SPCB J&K. May-October Behind Silk Factory, Sheikh-ul-Alam Campus Rajbagh, Srinagar Telefax:

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1 Pub. No. : SPCB/RDJ/13/2014 STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Case study - Jammu Region J&K SPCB November-April Parivesh Bhawan, Gladini, Narwal, Jammu Telefax: May-October Behind Silk Factory, Sheikh-ul-Alam Campus Rajbagh, Srinagar Telefax:

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3 Message It gives me immense pleasure to know that Pollution Control Board has prepared a report on Status of E- Waste Management in Jammu & Kashmir. The information in the report will act as a beacon of light to all the stakeholders for setting up their priorities regarding environmental health and formulating action plans by Producers for evolving strategies for implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility in the State. It also throws light on the role of all stakeholders towards management of E-waste in an efficient manner. This publication focuses on the prevailing management practices in the informal sector and action taken by the Board for implementation of E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, I appreciate the efforts of Pollution Control Board for bringing out an exhaustive information on this burning subject. (Mian Altaf Ahmad) Minister for Forest, Environment & Ecology

4 J&K Foreword SPCB In recent decades, the use of electrical and electronic devices has increased significantly; leading to rapidly rising amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) often also called E-waste throughout the world. India is expected to have an 11% share in the global consumer electronic market by 2015 where as the waste generated in India has been estimated to be growing at the rate of 10-15% as per study carried out by GTZ. Advanced countries like USA, UK, France & Germany generate 1.5 to 3 million tons of E-waste annually and are among the largest generators of e-waste. But these countries also have standardized E-waste management processes in place that has ensured that this huge pile of junk turns into a lucrative business opportunity. E-waste is a highly complex waste stream as it contains both very scarce and valuable, as well as very toxic components. Large quantities of end-of-life electronic and electrical wastes (e-waste) are being exported to developing countries for the purpose of re-use, repair, refurbishment, recycling and recovery of non-ferrous and precious metals at facilities that don't always operate in an environmentally - sound manner. The goal of this inventorization is the assessment of the current scenario, quantification and characterization of E- waste stream, identifying major waste generators, and analysis of the risks involved for developing scientific, safe and environmentally sound management systems including policies and technologies for effective E-waste management. Effective E-waste management as per the Rules will need manufacturers to develop efficient collection mechanism. It would be imperative for organizations to have a well directed strategy for E-waste management. Manufacturers and stakeholders dealing with E-waste management will find E-waste as an opportunity for further sustainable growth. I appreciate Sh. Arun K. Tikku, Member Secretary, J&K SPCB, Sh. Sajjad Hussain Mufti, Regional Director, J&K SPCB, Jammu and & Mrs. Anuradha Scientist, SPCB Jammu for their tenacity of purpose in bringing the assessment of E-waste management in J&K State which will help in planning and developing strategy for scientific disposal of this waste. Jammu March, 2014 Vinod Ranjan, IFS (PCCF/HOFF) Chairman, J&K SPCB

5 J&K Preface SPCB It has been estimated that about 8 lac tonnes of electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) were generated in India during the year The high rate of reuse and refurbishment of electrical and electronic products in India has enabled the growth of the secondary market thereby extending the life of the product and only small quantities of E-waste are destined for recycling. A whole bouquet of heavy metals, base metals and other chemical compounds lurk inside computers, laptop, mobile or TV. E-waste dangers stem from ingredients such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, beryllium, barium, chromium etc. Many electrical products include various flame-retardant chemicals that might pose potential health risks. Some of these materials are known to cause serious health problems to the human body. When these elements are safely encased in our refrigerators and laptops, they aren't much of an issue. Problems arise when devices break intentionally or accidentally. If E-waste is disposed in landfills, burnt outdoors or recycled in other inappropriate ways, toxic substances can contaminate the air, water and soil, affecting all the living creatures. However, the scenario is changing with the formal e-waste recyclers setting up recycling units. Presently, both the formal and informal e- waste recyclers are essentially dismantling the e-waste to export the printed circuit boards and only a few formal E-waste recycling facilities are engaged in recycling. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has notified the e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 under the Environment (Protection) Act, These rules are applicable to the producers of electrical and electronic equipments, the consumers, collection centres, dismantlers and recyclers handling E-waste. According to these rules every stakeholder in the E-waste value chain is responsible for the 'environmentally sound management' of E-waste. The various provisions under these rules make it mandatory to comply with these rules and non-compliance of any of the provisions under these rules is subject to the penalty and punishment under Section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, E-waste being a post-consumer waste, the biggest challenge is the collection and channelization of such waste after its use for environmentally sound recycling. The other aspect is developing the regulatory mechanism required to ensure that recycling activities are carried out without causing any adverse effects on environment and human health. Since most E-waste recycling takes place in the informal or unorganized sector, monitoring the recycling activity and making every recycler accountable is a difficult task. The rules are comprehensive and provide the regulatory framework for all

6 activities envisaged in the management of E-waste. Environmentally sound management of E-waste necessitates proper handling at every stage such as collection, storage, transportation, recycling and safe disposal of final wastes. An important aspect in the process of compliance of any rules is the creation of awareness among the stakeholders on the various aspects of the products, including the requirements for the environmentally sound management of the product at the end of life. In this context, J&K SPCB organized two Awareness Workshops for E-waste management by inviting all the stakeholders. Continous efforts are being made to seek necessary compliance from Producers to ensure implementation of EPR. The hard work done by Sh. Sajjad Hussain Mufti, Regional Director, SPCB, Jammu & Mrs. Anuradha, Scientist, SPCB Jammu to make a detailed survey report for the second time on this burning issue is worth appreciation. This report can be of great value to initiate an early mitigation strategy so that E-waste can be disposed of in a scientific manner to avoid various harmful impacts. Survey reveals that there is no planned strategy for disposal of E-waste in most of the organizations. Approximately 85% of the people are not aware of 'what to do' with these equipments. The coordination of all the stakeholders is required towards managing this growing menace. Jammu March, 2014 Arun K. Tikku IFS Member Secretary J&K SPCB

7 Acknowledgements Worthy chairman, J&K SPCB, Sh. Vinod Ranjan has contributed a lot of moral support & inspiration to carry out the project on status of E-waste management in J &K and it is because of his encouragement & guidance that I have been able to come up with this project report. Sh. Arun Kumar Tikku, Member Secretary, J&K SPCB has been a source of constant inspiration for me because of his sincere dedication towards the project. I am highly indebted to him. Sh. Arun Kumar Tikku & Sh. Sajjad Hussain Mufti, Regional Director, SPCB, Jammu have reviewed the chapters and provided expert comments that were very helpful. I gratefully acknowledge this painstaking task undertaken by them. I would also like to thank Sh. M.M. Shah, Legal Advisor, J&K SPCB and Sh. J. N. Sharma, EE, J&K SPCB for review of chapters and providing valuable insights. Thanks are also due to Sh. Randeep Singh Manhas (Sc.'A'), SPCB, Jammu for helping me in the survey to collect data for assessment of E-waste from various stakeholders. Last but not the least, I express my heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. Suman Pawar, Research Assistant, SPCB, Jammu, Sh. Narayan Prakash Thakur, Field Inspector, SPCB, Udhampur, Sh. Raman Kumar Gupta, Field Assistant, SPCB, Jammu and Sh. Roshan lal Shashoo for helping me in the survey and always encouraging me during the whole project. Anuradha Principal Investigator

