Task 4: R&D Overview Switzerland

Transcription

1 Task 4: R&D Overview Switzerland Prof. Dr. Daniel Gstoehl Dr. Cordin Arpagaus Institute for Energy Systems IES Interstate University of Applied Sciences of Technology Buchs, Switzerland Annex 46 DHW HP, Tokyo,

2 Contents History of development How systems have changed? System technologies Component technologies Kind of refrigerant End-user focused technologies Installer focused technologies Water quality management technologies Smart technologies (ZEB, smart grid, smart energy) Other supportive technologies Big public projects Funding support 2

3 1. History of development How systems have changed? Switzerland has a long history in DHW heat pumps It started in : Hoval heat pump for central space heating and DHW heating 1975: Hoval Herzog fully automatic heat pump with integrated DHW heating Hoval-Carrier brine-water 1978: Sulzer small air-water heat pump heat pump (1980) with combined DHW heating ( Solset ) Hoval air-water heat pump (1985) 1985: KWT ground source heat pumps with integrated DHW heating using desuperheater 1991: ~ heat pumps (~ 25 kw) in Switzerland in operation (2/3 with air heat source) Solset installed in the office building of Sulzer in Winterthur (1982), 20 kw, exhaust air of the sanitary rooms as heat source 3

4 1. History of development How systems have changed? 1998: The Swiss Retrofit Heat Pump project A competition project launched by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy Investigation of efficient heat pump cycles Goals of the Swiss Retrofit Heat Pump: for heating capacities < 25 kw integration of DHW heating ambient air as heat source temperature lift from 12 C to 60 C without backup systems Investigate heat pump cycles (Zogg, 2002) Winner of the competition: KWT with an advanced split solution (integrated DHW heating by a separate heat pump cycle and active desuperheating) 4

5 1. History of development How systems have changed? 2000: Technical planning handbook 2002: IEA Annex 28 Combined space and DHW heating Technical handbook established for heating and hot water systems in low energy homes, or passive houses (Swiss standard Minergie, with an annual heat demand < 160 MJ/m2 per year (Afjei, 2000) IEA Annex 28: Test procedure and seasonal performance calculations developed for residential heat pumps with combined space heating and DHW heating System boundary (Montani, 2003; Wemhöner and Afjei, 2007) 5

6 1. History of development How systems have changed? 2006: Heat pumps have 75% market share in new homes 75% market share of heat pumps with heating capacity up to 20 kw in new homes Total market shares of new installed heating systems in 2006 ( 6

7 1. History of development How systems have changed? 2007: Standard circuit diagrams for small-scale heat pumps (STASCH project) Recommendations for designing DHW heating systems using heat pumps Development of optimal hydraulic circuits and control procedures Design data: 2 identical ground heat pumps (SATAG BWH113.1) Heating capacity: 2 x 16.2 kw at B0/W35, 2 x 17.7 kw at B2/W65 R407C as refrigerant Scroll compressors with intermediate injection 65 C max. condensation outlet temp. 1'200 dm3 hot water storage tank 5.7 m2 external plate heat exchanger Test installation in Rorschacherberg (Gabathuler and Mayer, 2007) 7

8 1. History of development How systems have changed? 2010: DHW supply by heat pumps in multi-family houses Analysis of various heat pump systems Centralized hot water heat pump with storage tank and recirculation loop Centralized hot water heat pump with storage tank and trace heating Central heat pump with decentralized DHW heat pumps Combined system - heat pump for space heating and DHW heating (Vetsch et al., 2012,2013) 8

9 1. History of development How systems have changed? : IEA HPP Annex 38 project "Solar and Heat Pump Systems" Combination of solar thermal, photovoltaic and heat pump systems Air/water heat pump + solar thermal collectors Air/water heat pump + photovoltaic Brine/water heat pump + solar thermal collectors + photovoltaic + ice storage Brine/water heat pump + photovoltaic/solar thermal collectors + ice storage (Afjei and Winteler, 2015) 9

10 2. System technologies DHW heat pumps in Swiss single family houses A: Heat pump for space heating and hot water B: Solar thermal system (without heat pump) C: Heat pump boiler (hot water heat pump) ( Combined solar thermal system and heat pump system (1) solar thermal collector (2) circulation pump (3) piping distribution (4) heat exchanger (5) heat pump (GebäudeKlima Schweiz, 2012) 10

11 2. System technologies Hot water heat pump boiler Air/water heat pump boiler Sales numbers Air Outdoor unit of split-system 364 units in in 2015 (FWS, 2015) Buffer storage (Vailland Schweiz GmbH) (Styleboiler / (Cipag AG) Data of commercially available heat pump boilers Tobler Haustechnik AG) Description Range Average value COP at A20/W to COP at A15/W to Sales price to CHF CHF Noise level 50 to 67 db 60 db (31 suppliers and 78 models) Storage volume 200 to 450 Litre 277 Litre ( Electrical backup heating 1.0 to 3.0 kw 1.7 kw 11

