Urban Water Security Research Alliance

Transcription

1 Urban Water Security Research Alliance Identifying the Technical and Social Drivers of Water Consumption: a Summary of Results from the South East Queensland Residential End Use Study Cara Beal South East Queensland Residential End Use Project 19 June 212

2 Why do we need Water End Use studies? Without knowing how and where water is being used in a home, how can you manage its demand and encourage relevant water conservation strategies? Yes, sure but where in my home, and how?!!!

3 BACKGROUND Water end use studies are becoming more commonplace in Australia and overseas in the quest to better understand urban water consumption and demand strategies Smart metering technology is rapidly developing used in end use studies (both energy and water)

4 STUDY AIMS Quantify and characterise mains water end uses across seasons and SEQ regions Identify end use volumes and trends: socio-demographic categories, water efficient stock (e.g. star rated clothes washers, low flow shower head) Peak and average day demand Average day and peak day diurnal patterns Water-related energy consumption and savings

5 RESEARCH METHODS

6 STUDY AREAS Sunshine Coast Ipswich BRISBANE Gold Coast

7 Mixed method approach qualitative and quantitative Methods Rely on both participant involvement and smart metering technology Taken from aligned SSA project

8 Methods Trace flow analysis Washing Machine Toilet full flush Shower Toilet half flush Leak Tap Trace Wizard software from Aquacraft Inc.

9 Read Periods and Climate Winter 21: 14 th to 28 th June (n=252) Summer x 3 reads: 1 st to 14 th Dec; 24 th Dec to 6 th Jan; 6 th Feb to 21 st Feb 211 (n=219) Winter 211: 1 st to 14 th June (n= 11) Summer 211: Dec 1 st 14 th (n=93) Autumn 212: Mar 1 14 th (n=86) Winter 21 Winter 211 Summer 21-11

10 Floods, technology and other challenges Impact of December 21 rainfall and January 211 floods: Infrastructure damaged Ingress to data loggers and water meters Damaged homes from inundation removed from the study Low / no irrigation, not a representative summer

11 RESULTS

12 Average daily per capita water consumption (L/p/d) Water End Use Results SEQ Total Av L/p/d Av L/p/d Av L/p/d Winter 21 Summer Winter 211 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes washer Toilet Leak

13 PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) PER HOUSEHOLD Average water consumption (L/hh/d) PER CAPITA Average water consumption (L/p/d) PER HOUSEHOLD Average water consumption (L/hh/d) (a) WINTER Brisbane 141 Gold Coast 171 Sunshine Coast (a) 111 Ipswich Irrigation Bathtub Water End Use Results by Region (b) Brisbane Gold Sunshine Coast Ipswich 3 Coast Irrigation WINTER 211 Bathtub Tap Tap Dish washer Dish washer (a) Shower Shower Clothes Washer Clothes Washer Toilet Toilet Sunshine Leak Gold Leak Coast Brisbane 16.7 Ipswich Coast Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak (b) SUMMER Gold Coast 11.5 Brisbane Ipswich Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes Washer Toilet LeakGold Sunshine Brisbane 13.4 Ipswich Coast Coast Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

14 Average summer daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average winter 21 daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average Day Diurnal Pattern Analysis Average winter 211 daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak Winter Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak Winter Time (hours) 16 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher 14 Shower Clotheswasher Toilet Leak 12 Summer Time (hours) Time (hours) Clothes washing am peak DW & bath events - pm peak Showers - both peaks Later afternoon peak during summer Irrigation occurring during the day especially in winter -non compliance with PWCM

15 Clothes washer consumption (L/hh/d) Total household water consumption (L/p/d) Shower consumption (L/hh/d) Tap consumption (L/hh/d) 8 6 Stock Efficiency and Water Consumption >2 L/min >16L/min <9 L/min 4 <4.5-9L/min 2 2 AAA or 3 Stars AA or 2 Stars A or 1 Star Standard Old L/hh/d C 12.4 A AB C D Inefficient 1 to 2 Stars 3 to 6 Stars L/hh/d A B C ~131 L/wash ~68 L/wash Low ( to 2 stars) Medium (3 or 3+ stars) High (>=4 stars) L/hh/d A AB B Homes with RWT Homes without RWT Mean 123.7A B