8 Table of Contents Chapters Page No. 1.0 Introduction Preamble Background of the study Concern with E-waste Definition of E-waste Hazards of E-waste E-waste Scenario and prevailing recycling practices Evolution of IT Industry E-waste scenario at National level Current E-waste Management system and Recycling practices in India E-waste scenario in J&K E-waste Policy and Regulations Survey methodology Objectives of the survey Study area Data collection Methodology Data analysis Results and discussions Results Discussions Suggestions Annexures References 39

9 Abbreviations MoEF - Ministry of Environment & Forests CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRT - Cathode Ray Tube CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CCC - Common Collection Centres JCDA- Jammu Computer Dealers Association IT& TE - Information Technology & Telecommunication Equipments HCFC - Hydro Chloro-Fluoro Carbon HFC- Hydro Fluoro carbon PBDE- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers SPCB - State Pollution Control Board PCB - Printed Circuit Board LED - Light Emitting Diode/Device LCD - Liquid Crystal Display EPR - Extended Producer Responsibility BFR - Brominated Flame Retardants ODS- Ozone Depleting Substances EEE - Electrical & Electronic Equipments RoHS - Reduction of Hazardous Substances MT - Metric Tonne PCBs - Polychlorinated biphenyls NGOs - Non-Governmental Organisation TSDF - Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipment

10 Chapter 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble The electronic industry is the world's largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry (Radha, 2002; DIT, 2003). Asia is the largest emerging markets in the world and home to some of the fastest growing economies globally (Anon, 2005). Due to strong economic growth, increasing per capita incomes and a relatively young population structure, the nations in this region are rapidly changing their consumption patterns of electronic appliances. The size of the Indian market is in absolute terms larger than that of many high-income countries. India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, where penetration of consumer durables is substantially lower than developed countries, but is experiencing exponential increase in demand since last decade (UNEP, 2007). The Indian electronic industry has emerged as a fast growing sector in terms of production, internal consumption and export (Anon, 2005). Recent policy changes have led to an additional remarkable inflow of leading international electronic companies to set up manufacturing facilities and research and development centres for the hardware as well as the software sectors. Beside IT industrial growth, electronic appliances sales and purchase in individual households has also increased tremendously. The increased growth rate of the IT and electronic industry is propelled by increased consumption of electronic items and IT hardware. The increased consumption pattern is leading to an increased obsolescence rate of these products which will result in the higher generation of electronic waste (E-waste). The increasing obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import of junk electronics will create a complex scenario for solid waste management in India. During the last decade, electronic industry has played an important role in providing a boost to the socio - economic and technological growth of a developing society. The consequences of its consumer oriented growth combined with rapid product obsolescence and technological advances are a new environmental challenge - the growing menace of Electronics Waste or E-waste that consists of obsolete electronic devices 1.2 Background of the study The growing quantity of waste from electronic industry, known as E-waste is beginning to reach disastrous proportions. Industrialized countries all over the world are beginning to address E-waste as it is inundating solid waste disposal facilities which are inadequately designed to handle such type of wastes. It 1

11 is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing significance owing to the volumes of E-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. In India, approximately 95% of total E-waste management is done by informal/ unorganized sector. This study has been carried out in an effort to assess the quantities of E-waste being generated and handled in informal sector. The study also emphasizes the role of various stakeholders in channelization of E-waste. 1.3 Concern with E-waste Electronic waste, or E-waste as it is popularly called, is a collective terminology for the entire stream of electronic wastes such as used TVs, refrigerators, computers, mobile phones etc. Computer waste is the most significant of all E-waste due to the gigantic amounts as well as the rate at which it is generated Technological advancement and affordability E-waste is of particular concern to developing countries like India which are the dumping ground for this kind of waste. In India computers and peripherals are recycled / reused much more than they are in developed countries. In US, the computer systems are replaced on an average every three years (MPCB, 2007). In the case of developing countries like India till the last 1-2 years affordability of computers was limited to only a socio-economically advantaged section of the population. Therefore, resale and reuse of computers continues to be high as does dependency on assembled machines. No reliable figures are available as yet to quantify the computers generating as waste. Increasingly as computers are becoming more affordable and there is greater access to technology, the turnover of machines could definitely be higher Gaps in inventorisation and channelization of E-waste The current practices of E-waste management in India suffer from a number of drawbacks like the difficulty in inventorisation, unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, poor awareness and reluctance on part of the corporate to address the critical issues. The consequences are that (i) toxic materials enter the waste stream and cause adverse effects on the environment and human health and (ii) resources are wasted when economically valuable materials are dumped or unhealthy conditions are developed during the informal recycling. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K The study presents current waste management system highlighting the collection and recycling techniques in use amongst the manufacturers / assemblers, dismantlers and recyclers. 2

12 1.4 Definition of E-waste In a simple language, all equipments that run on electric current are known as Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). As per E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011, EEE are defined as equipment which is dependent on electric currents or electro-magnetic fields to be fully functional. E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. E-waste can be defined as all types of waste and discarded electrical and electronic equipments i.e. old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios etc. 'E-waste' means waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded ( E-waste Rules, 2011). Source: (1) Data compiled from Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) quantities, dangerous substances and treatment methods, EEA Copenhagen, 2003; (2) QWERTY and Eco-Efficiency analysis on cellular phone treatment in Sweden. TU Delft, the Netherlands, 2004 (UN Inventory vol.1) Categories of E-waste Prior to the publication of E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011, classification system developed by EU Directive, 2002 was being followed under which the E-waste was divided into ten categories. As per the E-waste rules, 2011, the E-waste is broadly classified into two major categories, i.e., Information technology and Telecommunication equipments (IT & TE) and Consumer electronics. 3

13 1.4.2 Composition of E-waste E-waste broadly consists of two elements: i. Valuable Materials: Electronic appliances are composed of hundreds of different materials that can be both toxic but also of high value. Gold, silver, copper, platinum etc. are valuable materials which recyclers recover from E-waste. ii. Hazardous Material: Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) are made of a multitude of components which contain toxic / hazardous substances, e.g., carcinogens such as lead and arsenic. The recycling processes and disposal of these components, while being a lucrative business proposition for some, poses serious environmental hazards and health risks. Iron and steel constitute about 50% of the E-waste followed by plastics (21%), non ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents 16%. Non-ferrous metals consist of metals like copper, aluminium and precious metals like silver, gold, platinum, palladium etc. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in E-waste is over 60% while plastics account for about 30% and the hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.70% (Widmer et al., 2005). The components which are found in Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Personal Computers (PC) and TVs, are described in table 3. 4

