 25

26 Use dust mask with dust product Broad spectrum miticide and fungicide Low mammalian toxicity Do not use within two weeks of an oil spray Some plants sensitive to sulfur Sulfur Organic Fungicides Horticultural oils like neem Copper-based Sulfur Lime sulfur (cuation: caustic) Serenade (Bacillus subtilus) Potassium bicarbonate This is a peach tree grafted with two curl resistant cultivars. Cultivar 'Q 1-8' on the left and the cultivar 'Mary Jane' (with lots of curl) on the right. Propagation Sterilization 10% Bleach solution Isopropyl alcohol H2O2 Some IPM messaging Pesticides should ONLY be used when needed, when risks to non-target organisms and habitats have been carefully considered, and when diligent attention will be given to following all label directions and other applicable laws. Review of Presentation IPM Process Case studies Preventing pest problems Attracting beneficials Least-toxic pest control products 26