16 Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Stock Efficiency and Peak Flow Reductions Less Than 3 Star Efficiency Greater Than 3 Star Efficiency Water-efficient homes were found to have a reduced average peak hourly consumption of between 2.47 L/p/h/d (18.%) and 3.52 L/p/h/d (19.3%). Time Both of these water demand reductions were statistically significant at p <.1 Implications for water distribution infrastructure: - reduce costs / deferral - network modelling based on peaking factors

17 Average daily household water consumption (L/hh/d) Average and Peak Demand Analysis Calculate peak day (PD) to average day (AD) ratios Estimate peaking factors used in planning and design of water distribution infrastructure e.g. pipe diameter sizing Average daily total consumption in SEQ Average consumption across the measured period Time (months)

18 Average daily household water consumption (L/hh/d) Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) Average daily diurnal consumption (L/p/h/d) (a) (ii) (i) EX TAP SHOW CW TOIL LEAK TAP 24 SHOW 61 TOIL 37 CW Hour of day (b) (i) (ii) Average and Peak Demand Analysis TAP 27 SHOW 58 TOIL 34 CW 42 (c) 3/12/1 EX 7/1/11 EX 1/4/11 TOIL 2/7/ EX BATH TAP SHOW CW TOIL Hour of day (ii) (i) 5 TAP 23 SHOW 41 EX BATH TAP SHOW CW TOIL TOIL 34 CW Hour of day PD/AD 2.5 (d) (ii) (i) EX TAP SHOW CW TOIL EX 255 CW 76 SHOW 53 TAP Hour of day Average daily total consumption in SEQ Average consumption across the measured period Time (months) PD/AD 1.2 PD/AD 1.3 PD/AD 1.5 (e) (i) (ii) TAP 28 EX BATH TAP DW SHOW CW TOIL LEAK SHOW 43 TOIL 24 CW June 21 Baseline Data Hour of day Internal end uses - CW, shower, drive small peaks (peaking factors <1.5) External end uses irrigation, drive large peaks (factors > 1.5) Lower peaking factors and less occurrence compared with historical values infrastructure optimisation

19 Average per capita water comsumption (L/p/d) Average per household water comsumption (L/hh/d) Average household water consumption (L/hh/d) Average household water consumption (L/hh/d) Household Socio-demographics and Water Use Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes washer Toilet Leak Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes washer Toilet Leak < >9 Household income category ($,) Full/part time employed Occupational status Pensioners/retired Single family Adult family Small family Medium family Large family Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak Single household Adult household Small family Medium family Large family Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dishwasher Shower Clothes Washer Toilet Leak

20 Average toilet water use (L/p/d) Average toilet water use (L/p/d) Average shower water use (L/p/d) Average shower water use (L/p/d) (a) 6 Socio-demographics and End Use (b) >=1 mean A Number of teenagers B >7 mean A AB AB Average age of survey respondent (years) B (a) 3 (b) < >9 mean A Household income category ($,) A B B >7 mean A B Average age of survey respondent (years) B AB

21 Perceptions of water use

22 Perceptions of water use * * *

23 Perception of water use - profiles Trends were identified regarding the types of households that under estimate their water use Perceived low-medium water users: potentially under estimate water use; younger, larger families, children; may be less aware of high usage periods during day; higher incomes and education level; more water efficient technology; lower self-identity as water saver; and less of a belief that household is a water conserving one. Yes, we are a low water using household I think

24 Average energy demand (kwh/p/y) Average GHG emissions (kg CO2e/p/y) Energy / water nexus Using measured water end use data and published energy intensity (kwh/kl) values Calculate energy demand and GHG (carbon emissions) GHG factors used to convert energy use to carbon emissions Hot water system type had significant influence on energy and GHG DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Show er DW CW Taps Electric cylinder Gas cylinder Instant gas Solar (electric boosted) ENERGY GHG (note Electric cylinder HWS emissions factor = 1, National greenhouse accounts factors, Aust. Govt. 211) Show er