14 Source : Guidelines on E-Waste,

15 The observations from the analysis of table 3 are given below: a. Radioactive substances, refractory ceramic fibers, electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm) are not present in any item. b. Plastic, circuit board and external electric cables are present in majority of items. BFR containing plastic is present in refrigerator, laptop and television. c. Refrigerators are unique items because of presence of CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, cooling, insulation, incandescent lamp and compressor. d. Heating element is found in washing machine, while thermostat is found in both refrigerator and washing machine. e. Fluorescent lamp is found only in laptop. f. Metal and motor are found in majority of items except refrigerator. g. Transformer is not found in washing machine and refrigerator. h. CRT is found in personal computer and TV, while LCD is found in PC, Laptops and TV. i. Batteries are found in PC and laptop. j. Concrete is found in washing machine. k. Rubber is found in refrigerator and washing machine. l. Wiring/ Electrical is found in all the items. The latest trends in these appliances is the phase out of the use of ODS and improvement of energy efficiency. Old washing machines are likely to contain large capacitors, while in relatively new machines, variable speed motors are controlled from the circuit board. IT and Telecom equipments sector is observing a trend of micro miniaturization while CRTs are being replaced by LCD screens. 1.5 Hazards of E-waste STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K E-waste is much more hazardous than many other municipal wastes because electronic gadgets contain thousands of components made of deadly chemicals and metals like lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), brominated flame retardants, beryllium, antimony and phthalates The presence of elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and hexavalent chromium and flame retardants beyond threshold quantities in E-waste classifies them as hazardous waste. Long-term exposure to these 6

16 substances damages the nervous systems, kidney, bones, reproductive and endocrine systems. Some of them are carcinogenic and neurotoxic. E-waste dismantling or incineration is considered toxic. They are targeted for reuse, recovery or hazardous waste disposal. The recovery of metals is a profitable business, which results in local, trans-boundary and global trade. On a more local level, uncontrolled discarding or inappropriate waste management / recycling generates significant hazardous emissions, with severe impacts on health and environment. In this context, three levels of toxic emissions have to be distinguished: I) Primary emissions: Hazardous substances that are contained in E-waste (e.g. lead, mercury, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), fluorinated cooling fluids etc. ii) Secondary emissions: Hazardous reaction products of E-waste substances as a result of improper treatment (e.g. dioxins or furans formed by incineration / inappropriate smelting of plastics with halogenated flame retardants), iii) Tertiary emissions: Hazardous substances or reagents that are used during recycling (e.g. cyanide or other leaching agents, mercury for gold amalgamation) and that are released because of inappropriate handling and treatment (UNEP, 2009). STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K A study conducted by Greenpeace in 2005 in electronic recycling yards in Delhi clearly indicates the presence of high levels of hazardous chemicals including dioxins and furans in the areas where this primitive / unauthorized recycling takes place. Disposal of E-wastes is a critical problem and poses a threat to both health and vital components of the ecosystem. There are number of channels through which E-waste goes to the environment. E-waste that is land filled produces contaminated leachate which eventually pollutes the groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting computer chips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil, leading to contamination of water resources. Incineration of E-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases, thereby polluting the surrounding air. Improper recycling and recovery methods can have major impacts on the environment. Crude forms of dismantling can often lead to toxic emissions which pollute the air and thereby also expose the workers to the harmful materials. The most dangerous form of recycling and recovery from E-waste is the open air burning of circuit boards (made of plastic) in order to recover copper and other metals. Extraction of metals through acid bath method or through mercury amalgamation also contributes to environmental degradation. The toxic materials present in the equipments can pose environmental as well as health hazard. Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed. Not only does the 7

17 leaching of mercury poses problems, the vaporization of metallic mercury and dimethylene mercury is also of concern. The same is true for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from condensers. When brominated flame retardant plastic or cadmium containing plastics are land filled, both Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and cadmium may leach into the soil and groundwater. A study has revealed that BFRs enter the food chain through soil and high levels are found in breast milk due to fat loving properties of BFRs and they easily mix with breast milk (Down to Earth, 2012). It has been found that significant amounts of lead are dissolved from broken lead containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes gets mixed with acid waters and is a common occurrence in landfills. Although perhaps only slightly less efficient than recyclers using state-of-the-art technology, the informal recyclers' process uses between 3 and 21 kilograms of chemicals, over 50 litres of water and loses between 1.3 and 3 grams of mercury to evaporation while recovering a single gram of gold and six grams of silver (Keller, 2006). The level of toxicity due to various toxic metals is relatively high compared to the minimal environmental hazards caused by the formal recycler, where the only potential hazard comes from stripped circuit boards stored in such a way that heavy metal can leach out. Table 4: Pathway for release of pollutants from E-waste STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Heavy metals Dust generated during mechanical treatment, f o r e x a m p l e, t h e dismantling and crushing of WEEE. Flue gas released during thermal treatment, for example, the release of metals from compounds during the incineration of plastic. Va p o r i z a t i o n w h e r e i n metals are released from compounds in an acid bath Dioxins and Furans Dioxins and furans are emitted during the thermal treatment of WEE, for example during - a. The combustion of cable insulation containing PVC in order to recycle copper wiring b. The incineration of epoxy resin containing flame retardant from circuit boards in order to recycle the metal they contain Acids Released in the form of vapour when metals are r e l e a s e d f r o m compounds. May also get distributed throughout the surrounding area in the following ways a. Factory air and dust being blown into the vicinity b. Leaching through waste water and seepage c. Release of flue gas into the atmosphere as a result of open incineration of furnace combustion (Source: Johri Rakesh, E-Waste: Implications, Regulations and Management in India and Current Global Best Practices, TERI, 2008) 8

18 Source : Indian J Occup. Environ Med.,

19 Chapter 2.0 E- waste scenario and prevailing recycling practices 2.1 Evolution of IT Industry The global perception of the IT industry in India has typically been software. The market trends over the past 5 years indicate that the Indian IT industry has recorded a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of more than 42.4%, which is almost double the growth rate of IT industries in developed countries. The total value of software and services exported from India was estimated at Rs trillion (US$12.2 billion) in , an increase in dollar value over the previous year. The Indian IT software and services industry is expected to account for about 2.64% of India's GDP and 21.3% of exports during and is projected to reach 7% of India's GDP and 35% of total exports by India's vibrant IT software and services industry has been projected to reach an export potential of $57 65 billion for the software and services sector by 2008 (Amit Jain, 2005). The Indian consumer electronics industry has a size of around Rs. 102 billion (US$2.37 billion) comprising a color television (CTV) market of Rs. 80 billion (US$1.86 billion), an audio equipment market of Rs. 9 billion (US$0.21 billion) and a black-and-white TV market of Rs. 7 billion (US$0.16 billion). Within the consumer electronics industry, the most prominent sector is televisions, with a market size of around Rs. 87 billion (Amit Jain, 2005). 2.2 E-waste scenario at National level This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The rapid growth and faster change in modules of computers, cell phones and consumer electronics has become major issue that enhances the rate of E-waste obsolescence. The problems associated with E-waste in India started surfacing after the first phase of economic liberalisation after 1990 (MPCB, 2007). That year witnessed a shift from economic policy in turn triggering off an increase in the consumption pattern. This period also witnessed a shift in the pattern of governance. It ushered in an era of infrastructure reform and e-governance. This shift is marked by the application of information technology in a big way in all areas. These developments along with indigenous technological advancement have led to an addition of wide gamut of E-waste churned out from Indian households, commercial establishments, industries and public sectors, into the waste stream. Solid waste management which is already a mammoth task in India has become more complicated by the invasion of E-waste, particularly computer waste imported to India from different parts of the world. (MPCB, 2007). Of the total E-waste generated in the country, MAIT reports that the western region accounts for the largest proportion at 35%, followed by the southern region at 30%. Sixty five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total E-waste generated in the country. Ten states generate more than 70% of the total quantum of E-waste. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, 10

