ADAPTIVE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN SUBURBAN HOUSING

ADAPTIVE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN SUBURBAN HOUSING Shirly WUNAS Urban and Regional Development Study Program Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin University Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10 Tamalanrea Makassar-Indonesia Email: shirly@indosat.net.id Venny Veronica Natalia Urban and Regional Development Study Program Faculty of Engineering Hasanuddin University Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10 Tamalanrea Makassar-Indonesia Email: veronica_natalia@ymail.com ABSTRACT Several cities in Indonesia had succeeded to directing the development of their suburban areas, but another problems arise in that area. Generally the problems were sporadic and all the settlement connected to the main road as a single access to the urban areas. The people staying in that suburban (50%) had to use the main road that had distance about 5km to reach urban facilities such as education, health, shopping employment and recreation mostly by using private vehicles (motorcycles and cars). These phenomena were influencing traffic congestion in the urban area. For obtaining a healthy city with better air quality and reduction of pollution due to traffic congestion, are needed: 1) to describes about renewal of Makassar Suburban area, 2) to develop the existing facilities with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD), Transportation Demand Management (TDM) and mixed-land use. Successful implementation depends on the guidelines of compact development of the vertical housing and been supported by community facilities and mass transportation. Keyword: Traffic Congestion, Pollution, Compact Development, Better Air quality, Healthy City INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle emission in the city can be reduced by lowering private motor vehicle mobility (Car and Motorcycle). Thus can be reach, if social and economic facility moved close to housing by adapting concept of compact city. This concept must be support with other concept such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD), Mixed land Uses and transportation demand management (TDM). Nowadays, problem that should be concern in some developing countries is The Government focus in housing providing on suburban area, use the main access, main urban access to town down town/urban, CBD (Arterial Road) without considering increased mobility will occur (Figure 1). According to Atash (1994), Low density 1

residential with sporadic model in suburban area, where build in conventional (sprawl pattern) has led to environmental problems such as air pollution, water and soil. Figure 1. Conventional Urban Development, namely sprawl and increase traffic to urban main access Sprawl Pattern development influence to unexpected people density increase, in the same way increase traffic frequency to work location or other destination (Educational, Social and Commercial). For example, Road of Perintis Kemerdekaan on Makassar will reach degree of saturation (Standard 0.85) on year of 2014 (Wunas, 2010). The increase of traffic mobility is influence to traffic congestion and emission (CO, NOx, HC) to the environment. Thus problem should be avoided. Prediction on 2000-2050, emission from road network will reach 76% where it s come from motor vehicle (website http://www.sutp.org). In other situation, Indonesia region increase 140% of motor vehicle carbon emission. World Bank study (1989), described that people who live in high density of motor vehicle have a risk 12,8x higher in health problem than other area with low density of motor vehicle. 2

CO is a poisonous gas that when inhaled can cause excess sudden death, due to NOx and HC can damage the lungs bit by bit, it can cause lung leak after a while move on the highway. Also in the air most of the NOx gases can be transformed into nitric acid (HNO3), which causes acid rain, will result in damage to the soil, which would interfere with agricultural activities and the microbial life in rivers, lakes and seas. Development in limited urban land (such as housing function) should consider the mobility needs for social and economic activities of the resident. Consider the concept of mixed land use (mixed land use) and the distance to achieve non-motrization such as walking (walkable), cycling and with good romantic shade of green, and supported with smart transportation (bus transit system and transit TOD) in order to address the needs of the population economically, and to reduce movement. For obtaining a healthy city with better air quality and reduction of pollution due to traffic congestion, are needed: 1) to describes about renewal of Makassar Suburban area, 2) to develop the existing facilities with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and mixed-use: regional terminal, central commercial, health facilities supported by vertical and horizontal housings, and TOD corridor in education area. Successful implementation depends on the guidelines of compact development of the vertical housing and been supported by community facilities and mass transportation. REFERENCE STUDY References used in this discussion involves some planning concept of healthy urban spaces with good air quality (healthy city with better water quality) and related to the transport system, such as the concept of smart growth, compact-city, mixed land use, transit-oriented development (TOD), pedestrian friendly, complete street and others. In accordance to Knaap (2004), the concept of city development predictable growth MANAGEMENT (smart growth) should use the concept of mixed land use (mixed land use), the residential compound/vertical housing and planning a friendly area for pedestrians. Residential compound will create a high density area, but if it is planned in the right location with a range of facilities and services of social and economic activities are affordable by foot or by vehicle non motorization as mentioned above, the concept will be able to reduce the need for private vehicles, can save transportation costs, conserve fuel, decrease traffic congestion, reduce pollution/emission vehicles, and can improve the quality of the environment (PPG3, 2010). 3

