THE RISKS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE IN

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Joella Betty Wilkinson
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1 Perfil HEM mm mm 150 mm 60 mm 30 mm 300 mm THE RISKS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran m.hejazi@eng.ui.ac.ir University of Minho Czech Technical University in Prague University of Padova Technical University of Catalonia ARCCHIP- ITAM The Risks to Cultural Heritage in Western and Central Asia 2 1 Introduction 2 The Risks of Cultural Heritage 4 Economic Risks 6 Institutional Weakness Risks 7 Conclusion

2 1 Introduction 3 Western Asia Armenia, Bahrain Cyprus, Sinai (Eastern Egypt) Gaza Strip, Iraq, Jordan Kuwait, Lebanon Oman, Pakistan (Balochistan only) Qatar, Saudi Arabia Syria, United Arab Emirates West Bank, Yemen 1 Introduction 4 Western Asia Azerbaijan (Asian part only) Georgia (Asian part only) Turkey (Aisa Minor or Anatolia only) Also: Afghanistan Pakistan Iran

3 1 Introduction 5 Central Asia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ub Uzbekistan kit 2 The Risks of Cultural Heritage 6 Natural Risks Economic Risks Social Risks Institutional Weakness Risks

4 7 Sudden Natural Risks Eathquakes Floods Major Storms Landslides Regular Natural Risks Rainfall Wind Temperature Changes 8 Georgia Traditional Risk Management Handled the Problem in the Past. Socio-political Changes Resulted in Lack of Preparedness. At Present, Natural Disasters Are more Harmful than Before.

9 Georgia Tbilisi, Capital, Hit by a 6 Richter Scale

Nominated for World Heritage List Lack of Regular

the Earthquake 10 Georgia Increase of Buildings

Worse Situation by After-Shocks and Continuous Heavy

Separate Parts within Few Days Vernacular buildings

5 9 Georgia Tbilisi, Capital, Hit by a 6 Richter Scale Earthquake on 25 April 2002 Historic District, Nominated for World Heritage List Lack of Regular Maintenance for Decades Seriously Endangered before the Earthquake 10 Georgia Increase of Buildings Vulnerability after the Earthquake (No Collapse) Worse Situation by After-Shocks and Continuous Heavy Rains Collapse of Two Buildings and Failure of Separate Parts within Few Days Vernacular buildings in Betlemi micro-quarter, Tbilisi, Georgia, before and after the earthquake.

6 11 Georgia Tbilisi 12 Georgia Kanchaeti Kabeni church before and after the earthquake

7 13 Iran Bam, Hit by a 6.5 Richter Scale Earthquake on 26 December 2003 Tradition of Adobe Construction for 2000 Years. Bam Citadel before and after the earthquake 14 Iran Loss and Fear of Interest in Traditional Adobe Construction Replacement of Adobe Buildings with Steel, Reinforced Concrete, and Confined Brick Masonry Buildings Bam City after the earthquake

8 15 Iran Replacement of Tradition Adobe Structures with Reinforced Concrete Structures Bam, main historical i bazaar 16 Iran Replacement of Adobe Buildings with Steel Buildings

9 17 Iran Replacement of Adobe Buildings with Steel Buildings 18 Iran Replacement of Adobe Buildings with Steel Buildings

10 19 Iran Replacement of Adobe Buildings with Confined Brick Masonry Buildings 4 Economic Risks 20 Economic and Technological l Changes Infrastructure Construction Agricultural Expansion Air Pollution

11 4 Economic Risks 21 Economic and Technological Changes Traditional Crafts and Wares Pushed Out from Old Medinas and Souks The Cities and Souks of Zabid and Old Shibam in Yemen (Both on World Heritage List) Jahan Nama Souk of Isfahan in Iran, Replacing by a High-Rise Shopping Centre Endangering the Main Square of the City (on World Heritage List) 4 Economic Risks 22 Infrastructure Construction Major Losses Due to the Building of: Highways Roads Railways Airport Hydropower Dams and Reservoirs New Towns Industrial Estates t and Mines

12 4 Economic Risks 23 Infrastructure Construction Iran: Isfahan Construction of Underground Transportation along Chahar-Bagh Street (Planned to be on World Heritage List) 4 Economic Risks 24 Infrastructure Construction Iran: Shiraz Construction of Railway in Front of Ancient Site of Pasargad (550 B.C.) (Planned to be on World Heritage List)

13 4 Economic Risks 25 Infrastructure Construction Iran: Shiraz Construction of Sivand Dam Endangering Ancient Site of Pasargad (550 B.C.) to Submerge (Planned to be on World Heritage List) 4 Economic Risks 26 Infrastructure Construction Iran: Tous Construction of Power Towers Damaging the Buffer Zone of Ferdowsi Tomb (Planned to be on World Heritage List)

14 4 Economic Risks 27 Agricultural Expansion Encroachment on Sites with Important Archaeological Remains 4 Economic Risks 28 Air Pollution (Industrialisation) Increasing Emissions of Corrosive Acidic Pollutants such as Sulfur Oxides Ali Qapu building ( A.D.), Isfahan, Iran

15 29 Population Increase Tourism Looting, Illegal Excavations, Theft, War Neglect and Ignorance 30 Population Increase Wear and Tear on Historical Buildings Solid and Liquid Waste Generation Illegal Demolition of Historical Buildings Illegal Construction

16 31 Population Increase Syria: Damascus Destruction at Historical Neighbourhoods (on World Heritage List) Old town new town Traditional market al-hal/al-khayl l/ l l 32 Population Increase Syria: Damascus Destruction at Historical Neighbourhoods (on World Heritage List)

17 33 Population Increase Iran: Isfahan Destruction at Historical Neighbourhoods 34 Population Increase Iran: Isfahan Construction of an Illegal High-Rise Building in the Buffer Zone of the Naqsh-i-Jahan Square (on World Heritage List)

18 35 Population Increase Saudi Arabia: Mecca Destruction of Old Souks 36 Population Increase Saudi Arabia: Mecca Construction of High-Rise Towers near the Al-Haram Mosque

19 37 Population Increase Saudi Arabia: Medina Tall Hotels Surrounding the Prophet s Mosuqe 38 Tourism Commercialisation beyond Carrying Capacities Pollution, Waste, Vandalism

20 39 Looting, Illegal Excavations, Theft, War The Capital of a Column Illicitly Removed from a Site in Anavarza in Turkey in 1992 Seventeen Bronze Statuettes Stolen from the Karachi National Museum in Pakistan in Items Stolen from Iraqi Museums during the Persian Gulf War Blowing-up of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan in Looting, Illegal Excavations, Theft, War Defacing a 2400-Year-Old Achaemanid Inscription by Vandals in Khark Island in Persian Gulf on 30 May 2008

21 41 Neglect and Ignorance Living in Hertiage Buildings Unaware of It Result in Damage to Heritage University of Art, Isfahan, Iran 6 Institutional Weakness Risks 42 Natural, Economic and Social Risks Amplify Each Other. Such Risks are Aggravated by Institutional Weakness Risks. Barbur Park, Kabul, Afghanistan

22 7 Conclusion 43 The Main Categories of Risks to Cultural Heritage in Western and Central Asia Are: Natural Risks Economic Risks Social Risks Institutional Weakness Risks 44 The Risks to Cultural Heritage in Western and Central Asia End

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