20 Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of E-waste producing states in India. Among top ten cities generating E-waste, Mumbai (~11,000 tonnes per annum) ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. E-waste from developed countries finds an easy way into developing countries in the name of free trade (Toxics Link, 2004) which is further complicating the problems associated with waste management. As there is no separate collection of E-waste in India, there is no clear data on the quantity generated and disposed of each year and the resulting extent of environmental risk. The preferred practice to get rid of obsolete electronic items in India is to get them in exchange from retailers while purchasing a new item. Obsolete computers from the business sector are sold by auctions. Sometimes educational institutes or charitable institutions receive old computers for reuse. It is estimated that the total number of obsolete personal computers emanating each year from business and individual households in India will be around 1.38 million. At the same time, around 1050 tonnes of electronic scrap is being produced by manufacturers and assemblers in a single calendar year in India. (Amit Jain, 2010). In their recent report, Recycling From E-waste to Resources, the UNEP estimates that global electronic garbage generation is growing at an annual rate of 40 million tonnes. The report further estimates that E-waste levels could rise by as much as 500% from present levels by the year The report estimates that India will increase their E-waste (most notably cellular phone waste) by 18 times over the next 10 years. In India and China current E-waste flows from refrigerators will be multiplied by a factor 1.5 to 2 by the year (UNEP, 2009). 2.3 Current E-waste Management System and Recycling Practices in India It is estimated that of the total E-waste, only about forty percent finds its way into the recycling stream while the rest sixty percent remains in warehouses /storehouses due to poor / inefficient collection system. A significant proportion of the waste that finds its way into the recycling stream, especially televisions and mobile handsets, is refurbished and resold. Only about nineteen thousand tonnes representing just five percent of the total E-waste is processed in the country. (Sycom project, 2010) E-waste management in India has two broadly classified components, i.e., Informal Recycling and Formal recycling. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Informal Recycling: 95 % of the total recycling in the country comes under this category and is done by informal sector. This category involves skilled workers, ordinary instruments, unhygienic conditions etc. Major clusters of Informal groups are based in Delhi, Pune and Bangalore. These informal groups work under vast range i.e. collection, dismantling, refurbishment etc. The entire E-waste management business of informal groups develops within small units with low-skilled, mainly migrant labourers. 11

21 Informal sector can be classified in following hierarchy: Waste pickers, thiawalas (collectors), small kabaris (small middlemen), and big kabaris (larger middlemen) (Sycom project, 2010). Formal Recycling: 5% of the total recycling in the country comes under this category and done by formal organization. This category involves highly qualified workers, well equipped recycling facility, fully hygienic conditions etc. 2.4 E-waste scenario in J&K As per the census report, 2011 total population in J&K is 12,548,926 with percentage decadal growth of ( ). Growth of GSDP at Constant Prices during has been found to be 6.28% whereas the growth of NSDP at Constant Prices for has been found to be 6.63% (PHD chamber, 2011). Population in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh regions is lacs, lacs and 2.90 lacs respectively (census of India, 2011). As per the Census, 2011, Jammu district is most populated in the State followed by Srinagar and Anantnag. Information Technology (IT) has an enormous influence on global economy. It has revolutionized the nature of human interaction and has become a prime mover for services. In Jammu & Kashmir, IT is still a sunrise industry. IT Policy for the state of Jammu and Kashmir was launched in the year 2004 with the view that IT has the potential to grow very quickly to become a major player in the growth of the state's economy and contribute to better, transparent and effective governance (PHD chamber, 2011). As per the inventorization made during by J&K State Pollution Control Board, total E-waste generation was estimated to be approximately tons with per capita generation of kg in the State. E- waste dismantled in the State was estimated to be 229 tons ( ). Though informal sector is still playing a major role in handling and dismantling the E-waste, E-waste rules have been implemented by the Board to curb the unscientific management of the waste. The State Pollution Control Board has made various efforts to make awareness among the consumers and public at large regarding the responsibilities of various stakeholders in the E-waste value chain and the harmful impacts of unscientific disposal as well. E- waste collected by the informal sector is also assembled to some extent and reused under various local brands. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K As far as manufacturing units are concerned, there are very few industrial units operating in the State of J&K. Few industrial units and sales offices operating under various brands have complied under Rules for implementation of 'Extended Producer Responsibility' (EPR). At present there are three authorized collection centres in the State. There is no disposal site / recycling facility in the State and all the e-waste except copper, aluminium, lead and iron is sent to Delhi / Punjab for further disposal in the informal sector. Major share of E-waste is still being collected and dismantled in the informal sector using rudimentary techniques in the absence of the installation of state of art technology and lack of effective awareness programmes regarding collection mechanism being put in place by key players in electronic industry. 12

22 Chapter 3.0 E- waste Policy & Regulations Policies, laws and regulations applicable for the management of E-waste are: i) The National Environmental Policy 2006 It is a comprehensive policy published by the Ministry of Environment & Forests that was approved by the Union Cabinet on 18 May NEP lays stress on: a. Encouraging reuse and recycling. b. Strengthening informal sector and providing them a legal status. c Establishing a system for collection and recycling of materials to recover resources. d. Ensuring environmentally safe disposal of residues. e. Frame new rules for Environmentally Sound Management. ii) The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 as amended in 2003 & MoEF promulgated in 1989 the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules (HWM) in accordance with sections six, eight and twenty five of the Environment (Protection) Act. A company or an individual has to seek permission from the relevant State Control Pollution Board before he receives, treats, transports, or stores hazardous wastes in that State. The rules also put a ban on importing hazardous wastes destined for disposal or dumping from any country to India except for hazardous waste that is to be processed or reused. Initially, there were only 18 categories for hazardous wastes and none of them referred to E-waste (HWM Rules, 1989). In 2000 the HWM Rules were amended to include E-waste under Schedule 3, Part A in the lists A and B. The definition of hazardous waste was also expanded to include E-waste under Section 3(i) (c). However, only rules 12, 13 and 14 regulate E-waste, and these apply only to import and export activities as per Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, In 2003, another amendment essentially replaced the existing categories with those used in the Basel Convention. E-waste is now covered under schedule 3, S. No. A1180 in List A and S. No. B1110 in list B. 13

