OSPMadrid 21 patriomonio construido de Espane John Kunz Week 3: 25 January
Big Idea Elements of the built environment can have hugely important symbolic and cultural meaning in a culture, both by design and because of the way they are used. Week 3: 25 January 2
Agenda Week 3: 25 January 3
Agenda Entities; (attributes); <relationships> Grounded theory Q1 submissions: follow directions! Alexander patterns for this week Steele and sustainability Project plans Week 3: 25 January 4
Entities attributes - relationships Entity: a physical (or abstract) object or thing Physical: Wall, building, walkway Abstract: space (Attribute): t measurable or observable bl dimension i or property Size: length, width, area; Color; Material; E.g., (Living) space; The (height) of the towers <Relationship>: connection between two entities <Connection between> Spires; (Sight) lines Week 3: 25 January 5
Entities attributes - relationships Entity: a physical (or abstract) object or thing Physical: Wall, building, walkway Abstract: space (Attributes): t measurable or observable dimension or property Size: length, width, area; Color; Material <Relationship>: connection between two entities <Connection>: link between two entities Examples (Living) space; <Connection between> Spires; (Sight) lines The (height) function and/or behavior -- of the towers Form: Function: statement about entity and attributes/relationships E.g., The towers are <intended to symbolically reach up to> God. Form: entity E.g., Towers Behavior: value of measured/ observed attribute(s) or relationship(s) E.g., Creates a sense of (importance) of the church, because it is (bigger) and (taller) <than> any of the buildings around it. Week 3: 25 January 6
theory has evidence -- well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon Hypothesis testing: Develop theory, test null hypothesis that it does not apply We could test hypotheses that some pattern(s), change patterns, etc. that do (not) occur in Spaiin No observed data may fit the theory Grounded theory: Theory developed inductively from a corpus of data (w/o initial theoretical framework or hypotheses) At least one dataset fits resulting theory References 1. Glaser and Strauss, 1967, The Discovery of Grounded Theory 2. Strauss and Corbin, 1990, Basics of Qualitative Research Week 3: 25 January 7
Grounded theory Method: create, read (and re-read) field notes and "discover" or label variables (categories) and their interrelationships. Ability to perceive variables and relationships is "theoretical sensitivity" Open coding: identify, name, categorize, describe phenomena found in notes. Essentially, read each line, sentence, paragraph etc. to answer repeated questions "what is this about? What is being referenced here?" Week 3: 25 January 8
Grounded theory methods Create field notes, which include 1. Transcript of your interview (or thoughts) 2. Coding: patterns you find in notes 3. Memos: comments (to yourself) on what you did, how you did it, how it seems to work Observe and create first set of notes Create next set using vocabulary you previously coded Identify Core category: (one) code that you find in all your notes Future observations and notes: code only for core category, other related categories, and properties of both. Week 3: 25 January 9
Grounded theory: Memos Comments to yourself about conjectures you have about Categories or properties p Relationships between categories Use literature (readings) to inform and refine your memos Week 3: 25 January 10
Transcript: one way to describe Madrid Developed, modern Shows changes but retains distinctive characteristics ti (personality) (Minimal) relationship to physical surroundings Historical identity overlaid with modern identity International appearance V/v Paris: both relatively flat, have both small and grand avenues; have lots of sights ; historic (related to past) and modern; Catholic church monuments; Madrid has Moorish influence; Paris more Gothic Paris has an idealistic element (Liberté, égalité, fraternité) not seen in Madrid Madrid central seems quite rich Week 3: 25 January 11
Q2 1. Photo caption that comments on the name, features, historical and personal significance of the content of the photo. 2. Sketch name, features, historical and personal 3. Formal symbolic model of the function, form and behaviors 4. Tour guide overview. 5. Personal vignette. 6. Theoretical Interpretation based on 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68 and 69 What patterns do you see; What patterns are missing 7. Compare differences in functional objectives, different ways the designers responded and different ways the project behaves 8. Compare.. another century, considering differences in functional objectives, different ways the designers responded and different ways the project behaves Week 3: 25 January 12
Q2 2. Sketch 1. Name; 2. features; 3. historical; 4. personal Week 3: 25 January 13
Q2 3. Formal Symbolic Model Function: statement about entity and attributes/relationships Form: entity Behavior: value of measured/ observed attribute(s) or relationship(s) Week 3: 25 January 14