Meanwhile, according Edwards (2000), the development of cities should apply formula 3E +2S (Energy, Environment, Ecology, Society and Sustainability), and developed by Wunas, that the urban planning function should be integrated with transportation system, with the formula 2E + TL (Ecologi, Energy, and Transportation and Land-use), see figure 2. Gambar 2 Concept of Sustainable Urban Design City (Develop From Edwards,2000) Currently there are 3 approaches to developing the concept of healthy cities, such as 1) development based urban transit (Transit Oriented Development TOD), 2) Livable communities and smart growth principles (Grant Weddell in 2010), 3) complete street and Livable street (Brandon 2010 ). The benefits of TOD concept is to improve the quality of life better, reducing the use of private vehicles and congestion, reduce traffic accidents, reduce household transportation costs, a healthier lifestyle by walking, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, reducing the chance of formation sprawl, compact form of development opportunities, less expensive when compared to building roads. Planning highways with Complete Street (Livable Street) is a transport infrastructure that promotes the development-friendly for cyclists and pedestrians, to reduce 4

dependence on motor vehicles, both personal and mass transit (Brandon 2010). Bikes transport also provide recreational value and support the healthy physical movement (Mc Cullagh, 1977). Figure 3. Illustration of traffic space function for movement and social interaction Urban planning that is friendly to pedestrians (Walkable city) supported the concept of mixed land planning (mixed land use), in order to make it easier for pedestrians and cyclists to reach the needs of social and economic facilities, and do not need to have a motor vehicle. The concept is equipped ORMSB (1994), urban planning should take into consideration the fast lane and transit, to ensure convenience and safety for the people living in neihbourhood Some of the instruments needed to reduce carbon emissions from transport (GTZ 2010): 1) Planning instrument, 2)policy instrument, 3)instrument economy, 4)information and 5) technology. Each instrument is directing theories and concepts that can be applied to the target in 3 different problems, the stage production of carbon avoided, phase changes and stages of repair. Example concept avoid the production of carbon by reducing movement, make changes to transport non motorization (walking, bike), and public transportation (bus, train), as well as the repair phase is to reduce transport vehicles, private cars and taxis. The conclusion of this study revealed that the emergence of the theory of urban transport problems is in line with the increase in vehicle emissions, so that the city becomes not healthy, and environmental quality of life decreases. 5

PPRI No. 15 Year of 2010 about Spatial Arrangement Clause 08 About Integrated Land USe Clause 05 Integrated Regional Infrastructure Clause 51 Environmental Quality Improvement City development on suburban area Conventional model, sprawl and Horisontally (http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/urban_sprawl) Background Integrated Housing and facilities (education, health, shopping, recreation, work place) Traffic congestion Mixed Land Use (Knaap,2004) TOD (Harno, 2010) Smart Growth/Compact City (Knaap, 2004) Walkable City (Brandon, 2010) Problem Reduction of Pollution due to traffic congestion Healthy city with Better air quality Target of Analysis Renewal sub-urban area in Makassar City Figure 3. Concept of Framework URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM Infrastructure and transport plays an important role in the urban system, especially to achieve development of the city that has the quality of a healthy environment. Transport function is closely related to land use/space function that influence it. Interaction in destination and origin of the movement influenced the function of the space/land, and the amount of movement affects the volume of traffic that cause vehicle emissions. 6

Biggest land to urban land use designation is housing and settlements. Therefore, mass residential development planning should consider the traffic generation and attraction, both for housing built in dense urban areas (infill development) or a housing development in suburban areas (city development). Infill development is generally done in a strategic area of urban density, built vertically, will create a powerful traffic generation, potentially causing traffic congestion and vehicle emissions rise. In contrast with the housing development in the sub-urban settlements in the conventional housing developments built in suburban areas, with cluster systems/area, horizontal mass. Managed by various developers, generally with blue prints, each with a pattern of planning and different land, planned in accordance with the land fund capacity-controlled and owned, so the sprawl of urban development occurs, generally with single land-use and intensity of development spread irregularly, with a low intensity, so that the movement of the general population with private vehicles and the mostly movement toward urban, leading to traffic congestion on the road connecting the sub-urban to urban (figure 1). Example problems main road network of urban-suburban of Makassar City (Road of Perintis Kemerdekaan) density increases, because suburban mobility to urban areas to meet the social and economic activities (Table 1). Table 1. Mobility Condition of resident/dwellers in sub-urban area MAKASSAR MOBILITY FROM SUBURBAN TO URBAN USE MAIN ROAD CITY To Shopping Centre And DISTANCE TO CENTER OF ACTIVITY (KM) Regional < 40 (% ) Local ± 5,0 (% ) Urban ±10-20 (% ) TOTAL (% ) 03,0 46,2 50,8 100 Recreational To Work Location 08,0 38,0 80,9 100 To Educational Location 00,0 80,9 19,1 100 Most educational activities are already made in the neighborhood, within ±5.00 km, but the use of motor vehicles (public transportation or motorcycle), as well as for work activities, shopping and recreation,> 90% of the 5.00-20km distance (urban), use of private vehicles (cars and motorcycles, table 2), a result of the movement pattern, make the problem of transportation getting worse, which affects the environmental degradation of society (Wunas 2010). 7

