CRISTANINI Spa Via Porton 5, Rivoli Veronese, ITALY www.cristanini.com
temperature Fire fighting with fast deployment units Time factor during fire propagation IGNITION PROPAGATION FULL FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT CRITICAL POINT time Vast majority of fire brigade missions deals with small fires Page 2 of 40
BASICS OF WATER MIST - START OF A FIRE - CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER - MECHANISM OF FIRE ATTACK BY WATER MIST - WATER MIST CLASSIFICATIONS - HOW TO MEASURE THE MIST SIZE Page 3 of 40
The Start of a Fire Page 4 of 40
Characteristics of Water High Specific Heat Capacity c= 4,2 J / g.k High Latent Heat of Vaporization Q= 2442 J/g ( 500 Kcal/l) Very High Expansion Factor ( abt. 1700 times vs. liquid phase ) Page 5 of 40
Heat Transfer : Fire to Water General Heat Transmission formula: Q = k x S x ΔT By maximising Water Surface area : Maximum Heat Extraction Maximum Fire Cooling Page 6 of 40
Variation of surface area with WATER MIST Spray surface area of 1 l. of water from 1 to 350 bar increases 625 times Page 7 of 40
Waterjet in air: Cutting nozzle vs. Water Mist type Page 8 of 40
Extinguishing Mechanism of Water Mist HEAT EXTRACTION BY WATER EVAPORATION OXIGEN DISPLACEMENT RADIATION HEAT ATTENUATION (barrier effect) Page 9 of 40
Classification of WATER MIST by droplet size Definition of Dv (droplet diametre) as per NFPA 750 : 2006 (*) Water Mist refers to fine sprays with 99% droplet size <1000 μm (#) Class 1 : Dv max 200 μmm ( 10% <100 μmm 90% <200 μm) (#) Class 2 : Dv max 400 μmm (10% < 200 μmm 90% < 400 μm ) (#) Class 3 : Dv max 1000 μmm (10% <400 μmm 99% < 1000 μm) (#) (*) NFPA ( National Fire Protection Association-USA) (#) Measured at 1m on plane surface perpendicular to nozzle axis Note: presently UFWM (Ultra Fine Water Mist) refers to sprays with Dv90% <50 μm Page 10 of 40
Advanced techniques used to measure droplets size Scheme of Doppler Refraction system Test of droplet size on WJ.FE 300 unit Page 11 of 40
Water Mist advantages in fire extinguishment - DRASTIC COOLING OF FLAME GAS - OXIGEN DISPLACEMENT DUE TO VAPOUR FORMATION - RADIANT HEAT ATTENUATION ( BARRIER EFFECT) - REDUCTION OF PRESSURE IN COMPARTMENT AREAS - LOW REQUIREMENT OF WATER TO SUPPRESS FIRE - MINIMAL OR NO DAMAGE TO PEOPLE AND OBJECTS Page 12 of 40
Mobile first attack unit: Fire Stop 200/30 Page 13 of 40
Adjustable jet with or w/out extinguishing foam Low Pressure Jet High Pressure Jet Water Mist Jet Water Mist Jet + Foam Page 14 of 40
Fire Stop 200/30 data sheet -Twin cyls 4-stroke gasoline engine with 14,7kW @ 3250 rpm - HP triplex ceramic plunger pump with 30 l/min @ 200bar - Hand lance for: water, Water Mist, water + foam - Hose reel: manual type with 40 m long 3/8 waterjetting hose - Fuel tank with 6 l capacity - Water tank: (120 l ) with in-line stainless steel filter unit - Bracket for extinguishing foam tank ( 30 l) with feed circuit - Sizes: 1320x700x1200 mm ( L x w x H), Weight:175kg Page 15 of 40
Examples of Fire Stop 200/30 installations Tractor for forest & farm areas Pick-up for city center service Page 16 of 40
Advantages of mobile Fire Stop 200/30 system - Small size mobile Water Mist unit for fast deployment on fire site capable to operate at any level from ground; - Safe intervention in valuable environments ( theatre, museums, historical buildings, trade malls, complex dwellings, and so on ); - High autonomy with small tank and low need for additional water; - Can be operated by a single fireman with low recoil (abt.9kg ) - Easy access in critical areas with 3/8 size waterjet hose; - Optional operation with pure water or with addition of foam; - Water spray not dangerous for people and objects ( PC, TV) Page 17 of 40
Backdraft: an old problem.!...a new solution: the Cutting Extinguisher! Page 18 of 40
Features of a Cutting Extinguisher - BE VERY QUICK IN PIERCING A SURFACE - HAVE HIGH WATER MIST PERFORMANCES - BE PORTABLE AND USER FRIENDLY - DISPLAY HIGH LEVELS OF SAFETY FOR PEOPLE Page 19 of 40
Scheme of present Cutting Extinguishers Abrasive added to water near HP pump as Suspension system (ASWJ) Page 20 of 40