25 Annual average energy consumption -SEB HWS (kwh/p/y) Impacts of water / energy efficiency technology Cumulative reduction as each scenario applied % individual savings (person/year) Scenario Water reduction (%) Energy reduction (%) % total reduction 1 1 Base case Solar HWS Solar + water efficient CW Solar + shower 37 C Solar + low flow shower head Solar + tap aerators Solar + energy efficient DW CW DW Taps Shower Total % 57% 6% 72% 77% 79% Solar HWS (EB) - 46 Water-efficient shower head Water-efficient clothes washer Tap aerators Shower temp reduced to 37C Energy-efficient dish washer This type of data can underpin sustainable development policy / building codes (e.g. MP 4.1 in QDC)

26 Average water consumption (L/p/d) Water End Use Results over time Irrigation 8 Bathtub Tap Dish washer 6 Shower 4 2 Clothes Washer Toilet Leak June, Winter 21 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) June, Winter 211 (n=11) Dec, March, Summer Autumn 211 (n=93) 212 (n=85) Measurement period

27 Average water consumption (L/p/d) Average water consumption (L/p/d) Water End Use Results over time June, Winter (n=252) 21 (n=252) June, Winter 21 Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) June, Winter 211 (n=11) Irrigation Dec, Summer 211 (n=93) June, Winter 211 (n=11) Measurement period March, Autumn 212 (n=93) (n=85) Dec, Summer 211 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet March, Autumn 212 (n=85) Leak

28 Average water consumption (L/p/d) Water End Use Results over time Irrigation 8 Bathtub Tap Dish washer 6 Shower 4 2 Clothes Washer Toilet Leak June, Winter 21 (n=252) Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) June, Winter 211 (n=11) Dec, March, Summer Autumn 211 (n=93) 212 (n=85) Measurement period

29 Average water consumption (L/p/d) (L/p/d) June, Winter 21 (n=252) (n=252) June, Winter 21 Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) Dec - Feb, Summer (n= 219) Water End Use Results over time June, Winter 211 (n=11) Leak Dec, Summer 211 (n=93) June, Winter 211 (n=11) Measurement period March, Autumn (n=93) 212 (n=85) Dec, Summer 211 Irrigation Bathtub Tap Dish washer Shower Clothes Washer Toilet March, Autumn 212 (n=85) Leak

30 CONCLUSIONS

31 Key Messages Rebound effect not clearly evident yet although irrigation appears to be increasing - future SEQREUS work and SSA outcomes will confirm Shower, clothes washer and tap use remain the key end uses for demand managers to target (implications for reducing residential energy demand) Water efficient appliances reduce household use. Low flow shower heads and high star-rated washing machines particularly effective, however.. Perception of low-average water user not always reflected by actual water use. Water efficient technology has to be matched with water efficient behaviour.area for water demand managers to consider

32 Key Messages Water efficient technology also effective in reducing hot waterrelated energy and carbon emissions. With high penetration of low flow shower heads already evident, other strategies to reduce the high volume shower end use (and associated energy demand from hot water component) may need to be considered (e.g. shower alarms/ feedback on specific end uses to customers) Future water demand forecasting and water supply infrastructure planning needs to take into account the reduced water consumption arising from current development codes Peak demand (hourly and daily) days likely to be less frequent and of less volume

33 The future - SEQREUS v2 About to commence a new End Use study (extension of SEQREUS) for the next two years ( ) Queensland Urban Utilities (Brisbane and Ipswich) and Unitywater (Sunshine Coast)

34 We have a full belly of water...now but Final note Climate cycles drought floods drought = think ahead Recent reports from BOM 5 th June 212: conditions are likely to approach, or possibly exceed, El Niño thresholds during the late winter to early spring period in 212 An album in the future? by Return of the Boy-Child Featuring old favourites like: The dam s drying up again, my dear! Where did I put that Bunning s greywater hose? Ouch! (my baby scraped her knee on the lawn) And new hits including: Why didn t we keep that egg timer? Water(less)loo and Once, twice, three times a rebate

35 Acknowledgements Project Leader - Assoc. Prof Rodney Stewart Dr Kelly Fielding and SSA Team Lisa Stewart, Chris Bennet, Byron Carragher, Edoardo Bertone, Dr Andrew Huang, Anas Makki at Smart Water Research Centre Team at UWSRA Don, Sharon B, Frank, Steve K All the participants

36 Urban Water Security Research Alliance THANK YOU