Q2 5. Personal vignette Chloe: Had it not been for the tour group ahead of us and the one following close on our tails, I would never have guessed that many people visited the ruins of the temple. It is so cloistered away that it seems strange that people should know about it. Its location in the middle of a residential cluster of buildings is something that I really couldn t fathom, from an American perspective. Built history itself (or at least that which is more than a couple hundred years old) is absolutely foreign to us, and from the perspective p of someone who has grown up in the suburbs, if there is history in your city, it is surely not in your backyard. That people are able to look out their windows in the morning and see something that was built over 2,000 years ago, that they can sit in a courtyard downstairs and marvel at the workmanship of centuries past, is incredible. That is probably what struck me most about this site the role that built environments can play in the lives of people living ing hundreds of years after their construction. Week 3: 25 January 15
Q2 6. Patterns The most apparent of the patterns present is high places (pattern 62). In this pattern, one must build occasional high places as landmarks throughout the city. In this respect, the towers of La Sagrada Familia definitely apply, because they are so much taller than anything else around them that they stand out as an important location in the city of Barcelona. The second most prominent pattern is holy ground (pattern 66). What makes these towers feel like such a holy spot of the church is partly in the way that they are separated from the general viewing area by height, a fee, and an elevator ride. The journey to the towers augments the impressive sight awaiting you. The patterns of small public squares (61), water (64), common land (67), and connected play (68) are not present in this structure. The land is not owned by the public, but rather privately owned and controlled, and the height of the towers prevents any sense of connected play. The pattern of public outdoor rooms (69), however, is debatable. Although the space is a semi-enclosed outdoor space open to the public, it is not actually a piece of the common land. Week 3: 25 January 16
Q2 7. Compare another country Week 3: 25 January 17
Q2 8. Compare another century The Walt Disney Concert Hall designed by Frank Gehry, and completed in 2003,provides an interesting ti comparison for Casa Milá. The building employs the natural curves seen in Gaudí s structure to enhance the acoustics of the structure, something very important for the purpose of the building. Gehry s concert hall uses modern materials but also incorporates natural materials such as Douglas fir and Oak wood in the interior of the building. These natural materials also aid in the acoustical success of the building. Therefore, this building furthers Gaudí s vision of combining science and art; the concert hall uses art to achieve acoustical goals, which are critical for the purpose of the building. Week 3: 25 January 18
Patterns 54. Road crossing 21. Four story limit 55. Raised walk 56. Bike paths and racks 57. Children in the city 58. Carnival 59. Quiet backs 60. Accessible green 30. Activity it nodes 31. Promenade 61. Small public squares 62. High places 66. Holy Ground 67. Common land 69. Public outdoor room 92. Bus stop 94. Sleeping in public 95. Building complex 96. Number of stories 125. Stair seats 163. Outdoor room Week 3: 25 January 19
Pattern 54: Road crossing Problems Cars frighten and subdue walking people Pedestrians must be extremely visible to car drivers Cars should slow down when they approach a pedestrian crossing Pattern (only for special roads, not all), when pedestrians need to wait >= 2 seconds for traffic to pass To broaden safe walking space, allow pedestrians on narrowing of the road that allows cars on through lanes only, i.e., allow pedestrians on eliminated curbside parking lanes Add pedestrian islands for wide roads Week 3: 25 January 20
Pattern 55: Raised walk Any pedestrian path along a road carrying fast- moving cars should be about 18 inches above the road, with a low wall or railing along the edge Week 3: 25 January 21
Pattern 56: Bike paths and racks Build a system of bike paths: clearly marked, along local roads Provide bike racks Week 3: 25 January 22
Pattern 57: Children in the city Create a network of bike paths, adjacent to homes and shops, through every neighborhood so children can roam freely on their bikes and trikes. Week 3: 25 January 23
Pattern 58: Carnival Set aside some part of town as a carnival, a space for mad sideshows, clowns, dancing, music, street theater, freak events, transvestites, that allow people to reveal their madness. Put an outdoor theater at one end Week 3: 25 January 24
Pattern 59: Quiet backs Give buildings a quiet back muted from public noise. Build wall along back so it gets sunlight Connect it to other walks to form a network of alleys. Week 3: 25 January 25