23 While No. A1180 defines E-waste as hazardous, No. B1110 defines it as non-hazardous waste. List A is similar to Annex VIII of the Basel Convention. No. B1110 restricts imports and exports, stating that a license from the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) is required for either of these activities. List B is similar to Annexe IX of the Basel Convention covering waste that is destined for direct reuse and not for recycling or disposal (Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules 2003). As per Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, the new schedule IV now also refers to E-waste listing hazardous wastes that require registration if they are destined for recycling and reprocessing. Schedule IV operates under the rules 8(1) and 9, which specify that every person wishing to recycle or reprocess the hazardous wastes listed in schedule IV are required to receive authorisation from the SPCB. Moreover, selling or transferring of hazardous wastes is permissible to the recyclers registered with CPCB [Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008]. This is the first time the HWM rules were applied to E-waste management within India, going beyond the regulation of imports and exports. So, E-wastes regulated under Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2003 & 2008 are categorized as: a. Waste generated in electronic industry - Schedule 1 (rule-31). b. Schedule 2: hazardous contents (cadmium, lead, mercury etc.) beyond prescribed threshold limits applicable for qualifying as hazardous waste. c. Schedule 3 (S.No.A1180): Waste Electrical and Electronic Assemblies (export/import). d. Schedule 3 (Sl.No.B1110): Electrical and Electronic Assemblies valid for direct reuse but not for recycling (export/import). iii) E-waste Guidelines First step towards E-waste Management was taken when MoEF published Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste in March 2008 a major milestone for E-waste Management System for India. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K The main objective of these guidelines is to provide guidance for identification of various sources of waste electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) and prescribe procedures for handling E-waste in an 14

24 environmentally sound manner. The 'guidelines' is a reference document for the management, handling and disposal of E-wastes and are not mandatory. iv) E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2011 notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, th May, 2011 The rules came into effect on Ist May, 2012 with an objective to put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation, collection, storage, transport, environmentally sound recycling, treatment and disposal reducing wastes destined for final disposal. These rules shall apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumers involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components as specified in Schedule-I of the rules, collection centres, dismantler and recycler of E-waste. Highlights of the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 a) Responsibilities of Producer Collection of E-waste generated during the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment / generated from the 'end of life' of their products and ensures their channelization to registered dismantler or recycler Setting up collection centres or take back systems either individually or collectively to ensure proper collection of E-waste in line with the principle of 'Extended Producer Responsibility'. Creating awareness with regard to i) Hazardous constituents present in the equipment, STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K ii) Hazards of improper handling / recycling of E-waste, Obtaining authorization from State Pollution Control Board. b) Responsibilities of Collection Centres Ensure that the E-waste collected by them is stored in a secured manner till it is sent to registered dismantler or recycler and no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of E-waste. Obtaining authorization from State Pollution Control Board. 15

25 c) Responsibilities of Consumer or Bulk Consumer Ensure channelization of the E- waste generated by them to authorized collection centres / registered dismantlers or recyclers or returned via take back system to the producers and maintaining records of E-waste generated by them. d) Responsibilities of Dismantler and Recycler Ensure that the facility and dismantling processes are in accordance with the standards or guidelines published by CPCB and dismantling does not have any adverse effect on the health and the environment. Ensure that dismantled E-waste are segregated and sent to the registered recyclers for recovery of materials and the non-recyclable/non-recoverable materials are sent to the authorised treatment, storage and disposal facilities. Obtaining authorization (Form-1) and registration (Form-4) from State Pollution Control Board. Recycler shall ensure that residue generated is disposed of in a hazardous waste treatment storage disposal facility. e) Miscellaneous Reduction in the use of hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) i) Every Producer of electrical and electronic equipment shall ensure that new electrical and electronic equipment does not contain Lead, mercury, Cadmium and Hexavalent Chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls or Polybrominated diphenyl ethers beyond threshold limits prescribed under the rules. ii) Placement of new electrical and electronic equipment as well as imported equipment shall be permitted only if they comply with the above mentioned provisions. iii) The detailed information on the constituents of the equipment shall be provided in the product information booklet. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K 16

26 Chapter 4.0 Survey Methodology The inventorization on the E-waste generation and management in the capital cities and towns of J&K has been taken up to update the previous data obtained during so that trend may be established for the rise in E-waste during last 3-4 years. 4.1 Objectives of the survey The survey was carried out with following objectives: To make an assessment of the E-waste generation in the study area. To study the current status of E-waste management systems in place as a baseline for future action plans. To evaluate the capacities/capabilities of existing stakeholders and infrastructure for reuse, recycle and disposal of E-wastes. To study the problems / risks posed by the informal recycling system at present. To determine the E-waste value chain. 4.2 Study Area The study has been carried out for the whole State as far as data on Sales of EEE and E-waste generation is concerned but case study has been delimited to the major cities and towns in Jammu region, viz., Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Akhnoor, Samba, Bari Brahmna and R.S. Pura. Fig. 1.0 Map of study area 17

27 4.3 Data Collection Methodology It is a fact that most of the E-waste remains piled up with the consumers of all kinds for the reason such as Don't know what to do, Get lower selling price or Very less quantities in store. Under such a situation, the best suited methodology for developing countries as per United Nations Environment Program's (UNEP), E-waste Assessment Manual is Market Supply Method which has been applied for the present assessment of E-waste generation in the State of J&K. Under 'Market Supply Method' the estimation of WEEE (E-waste) is made from sales data, together with typical lifespan. Mathematically, the market supply method can be expressed as: WEEE generation (t) = sales (t - d N) + reuse (t - d S) Where, d - Average lifetime of new items N d - Average lifetime of second-hand items S The average lifetime of new items has been taken from survey results as carried out by UNEP, 2009.Quantity of waste in tons is calculated by multiplying the total sales figures by the default weight for each equipment (Table 1). The survey aimed to collect data for various aspects of EEE during its flow through various stages as Manufacturing, Sales, Refurbishment, Reuse, Storage and Disposal mechanism in the State of J&K. The data on the quantities of E-waste being dismantled and sent to neighbouring States was also collected. Selected Institutions were visited to collect information on the consumer behaviour patterns, way of disposal and quantities of EEE being disposed on yearly basis. The EEE items taken up under the survey are: i. Refrigerators ii. iii. iv. T. V. sets / LCD Computers Air Conditioner v. Printers vi. Washing Machines vii. Mobile phones 18