12 2. System technologies Efficiency comparison of heat pumps with integrated boilers, a DHW heat pump, and an electroboiler (Data from the WPZ heat pump test center in NTB Buchs) (Eschmann, 2015) Withdrawal profile Withdrawal quantity [kwh] S 2.1 M 5.8 Praxis L 11.7 L 19.1 Heat losses [W] A Heat pump with integrated boiler (175 L) COP B Heat pump with integrated boiler (260 L) C DHW heat pump (270 L) D Electroboiler (300 L)

13 2. System technologies COP development of DHW heat pumps at A15/W10-55 from 2012 to 2015 Cumulative frequency (Data from the WPZ heat pump test center at NTB Buchs) <2.0 <2.2 <2.4 <2.6 <2.8 <3.0 COP at A15/W rd April 2018 <3.2 <3.4 >3.4 (Eschmann, 2015) 13

14 2. System technologies Typical hot water heat pump systems in Swiss multiple family houses Conventional recirculation Heating cable Recirculation heat pump Combined system (Vetsch et al., 2012) 23rd April 2018 Simultaneous (Option 1) or interrupted (Option 2) space heating while the DHW storage tank is charged. 14

15 2. System technologies Typical hot water heat pump systems in Swiss multiple family houses Simulation results: Overall efficiency of the different DHW delivering systems striped = decentralized option solid = centralized option 23rd April 2018 (Vetsch et al., 2012) 15

16 2. System technologies Summarizing overview of DHW heat pump systems in Swiss single and multiple family houses 16

17 2. System technologies DHW heat pump systems in single and multiple family houses (: indicates usage) Heat sources DHW storage type DHW storage location Basic heat generation System Legionnella prevention Comfort Secondary generation Refrigerant Ground Ambient air Water (lake, ground water) Sewage water Ventilation air Basement air Return flow of space heating Separate storage tank Built-in storage tank Combined storage tank No tank Basement Centralized in whole building complex Decentralized in each building Local in each apartment Indoor heat pump Single family house Multiple family house Outdoor heat pump Split heat pump Heat pump water heater Dedicated DHW system Combined space heating and DHW Simultaneous operation Switching operation Periodical thermal desinfection Maintain high temperature UV treatment No measures Short tubing Trace heating: Heating cable Trace heating: Recirculation loop Solarthermal Wood Gas Oil Backup: Resistance heater R134a R410A 17

18 3. Component technologies Small oil-free semi hermetic piston type CO2 compressor for supercritical heat pump applications (R&D project) Confirmed the feasibility: oil-free compressors technology pressures of up to 150 bar outlet temperatures up to 200 C Potential applications identified in: automotive air conditioning (heating, cooling) domestic water heating applications in the food industry where oilfree compression is a must (Baumann, 2001) 18

19 3. Component technologies R134a miniature turbo compressor for heat pump applications confirmed feasibility High isentropic efficiencies: (scroll: ) Gas bearings (less exergetic losses), up to rpm Oil-free (better heat transfer, high temperatures possible, no oil management, multi-stage) Small weight, low material costs (10 kg steal compared to 40 kg scroll), and no noise (high frequency) 20 mm impeller diameter Size comparison (Turbo vs. Scroll): 2 single-stage 3 kw scroll compressors Twin stage One stage 6 kw twin-stage turbo compressor Scroll Turbo (Schiffmann, 2005) 23rd April

20 3. Component technologies Two-phase compressor Compression of the working fluid starting from a two-phase state at the compressor inlet to a saturated gas state at the compressor outlet refrigerant droplets (1 to 4 μm) evaporate during compression efficiency increase of 20 % compared to current heat pump technologies demonstration project with R134a Two-phase compressor (Friedl et al., 2012) 20

21 4. Kind of refrigerant Test results of the accredited heat pump test center WPZ at NTB in Buchs The accredited heat pump test center WPZ performs quality tests (quality label, FWS certificate) at the University of Applied Science NTB in Buchs Switzerland. The tested DHW heat pumps contained exclusively refrigerant R134a (WPZ, 2017). The brine/water, water/water and air/water heat pumps applied mostly R410A, R407C and R134a. Test norms: Test results of DHW heat pumps (heat pump boilers) are based on EN 16147:2011 Test results of brine to water heat pumps and water to water heat pumps are based on EN 14511:2004 and EN 14511:2007 Test results of air to water heat pumps are based on EN 14511:2004 and EN 14511:2007 The actual test results of are published online ( 21