Pattern 60: Accessible green Build one open public green within three minutes walk about 750 feet of every house and workplace. Greens >= 150 ft across, >= 60K ft 2 Week 3: 25 January 26
Method to use patterns 1. Start with list of all patterns 2. Find one pattern that best describes your project 3. Note related smaller patterns 4. Select next most descriptive from all noted patterns 5. Exclude a pattern when in doubt 6. Iterate 4-5 until you have all patterns you want 7. Add own patterns 8. Change patterns if you want As in poetry, the most interesting spaces have many (harmonious) patterns Week 3: 25 January 27
Steele - Roots of sustainability Ancient history preserve; develop slowly: American Indian culture for millennia; Spain? My grandparents: very thrifty farmers > Industrial revolution develop quickly & deplete Wiping i smog tears, Los Angeles, 1953. http://www.aqmd.gov/news1/archives/history/50 th_photos.htm black dragons from the Lasengmiao Power Plant, China, 2005, http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/11/14/unbelievable-pollution-in- Week 2: 18 January china-yet-the-us-is-the-baddie-at-copenhagen/ 28
Steele: roots of sustainability 1970s Zero growth Population Bomb, Ehrlich 1968 First Earth day 1970 Limits to Growth - 1972 1980s Sustainability Brandt commission North South 1980 Bruntland report Our Common Future promise of environment and economic development - 1987 Discussion of values, standard of living Week 2: 18 January 29
Sustainability Sustainability now links economic development with ecological (and now cultural) preservation both economic development and ecology must and have started to redefine their values more broadly To develop either indefinitely over time requires the other Fundamentally an ethical question: how do we want to care for those who are yet unborn? Week 2: 18 January 30
Flessig - Smart Growth objectives: long-term health of existing communities --economically, environmentally, socially minimize impacts of new development (public infrastructure costs, congestion, air pollution, loss of agriculture land, etc.); provide greater accessibility and choices in how we move about from home, work, shopping and leisure activities; stabilize and improve the long-term financial i performance for commercial and home owners; maximize the return from public investments in existing and new roads, schools, utilities, transit systems, bridges, waterways, etc; protect natural habitat and watersheds for the future; and foster a greater sense of connection, responsibility and continuity for citizens with their communities. Week 3: 25 January 31
Critical components biggest Smart-Bang-for-the-Buck 1. PROXIMITY TO EXISTING/FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE; 2. MIX AND BALANCE OF USES; 3. SITE OPTIMIZATION AND COMPACTNESS; 4. ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY CHOICES; 5. COMMUNITY CONTEXT AND SITE DESIGN; 6. FINED-GRAINED BLOCK, PEDESTRIAN AND PARK NETWORK; 7. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; 8. DIVERSITY; 9. RE-USE AND REDEVELOPMENT OPTIONS; 10. PROCESS COLLABORATION AND PREDICTABILITY OF DECISIONS Week 3: 25 January 32
1. PROXIMITY TO EXISTING/FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE Factors Distance to existing roads, water and sewer service Walking distance to transit (bus, rail, etc.) For residential uses: distance to food and convenience stores, schools, daycare, rec centers Score For commercial development (employment), proximity to housing, restaurants, entertainment Time before additional support services (shopping, schools, transit) will be available Project located within designated development/ redevelopment area Total score Week 3: 25 January 33
2. MIX AND BALANCE OF USES Factors Provides a new type of development to an existing i neighborhood (within 1 mile), e.g., employment, housing, retail, civic, educational, cultural, recreation Street-level uses that generate maximum pedestrian activity (# hours open per day) Project is mixed-use Total Score Week 3: 25 January 34
3. SITE OPTIMIZATION AND COMPACTNESS Factors Maximize i allowable floor-area ratio (FAR): FAR ~ allowed max Average number of dwelling units/acre (gross density including open space) > 14 Office project has high floor area ratio: > 1.0 Shopping center project has high floor area ratio: > 0.75 High % of "usable" open space for gathering and recreation as compared to undeveloped open areas such as parking planters and traffic islands: > 75% Place parking in above- or below-grade structures t (% of total parking in structure): 75% Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 35
4. ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY CHOICES Factors Reduce vehicle mile traveled > 50% Provide pedestrian amenities for transit Provide direct street connections Locate parking facilities behind the building Facilitate connections to existing or planed parks, open space Facilitate choices in transportation modes Provide Park-n-ride lots Provide van pool or car pool service Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 36