28 The data from various stakeholders was collected through structured questionnaires specifically devised for the survey. In addition, interviews were also held with various stakeholders to gather information about the details of dismantling operations being carried out in the informal sector. The Stakeholders involved in the data collection have been categorised as below: a) End users: Households and Bulk Consumers. b) Channel members: Producers, Refurbishers, Service centres, Scrap dealers, Dismantlers. c) Distributors and Sales Offices Households and Bulk Consumers A total of 250 households were visited in Jammu city and were divided into three sections based on the monthly income of the family. The members were questioned about the no. of items taken under the survey that has been disposed of in last two years. They were also questioned regarding the way of disposal adopted by them. The interviews were held using questionnaire developed for Bulk consumers while spontaneous and open ended questions were asked to households to collect data as most of the people were not ready to share the data. Channel members As the E-waste generation starts at the point of disposal that takes place at various levels, data was collected from different stakeholders of value chain to have an insight into the important areas where collection and dismantling took place at large scale. The main objectives of discussion were to understand the businesses involved in sourcing of material, costs involved in purchasing and selling of different equipments, processing techniques and the ultimate final disposal. Discussions were held with Refurbishers / service centres to understand the obsolescence rate of EEE received for servicing and their way of disposal. Scrap dealers in informal sector were also interviewed to make an assessment of the quantities of E-waste received through various sources, cost of procurement and selling cost for final processing, final disposal destination etc. Data related to handling of E-waste in informal sector may be a conservative estimate as it was collected from Jammu region only due to nonavailability of data from Srinagar and Ladakh region. They were also questioned about their willingness to take authorization for further carrying out the E-waste dismantling operations under E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K 19

29 Distributors and Sales Offices The data for sales of different equipments was collected from Sales offices of different companies, National level dealers and distributors. The Producers of different EEE were also visited to have information about the sales data and to ensure their compliance under e-waste Rules, Data Analysis The data for various aspects of E-waste Management at various levels was collected from concerned channel members of E-waste value chain as per the structured questionnaires prepared for all the stakeholders, viz., Producers, Scrap dealers, Bulk consumers. The quantities of annual E-waste generation for the year were calculated by applying input, average lifespan and obsolescence method to all the products taken under survey. Further, the quantities of waste available for recycling / stored were collected from Bulk consumers and the waste actually being recycled in informal sector was calculated by summation of data collected from the scrap dealers in Jammu region. Besides this the data on E-waste being collected by authorized Collection Centres was collected to have an insight into the collection mechanism put in place by various producers to ensure safe and secure collection, storage and transportation of E-waste and to compile the quantities of WEEE being handled in formal sector. The data analysis can be depicted with the help of following diagram Fig. 2: Schematic Flow diagram for assessment of E-waste Management in J&K 20

30 Chapter 5.0 Results and Discussions 5.1 Results The data collected from various stakeholders is briefed under various subheads as below Manufacturers: In J&K, there are only seven manufacturing units dealing with EEE covered under Schedule 1 of e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 in Jammu region. Out of seven, there are two colour television assembling units. 21

31 There is no computer assembling unit in the State, but assembling of computers is carried out in the informal sector and as such E - waste generated through non-branded Computers is difficult to manage. Sales Data: STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Annual Sales figures were collected for all the EEE under survey from various companies selling their products in the State. As per the survey carried out for the year , total no. of Refrigerators, T.V., LCDs / LEDs and Computers sold in the State are approximately 1,45,400, 84,000, 90,300 and 32,220 respectively whereas approximately 1,18,800, 59,510 and 12,99,400 no. of Washing Machines, A.C's, and Mobile phones were sold during the fiscal year (Table 7). Fig. 3: Sales figures of different Electrical and Electronic Equipments in J&K 22

32 E-waste generation: As per the sales data of previous years collected from various companies and market survey and by applying average lifespan and default weight of EEE items, the E-waste generation in the State has been estimated to be app tons for the year (Table 8). Percent contribution of selected WEEE items has been worked out from the data on category wise E-waste generated and presented as below in table 9. Fig. 4: Contribution of different categories of WEEE towards E-waste 23

33 Disposal Behaviour i) Households: A sample of 250 families was surveyed in Sarwal area of Jammu city to have an understanding of the disposal behaviour and average lifespan of the Refrigerators, Computers, T.Vs and Mobile phones. In case of households, interviews were done on the basis of two criteria: a) Socio-Economic Classification: The respondents were classified in SEC A, SEC B and SEC C households on the basis of education and occupation of the chief wage earner of the households. b) Luxury status: The second criteria for selecting the households were those who can afford all the modern electronic gadgets for their comfort and usage. Table 10: Respondents in various user segments As per in-depth interviews conducted with households, it was observed that the average life of Refrigerators and Washing Machines is 10 yrs, while that of A.C.s, T.V. / LCD and Computers is 8yrs. As far as mobile phones are concerned, average life has been estimated to be approximately 4 yrs. The rate of disposal of equipments is very negligible from the households. It has been found that rate of disposal of T.V. sets is more in SEC C as compared to SEC A and B. This may be due to the fact that most of the electronic gadgets used by people in SEC C are either second hand or of local brands. Moreover, most of the people in SEC A and SEC B keep the old gadgets in store. Most of the people pass on their used cell phones to relatives or friends. Items disposed off by the consumers include mostly Refrigerators, T.V. sets and Washing machines and they are sold to scrap dealers as the consumers get a good selling amount from them. Moreover, due to lack of awareness about the issues related to E-waste, people prefer to dispose off the end of use items to scrap dealers. ii) Bulk Consumers: A no. of Bulk consumers, viz., Hospitals, Banks, Educational institutions and other Govt. Offices were visited to have an insight into the consumer behavioural practices towards disposal of E- waste and awareness towards the issue. Most of the bulk consumers are not aware of the E-waste and don't know how to channelize the waste. Most of the Bulk consumers, viz., Banks and Multinational 24

34 organisations donate the computer systems which are operational to small schools and offices located in rural areas. Besides donation, organisations willing to replace the old systems with new ones also offer to sell the systems to their employees. iii) Service centres: Survey was carried out for Refurbishers in informal sector to have an insight into the management of E-waste at various levels (Table 9). As per in-depth interviews conducted with them, most of them don't have any knowledge as to how to dispose off the waste which was lying stored as such with them since many years. Few mobile phone service centres revealed that waste generated out of repair and assembling is very negligible and is disposed of alongwith with other garbage. Collection centres: In compliance to the e-waste (Management and handling) Rules, 2011, the individual as well as Common Collection Centres (CCC) are being set up in the State of J&K. There are three authorized collection centres, details are tabulated as below STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Scrap Dealers / Dismantlers: Scrap dealers were visited in selected areas to have estimation about the quantities of E-waste available for recycling. They were asked formal as well as informal questions as most of the people are not ready to share any information. As per the survey there are 4-5 large scale dismantlers in the Jammu region in the informal sector and few of them also collect waste from Srinagar. Since there are only three authorized collection centres in the State of J&K, most of the E-waste generally finds entry into the informal sector. The State Pollution Control Board is in the process of issuing notices to all the scrap dealers cum dismantlers to ensure compliance of E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, The total E-waste available for recycling with the scrap dealers in Jammu region for the year has been estimated to be tons only. 25