22 4. Kind of refrigerant In Switzerland, refrigerants are regulated by Annex 2.10 of the Chemical Risk Reduction Ordinance (ORRChem) Temporal development of the refrigerants regulation in the ChemRRV ( Regulation of refrigerants stable in the air in stationary refrigeration plants and heat pumps (in operation max. 8 month/year) allowed allowed air cooled not allowed if refrigerant charge > 0.4 kg/kw or > 0.48 kg/kw with waste heat recovery air cooled not allowed if refrigerant charge > 0.18 kg/kw or > 0.22 kg/kw with waste heat recovery not allowed* not allowed* *exceptions are possible by authorization from the Federal Office for the Environment (FOFE) (BAFU, 2017) 22

23 5. End-user focused technologies Water saving armatures ( wohnen/wasser-sparenmit-den-richtigenarmaturen.html) Water saving armatures water flow reduction by 40% to 50% (EnergieSchweiz 2011) Amphiro Real-time feedback on hot water and energy consumption for the shower Test results: Participants saved on average between 19% and 21% of their energy consumption in the shower (Staake et al. 2016). The payback time of the device is less than 10 months. (Tiefenbeck et al., 2016) 23

24 6. Installer focused technologies Compact decentralized DHW supply system with small heat pump for front-wall installations of bathrooms Renovated bathroom with integrated wall unit THERMOS from Swissframe AG Air preheater recovery system for ventilation Evaporator Hot water boiler Fresh water heat exchanger Ventilation Condensate drain (Büchel et al., 2016) Control unit Condenser Compressor Heat exchanger (exhaust air 24 recovery)

25 6. Installer focused technologies HEModule All-In-One Combined air conditioning and heat pump system for multiple family houses Dwelling 4 Dwelling 3 Dwelling 2 Optimized design of the heat exchanger chimney Heat exchanger chimney (HEModule All-In-One) Dwelling 1 Integration of a heat pump for DHW heating Fresh air HEModule All-in-One Cold exhaust air Evaporator Compressor (Domestic) Hot water Exhaust air Condenser Fresh air Subcooler Fresh water Evaporator connection Subcooler connection Warm fresh air Warm exhaust air (Seitz et al., 2015) 25

26 6. Installer focused technologies Shower with heat recovery Joulia Heat exchanger with copper tubes 26

27 7. Water quality management technologies Water quality topics, such as legionella, are regulated in the standards SIA 385/1 and SIA 385/2 SIA 385/1 defines the basic requirements for DHW systems SIA 385/2 describes the calculation methods for the planning of DHW systems Legionella prevention (in single and multiple family buildings, low risk ): DHW of 25 C to 50 C that has not been used during the last 24 hours must be thermally disinfected (1 hour at 60 C) The design of the DHW system requires: 60 C at the storage tank outlet, 55 C at the heat traced pipes, 50 C at the tapping point 27

28 8. Smart technologies(zeb, smart grid, smart energy) SmartGridready in buildings and Smart Metering provides an overview of the energy flows at any time SmartGridready defines four levels: Level 3: Smart Grid: The building communicates with the electricity network Level 2: SmartGridready: Integral building automation Smart Metering concept Level 1: Building automation: Single systems Level 0: Conventional: Manual First results indicate a remarkable increase in energy efficiency (Elektrolink AG, 2017): 24% reduction of electricity consumption 51% reduction of heat consumption 30% reduction of the max. power grid load 28% photovoltaic production increase by precise weather forecasts ( 28

29 9. Other supportive technologies There are no other supportive technologies in the field of DHW heat pumps. 29

30 10. Big public projects Replacement of electroboilers Since 2009, electric storage heaters are forbidden in Switzerland. The EFFIBOILER program of Energie Zukunft Schweiz promotes the replacement of old electroboilers to new heat pump boilers with a contribution of 450 CHF. In the canton St. Gallen the contribution is even CHF. The program is supported by the promotional program ProKilowatt under the direction of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy. Hot water temperature 55 C Unit Electrical boiler Heat pump (300 L) water heater Annual energy consumption kwh/a Investment costs CHF Amortization (15 years) CHF Interest, 4% CHF Operating costs (0.14 CHF/kWh) CHF Annual costs CHF (GebäudeKlima Schweiz 2012) 30

31 11. Funding support Since 1997 ongoing Swiss research program: Heat Pumping Technologies and Refrigeration At least 21 R&D projects granted so far by the Swiss Federal Administration in the application area of hot water and heat pumps (accessed on Oct 3, 2017) At least 67 publications on that topic Granted total costs: 14.7 Mio. CHF (since 1997) The average granted costs per R&D project is about CHF Project database:

32 11. Funding support Heat Pumping Technologies and Refrigeration research program Allocation of the funds to the main research areas (total about 3 Mio. CHF/year) Research priorities 2017: High-efficiency heat pumps and refrigeration systems Intelligent heat pumps and additive energy systems Components and cycles Heat pumps with a broad, flexible temperature regime Efficiency improvement and cogeneration Innovative heat pumps for industrial processes 150 kchf/year Integrated system optimisation Hot water preparation Heat pumps for non-conventional applications Miniaturization, plug and play Environmentally friendly working fluids 32

33 Further Information 33