5. COMMUNITY CONTEXT AND SITE DESIGN Factors Include map of neighborhood h and street t connections for planning/building permit approvals Preservation and re-use >= 75% of an existing structure Building reflects local l historical i building materials, style and/or design Treatment of façade breaks down massing, articulates depth, verticality and street edge Scale and mass of buildings relate to neighborhood Continuation of existing neighborhood street pattern into new project Include strong connections all adjacent natural features such as river-ways, hiking trails Automobiles make minimum i impact on pedestrians Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 37
6. FINE-GRAINED BLOCK, PEDESTRIAN AND PARK NETWORK Factors Street t network is based on a grid system. Short block lengths (long-side): < 400 feet Distance from major uses to parks: < 5 minutes Pedestrian system connects to civic, cultural, retail/ service destinations and other paths Hierarchy of park types and sizes Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 38
7. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Factors Use water conservation systems (meters, water re-use) Solar access considered in site design Protect, preserve and/or restore any on-site natural features i.e. wetlands, riparian corridors, watersheds, etc. Buffers around on/off-site natural areas Use local regional vegetation on site Xeriscaping, drip water systems versus sprinkling Establish recycling program with tenants Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 39
8. DIVERSITY Factors Variety of building types & styles Locally-owned businesses included in a project Wide-range in pricing structure of units that will be sold or leased: >=80% priced for 80-100% of median income Variety of densities in both residential and commercial employment unit Vary set-backs Vary residential lot-sizes: > 15% of development for lots < 4500 sq-ft Available civic facilities and amenities, such as daycare, teen/senior center, cultural facility, etc Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 40
9. RE-USE AND REDEVELOPMENT OPTIONS Factors Utility lines located along access roads Building types and structures can adapt to different uses Span dimensions can accommodate residential & office users: retail has depth < 75 If phasing, provide for connections to future street Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 41
10. PROCESS COLLABORATION AND PREDICTABILITY OF DECISIONS Factors Pre-design meeting with neighbors and/or city staff Participation in district/property owner association (parking, maintenance, etc) Contact t with city staff in all key agencies (parks, transportation, economic development) Provide computer model of project Identify community objectives in adopted plans that are met by proposed project Total score Score Week 3: 25 January 42
Projects Objectives: See, experience and describe some aspect of the Built Environment of Spain that you choose Personally meaningful Create some evidence that what you describe exists Methods: look for examples of theories we have considered or Grounded theory Team experience (w/partner) Build on and explicitly use our theoretical (Alexander, Brand, etc.) framework Week 3: 25 January 43
Projects Methods: Propose (next week, 1 Feb) your project to experience and describe some aspect of the Built Environment of Spain Subject Research method to collect and interpret evidence that what you describe exists Observe and test or Grounded theory Structure to explicitly use our theoretical framework Adapt proposal to include content of future readings Submissions: incremental (rest of quarter) + final (last week) Week 3: 25 January 44
Q3 1. Photo 2. Sketch 3. Formal symbolic model of the function, form and behaviors of your project. Brief description of relationships among functions, related forms, related behaviors 4. Comment on things you liked and did not like (Plus/Delta) about behaviors you identify in your symbolic model; comment on relationships to forms and functions. 5. Architectural critic review, in the manner of one we read, i.e., in about 500 words and with 1-2 photos, summarize your project. Include provocative commentary. 6. Personal vignette. 7. Theoretical interpretation based on your interpretations of the patterns of Alexander 8. Compare your project with one that has similar functions but that was done in another country or century, 9. Smart Scorecard assessment of your project that includes your (brief) assessment of the ten critical components described on p. 6 of the Flessig reading. 10. Field notes (brief transcript, initial coding and memos) that summarize interviews of at least two local residents. 11. Briefly propose your project to experience and describe some aspect of the Built Environment of Spain. Propose a research method, using Grounded Theory, to collect and interpret evidence that what you describe exists. Propose a structure to explicitly describe your project using our theoretical framework. Week 3: 25 January 45