35 As per the survey, the selling prices for various components obtained from dismantled EEE vary with the product as tabulated below STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K As per the survey conducted, most of the scrap dealers dismantle the waste at their own facilities using rudimentary techniques and without any safety gadgets. The major constituents recovered from the E-waste are either sent to Delhi or Punjab for further processing while few constituents such as Iron and Copper are recycled within the State. A Picture tube obtained from T.V. set is sold at the rate of Rs per piece. The picture tubes are mostly sold in Delhi only. As far as refrigerators are concerned, small domestic refrigerator is sold for Rs 1000 while a large refrigerator is sold for Rs 1300 to The old model of a deep freezer fetches more price than new ones and is sold for Rs while a new model is sold for Rs 2000 only. In case of computers, SMPS (Switch mode power supply) is sold at the rate of Rs / piece, hard disc at the rate of Rs / piece and UPS is sold at the rate of Rs / piece. Processor obtained from CPU of old systems such as Pantene I & II is sold at the rate of Rs 100/piece. Recyclers: As such there is no recycling agency in the State of J&K. Ramkay Engineers Pvt. Ltd. has submitted a proposal for opening E-waste recycling facility under Common Integrated facility at Samba. Based on the results obtained from market survey, E-waste trade value chain can be depicted as below 26

36 Fig. 5: Diagram showing Mapping of E-waste movement in informal sector. 5.2 Discussions Sales and Consumption Patterns of EEE There are very few no. of manufacturing units in the State. However, the sales operations being carried out by the National Distributors and regional level sales offices reveal that there has been a sharp rise in the sale of EEE gadgets over the past 3-4 years owing to changing life styles. As per the data collected from various companies and discussions held with officials dealing with sales on local as well as central level and inventorization carried out by SPCB during , it is estimated that the sale of Television sets has been declining gradually with rising demand for L.C.Ds. Moreover, IT sector has shown a sharp growth with annual turnover of Rs 225 cr. (JCDA) for the year 2012 as compared to 100 cr turn over during 2007 due to fast computerisation of the Govt. Departments, Educational Institutions and Private companies etc. The discussions held with dealers revealed that the sale of almost all EEE gadgets is at least % more in Srinagar as compared to Jammu region. Khattar et al. (2007) have made a forecast for the growth of PCs in 2012, with 12,571,000 units of desktops and 7,779,000 units of notebooks. By 2015 the number of households with a television is expected 27

37 to have increased to 234 million from 58 million in 2007 (Khattar et al., 2007). Although the urban market for mobile phones is saturated, the continuing growth of rural usage rates will support the industry's forecasted annual growth rate of 47% (Khattar et al., 2007). India is expected to have 11% share in the global consumer electronic market by 2015 (TATA Strategic Management Group). If our consumption continues like this, it is estimated that we will be having no more Indium in next 13 years (0% recycling), no more copper in next 61 years (31% recycling) and no more gold in next 45 years (43% recycling) ( Norbert, 2010). Disposal Behaviour a) Govt. Organizations, Banks and Hospitals Almost all the Government organizations, Banks and Hospitals have neither formulated any E-waste disposal policy nor do they have any agreement with registered recyclers except few such as ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Bajaj Allianz General, Central Bank of India, Bajaj Allianz Life, ING Vyasa, Tekcare India Pvt Ltd, Intex Technology. However, notices have been served upon about 32 Bulk consumers. Periodic survey of Bulk consumers is carried out to update the status and to raise awareness for scientific disposal of WEEE. While it is estimated that private consumers generate only about 20% (Toxics Link, 2004) of India's E-waste, Government Institutions, industry in general, and especially manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment share the main responsibility for the constantly growing stream of E-waste. b) Households Quantities of E-waste generated from households is very negligible and is either passed on to relatives or friends or kept stored as such for long times as the people do not know the best way of disposal. In India, the average lifespan of a computer has been estimated to be app. three to five years whereas the lifespan of a television, refrigerator or washing machine is ten to fifteen years (Skinner, 2010). In contrast to the developed world, waste in India is often considered a resource with its own value. Accordingly, Indians are often unwilling to pay for waste disposal. Many households and businesses simply put the waste in front of the door and wait until the waste collectors (kabadiwallahs) come and get it (Sinha, 2008). c) Service centres STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Almost all the service centres have no disposal policy in place and the waste as such is lying stored with 28

38 them for many years. However, service centres authorized by various companies send the discarded items back to respective parent companies for final disposal. Quantities of waste generated from service centres dealing with Cell phone and Printers is negligible as most of these items are repairable and almost all parts of cell phones can be reused. d) Scrap dealers / Dismantlers Scrap dealers play a major role in the E-waste value chain at various levels, viz., collection, segregation, dismantling and resale of separated components. In Jammu region, waste from formal (excluding companies having authorized Collection Centre) and informal service centres, consumers and Bulk consumers finds its way to unorganised sector due to easy disposal facility and lucrative prices being offered by scrap dealers. Many refurbishers operating in informal sector mostly those providing door step service of old and out of warranty refrigerators purchase the obsolete compressors as well refrigerators from the consumers and dismantle the same at their places. Informal sector has not taken any initiative towards formalization even after issuance of strict notices and awareness being carried out by SPCB to ensure compliance as under the Rules. As per discussions held with scrap dealers, quantity of computers, refrigerators and Television sets being received by them has shown a considerable rise as compared to the previous years reflecting an inclination towards rapid technology advancement and therefore waste generation. In India, while recycling of goods is prevalent, it is primarily undertaken by unorganized players / family workshops who collect E-waste through bicycle bound scrap collectors. These players utilize the cheapest way to recycle and do not follow safe and standard material disposal procedures. E-waste recycling revenues have a potential to touch INR 1,520 Cr annually by 2012 (TATA Strategic Management Group). E-waste generation STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K The main sources of E-waste are Government Institutions, public and private sector institutions, product & component manufacturers and individual households. A sharp rise in E-waste generation has been found due to rise in obsolescence rate of EEE, changing life styles and availability of advanced technology gadgets at cheaper rates. The total annual E-waste generated in the State of J&K for the year has been found to be app tons. Per capita generation of E-waste has been estimated to be app Kg for the year which is app. 5 times higher as compared to previous data. Globally about 15 million tonnes of E-waste is generated, of which 3.4 million tons of E-waste is produced in U.S. alone (EPA, 2011) while 4 thousand tons is produced in India annually. The E-waste generated in India is growing at the rate of 10-15% (GTZ, 2010). In 2012, 7.1 mn computers, 16 mn TV sets and app. 190 mn mobile handsets are expected to be a part of the E-waste pool in India. This would translate into 1 mn tons of E-waste in 2012 (TATA Strategic Management Group). 29