Limits of present Cutting Extinguishers - Lance is handled by fireman with close contact with hose where abrasive suspension flows at high speed ( danger in case of hose perforation ). - Fireman works far from unit and must rely on a Remote Control system to check abrasive On-Off valves (use of radio or wire not best suited with fire). - After completing piercing it is necessary to fully clear abrasive from hose needing time and care to avoid serious danger during water jetting. -One nozzle only can be used for both functions resulting in a concentrated jet dangerous for people and objects within short distance ( up to 6m). -Use in high rise building may promote hose clogging due to abrasive settling during On-Off activity with stop to jetting operation. - The system is complex and heavy requiring dedicated maintenance, training and care in and after use. Page 21 of 40
The New Cutting Fire Extinguisher: WJ.FE 300 Page 22 of 40
High pressure water inlet Fire fighting with fast deployment units WJFE 300 lance with section of Cutting nozzle Abrasive inlet ( Patent VI2014 A000150 ) Suction stub Waterjet nozzle Exit nozzle Abrasive Entrained with water on nozzle tip (AEWJ system) Page 23 of 40
The innovative lance of WJFE- 300 Cutting Extinguisher Twin Barrel lance Abrasive trigger HP Water trigger Shoulder Stock Cutting nozzle HP Water inlet Water Mist nozzle Easy-fit cartridge coupling Abrasive cartridge Page 24 of 40
: problems cured vs. present Cutting systems - Lance is handled by fireman with close contact with hose where abrasive suspension flows at high speed ( danger in case of hose perforation ). - Fireman works far from unit and must rely on a Remote Control system to check abrasive On-Off valves ( radio or wire not best suited with fire). -One nozzle only used for both functions resulting in a concentrated jet dangerous for people and objects within short distance ( up to 6m). - After completing piercing it is necessary to fully clear abrasive from hose needing time and care to avoid serious danger during water jetting. -Use in High-Rise building may promote hose clogging due to abrasive settling during On-Off activity with. stop to cutting operation. - The system is complex and heavy requiring dedicated maintenance, training and care in and after use. Page 25 of 40
Cutting Extinguisher WJ.FE 300 Modular: Data Sheet Twin-cyls diesel engine ( 14 kw @ 3000 rpm) HP triplex pump with ceramic plungers ( 22 l/min @ 350bar) Hand Lance with twin barrel checked by separate triggers Two different nozzles: one for piercing, one for Water Mist Abrasive filled cartridge with easy-fit coupling on lance Hose reel: manual type with 40m hose, 3/8 size for HP waterjet Diesel fuel tank: capacity 20l Sizes: Dimensions(900x560x600 mm L x w x H) weight: 186 kg. Page 26 of 40
Tests at Italian Navy Training Center Fire room ( about V=256 c.m.) Fire load ignited ( Type A & B ) Page 27 of 40
Tests at Italian Navy Training Center Page 28 of 40
WJ.FE 300 : unit Tests at FPA Fire Test Room (Portsmouth, UK ref. TDSP 00152 report) Equipment used WJ.FE 300 : Patented Lance Page 29 of 40
FPA Test Rig : Set up and Fuel Load Inside set up of Kitchen with Fire Cribs Outside set up of Test Rig Ignited Fire Cribs Page 30 of 40
FPA Test Rig :Location of instrumentation Page 31 of 40
FPA Test Rig Results: Gas temperature in K-D Page 32 of 40
FPA Test Rig Results: Gas temp. in Fire Crib Page 33 of 40
FPA Test Rig Results: Gas Pressure in K-D room Page 34 of 40
FPA Cutting Rig : set-up Page 35 of 40
FPA Cutting Rig : Test results TEST N MATERIAL TIME (SEC) 1 6.2 mm steel plate 22 sec. 2 95 mm concrete block 71 sec. 3 6.0 mm aluminium plate 13 sec. 4 44 mm softwood timber 7 sec. 5 135 mm high density block 48 sec. 6 ISO container wall 11 sec. Page 36 of 40
Results of final in-house piercing tests 5 mm steel sheet pierced in 16 sec. 120 mm concrete block pierced in 40 sec. 10 mm steel sheet pierced in 40 sec. Page 37 of 40
Prototype installation in the UK of WJ.FE 300 in a double-use van (fire-fighting + ambulance Page 38 of 40
Advantages of portable WM and Cutting extinguishers - Installation on small vehicles ideal for quick action in congested areas and fast deployment on work site - Able to pierce walls at unlimited heights with no danger of hose clogging - Highly flexible to attack various fire scenario with no danger to fireman - No damages to people and objects due to minimal use fo water - Able to pierce walls of any type and provide rapid cooling of fire gas - Virtually no problems for alive electrical items ( PC, TV, etc.) - Safe, symple and user-friendly approach (9 kg recoil force with WM) - Suitable for civil, industrial and naval applications Page 39 of 40
www.cristanini.com cristanini@cristanini.it Thank you for your attention! Page 40 of 40