Table 2. Vehicle type Society to Indulge Transport Mode % Walking 4,9 Pedicap/Bicycle 0,9 Motorcycle 44,0 Car 21,5 Minibus 17,5 Ojek/bentor 10,3 Taxi 0,9 Total 100,0 Table 2. Show 65.5% of the society use of private vehicles such as motorcycles and cars. People who use public transport are formal and non formal 27.8%. (according to the interview, 2009). Most of the cases were successfully reduce urban density, by moving/migrating population to suburban areas, but on the other hand is a problem of transportation, because of the movement increased, the use of private vehicles increases, the effect of which is wasteful of fuel, energy and travel time (hours) inefficiency, increasing Carbon pollution and noise. Control of air quality in areas of urban development, residential housing area has to be balanced with the amount of control of emission sources (traffic volume). CONCEPT OF URBAN PLANNING AND TRANSPORTATION FRIENDLY Transportation problems that often occur in urban areas is the result of the sporadic development of the city (urban sprawl), residential enclaves woke irregular, diffuse, low density, without a well equipped for infrastructure, causing increased mobility of the population to urban areas to meet the activity social and economic, which causes the shaft connecting urban and suburban roads become congested. City image fade and inhumane, because problems of traffic congestion, public transport chaos, declining urban air quality, emissions vehicles on the road increases, automobile dependence, trips to be unfriendly and unsafe. Doxiadis (1975) predicted that cities will grow and the more widespread, so it is difficult to control. Polis (City) will be the metropolis (city highway), then megalopolis (mega cities), ecumenopolis (of the world), and if not careful will end up with a dead town (necropolis). Ormsbee (1986) suggested that more careful management of the city and the human built environment, avoid ecological suicide (killing ecology). The City system should be developed in a balanced, with the basic philosophy of city planning is the system/environment, following the physical infrastructure including transport systems, economic systems and social systems. 8

Figure 4. Concept of Healthy City Development Therefore, according to Wunas (2007) urban residential development should have build in vertical way, already have a smart growth concept, namely the concept of mixed land use (mixed-use land), so that access to social infrastructure and economic development can be achieved by feet. Because it can reduce the movement, and cost-effective transportation, energy efficiency and help support the reduction of air and noise pollution, improve public health, and support the mitigation of global warming (Knaap, 2004), see figure 4. The concept of smart growth with transit systems can positively impact both socially and economically, because of the integration of both spatial and transport concepts mentioned above is a concept that promotes walking, so that reduced pollution and congestion, population health can be improved. Besides trade service center through which the pedestrian (pedestrian ways) to increase sales, residents can save on transportation costs and gain a better quality of environment. 9

Figure 5. Examples of transit clusters incorporating with service center (Makassar suburban area case study, close the gap between housing and social services center facility needs, economic/industry also recreation) CONCLUSION Besides give effect to social and economic problems of city dwellers. Social conflicts are growing these days, one cause is psychiatric problems and mind (stress), one of them caused is not humane city, crowded, poor environmental quality, there is no space for social interaction. Therefore in addition to needed innovations in the planning of urban land use (residential), also takes away from the social innovation of the population (individuals, community groups and city environment), see figure 7. Figure 5. Perspective of Future City Development 10

REFERENCES 1. Ewing, R., Transport and Land Use Innovations. American Planning Association, Chicago, 1997. 2. Farhad Atash. Redesigning Suburbia For Walking and Transit: Emerging Concepts. http://www.bing.com. Akses mei 2012 3. Grant, J in Weddel, P., Urbansim: Modeling Urban Development for Land Use, Transportation and Environment, 2010 4. Knaap, G. A Requiem for Smart Growth. Available: www.smartgrowth.umd.edu 2004 5. Mattingly, Michael. Spatial planning for urban infrastructure investment, a guide to training and practice. Department For International Development/DFID And The Development Planning Unit University, College London/DPU. 2001. 6. Ormsb E E. S,J. Garden Cities 21, Creating A Livable Urban Environment. Mc Graw Hill. USA 1994 7. Soderstrom, M., The Walkable City. Vehicule Pres, Canada, 2008. 8. Watson, D. A Realistic approach to city and suburban planning. In time saver standards, for urban design. McGraw Hill New York. Chicago.etc. 2001. 9. Wunas, S., Perspective of Urban Development Based On Eco Settlement Concept. Manuscript for Professor, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, 2007 10. Wunas, S and Tenri, D. Redevelopment Of Poor Settlements With Green Infrastructure Concept (Case Study In Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia) 2010. 11. Wunas,S. Humanist City. Land use and transport integration in Suburban. Brilian Internasional. Indonesia. 2011. 11