39 Implementation of E- waste Rules in J&K till December, 2013 Soon after the publication of E-waste Rules in May, 2011, various efforts have been made by State Pollution Control Board to ensure compliance from various chain members as per provisions laid under the said Rules so as to seek effective implementation of Rules. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K The present status of implementation of E - waste Rules in J&K has been tabulated as under Public awareness In order to raise public awareness about the concept and need of scientific disposal of E-waste, a collection bin was installed in the premises of State Pollution Control Board. Further a public notice was also issued in the leading newspapers to ensure compliance as per E-waste Rules from various stakeholders. 30

40 Besides this, an advertisement for E-waste was also got published in leading local newspapers to raise public awareness. Moreover, to ensure compliance of E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011, several notices were issued to almost all the stakeholders as below No. of notices issued to scrap dealers - 60 No. of letters issued to Bulk Consumers- 30 No. of Notices issued to Manufacturers/ Sales Offices 25 STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K Moreover, two awareness workshops were conducted by State Pollution Control Board, Jammu to raise awareness among all the channel members regarding their roles and responsibilities at various levels of E- waste movement. 31

41 Chapter 6.0 Suggestions Rules can be enforced successfully only after the E-waste issue is well addressed at various levels and strict policy be evolved to ensure compliance as per the provisions laid under the E-waste Rules. The proposed actions suggested for the effective implementation of the E-waste Rules are Role of Government Formulation of State Policy, strategy, regulations & action plan to ensure compliance from all stakeholders in the absence of manufacturing units and Corporate Headquarters in the State of J&K. To issue necessary license to only those companies having authorization from SPCB to sell their products within the territorial limits of the State and Producer must have established an efficient collection mechanism for implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility. It should be made compulsory for all the Bulk consumers to file annual returns to SPCB regarding data on purchase, refurbishment, relocation / donation. To formulate strict guidelines for assemblers working in informal sector for implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility. The Government should try to develop an inclusive model where informal sector should have a stake and initiate such activities for the informal sector to be harnessed and integrated with the formal recyclers for effective E-waste recycling. The informal sector should be encouraged on the path towards formalization and formation of associations. To provide fiscal incentives, financial aids / subsidy / credit access for collection and recycling. To invest in creating mass awareness for the end-users, highlighting the possible hazards to the environment and human beings. Role of Producers & Vendors To put in place an efficient & well networked collection system required to channelize E-waste from manufacturing / assembling facilities / authorized service centres as well as Consumers / Bulk Consumers to registered recyclers. To press into service a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for collecting waste operating collection centres. from end user and To raise Public awareness about the collection mechanism which has been put in place including all the related information, viz., address, contact details etc. and get the same printed in the information booklet / user manual. 32

42 Chapter 7.0 Annexures I Table 14: Average lifetime and weight applied for various, EEE items Table 15: Company-wise sale of Refrigerators in J&K for

43 Table 16: Company-wise sale of LCD/LEG & T.V. sets in J&K for II Table 17: Company-wise sale of Washing machines in J&K for

44 Table 18: Company wise sale of A.C. in J&K for STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K III Table 19: Company wise sale of Mobile Phones in J&K for

45 Table 20: Company wise sale of Computers in J&K for IV Table 21: Company wise sale of Printers in J&K for

46 V 37

47 VI 38

48 Chapter 8.0 References 1. Anonymous Creation of Optimum Knowledge Bank on E-waste Management in India. Evangelos Gidarakos Laboratory of Toxic & Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete Polytechneioupolis, Chania, Crete, Greece. Pp Johri Rakesh Implications, regulations and management in India and current global best practices. TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute), IHC, Lodhi Road, New Delhi. 3. Anonymous Environmental management for Information Technology industry in India. DIT, Department of Information Technology, Government of India. Pp Radha G A Study of the Performance of the Indian IT Sector'. [online], 5. Widmer R., Heidi Oswald-Krapf., Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal., Max Schnellmann.and Heinz Boni Global perspectives on e-waste, Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Pp Anonymous Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. Pp 9-11, Dr. Razia Sultana E-waste: Initiatives in India. EPTRI, Hyderabad. In a training programme on E-waste Management, Hyderabad. 8. Anonymous Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 12 (2). Pp Brooke cromar The Growing and Global Problem of E- Waste. Suite101.com, Anonymous E-waste in Chennai Time is running out. Toxics Link Sycom Projects Consultants Pvt. Ltd Report on Baseline study on the legal status of the profit making registered entity of the group of informal sector workers. Advisory services in Environment management, GTZ, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi. Pp 1-4. STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN J&K 12. Alexandra Skinner., Alexander Lloyd., Yvonne Dinter. and Philip Strothmann Does the Basel Ban form an effective and sustainable means of addressing the health and environmental problems caused by the export of e-waste from developed countries to developing nations and countries in transition?. Free University of Berlin, Department of Political and Social Science, Environmental Policy Research Centre (FFU) Master: Public and Private Environmental Management. Pp 51 &

49 3. Down to Earth. April, Pp Khattar, V., Kaur, J., Chaturvedi, A. & Arora, R E-waste Assessment in India: Specific focus on Delhi: A Quantitative Understanding of Generation, Disposal & Recycling of Electronic Waste. BIRD & GTZ. Pp Anonymous Information technology annual report. MCIT (Ministry of Communications and Information Technology). Department of Information Technology. Pp Jain Amit. and Sareen Rajneesh E-waste assessment methodology and validation in India. amit@irgindia.com. Pp Anonymous Sustainable Innovation and Technology Transfer Industrial Sector Studies: RECYCLING FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES. UNEP. Pp 1, 45-51, Anonymous Recycling and disposal of electronic waste: Health hazards and environmental impacts. Swedish EPA. Pp IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd Assessment of Electronic Wastes in Mumbai-Pune Area. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. Kalpataru Point, Sion (E), Mumbai. http ://mpcb.mah.nic.in. Pp Alexandra Skinner., Yvonne Dinter., Alex Lloyd. and Philip Strothmann The Challenges of E-waste Management in India: Can India draw lessons from the EU and the USA?. Pp 10 & Anonymous Census Provisional Population Totals. Our census Our future. Office of the registrar general and census commissioner, Ministry of Home affairs.india. censusindia.gov.in/2011 Prov-results/Prov-data-products_J&K.htm. 22. Anonymous Jammu and Kashmir: The State Profile. PHD Research Bureau. PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry. PHD House, 4/2 Sri Institutional Area, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi. Pp 11, Anonymous E-waste Volume I: Inventory Assessment Manual. United Nations Environmental Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka/Shiga. Pp 32, 43, Anonymous E-waste Facts and Figures. Electronics take back coalition, Pp Anonymous E-waste: Opportunity or Burden?. TATA Strategic Management Group). Pp

50 E-waste Waste To Resources If Disposed Off In A Scientific Manner The appropriate handling of electronic waste (E-waste) can both prevent serious environmental damage as well as recover valuable materials, especially different types of metals such as aluminium, copper, palladium and gold. All stakeholders, viz., Producers, Collection centres, Bulk Consumers, Dismantlers and Recyclers play a key role in E-waste Management. Jandiyal Printing Press #