KONGRESS KGH DECEMBER 2018 BEOGRAD SERBIA SIMON HARTLES EXPORT DIRECTOR COOL-SPACE EVAPORATIVE COOLING

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1 KONGRESS KGH DECEMBER 2018 BEOGRAD SERBIA SIMON HARTLES EXPORT DIRECTOR COOL-SPACE EVAPORATIVE COOLING

2 CONTENTS PART 1: FUNCTIONALITY OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING: HOW IT WORKS IN PRINCIPLE NATURAL COOLING HOW IT WORKS IN PRACTICE HOW IT IS RECREATED IN PRACTICE COOLING EFFECT AND HUMIDITY EXPECTATION OF PERFORMANCE ENERGY IMPACT CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY & WATER Cf. AIR CONDITIONING

3 CONTENTS PART 2: DESIGNING A SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS OF VENTILATION FIXED COOLING PORTABLE COOLING PART 3: APPLICATIONS APPROPRIATE USES APPLICATION EXAMPLES INAPPROPRIATE USES LEGIONELLA RISK PART 4: QUESTIONS

4 PART ONE EVAPORATIVE COOLING: DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONALITY

5 NATURE S COOLING SOLUTION 34 (DB) INLAND ON THE SEA IT S 22 WHAT S HAPPENING?

6 WATER VAPOUR IN AIR Wind / Breeze SUSPENDED WATER VAPOUR DISPLACES HEAT

7 ATHENS, GREECE Summer Peak ave 21.0 WB 90% RH Resultant temp DB

8 PORTABLE EVAPORATIVE COOLER

9 HOW IT WORKS The fan draws hot air in

10 HOW IT WORKS Hot dry air is drawn through the thick moist Media pad

11 HOW IT WORKS Water evaporates through the passing air displacing heat

12 HOW IT WORKS Result is a mist less discharge cooling people and spaces

13 COOLING EFFECT - BEOGRAD

14 BEOGRAD, SERBIA Summer Peak ave 21.2 WB 85% RH Resultant temp DB

15 COOLING CALCULATION DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (DB): 33.7 WET BULB TEMPERATURE (WB): 21.2 PAD EFFICIENCY 85% DISCHARGE TEMP = DB 0.85(DB-WB) RESULT = 23.0 DISCHARGE TEMP.

16 COOLING EFFECT - BEOGRAD 10 C Cooling in Beograd 33.7 C to 23.0 C = 10.7 C cooler

17 HOW MUCH DOES IT COOL?

19 EVAPORATION CALCULATION CALCULATE MOISTURE CONTENT OF AIR: MEASURE FROM PSYCHROMETRIC CHART: DB 33 / WB 21 = 10.8 g/kg OF DRY AIR DB 23 / WB 21 = 15 g/kg OF DRY AIR INCREASE IN MOISTURE 4.2 g/kg OF DRY AIR (IM) M³/H x (g/1000 IM) x (KG of 1 m³ AIR) x (KG/L WATER) 16,600 M³/H x x x 1 = LITRES PER HOUR EVAPORATION RATE

28 m3/s x 1.005 kj/(kg K)[absorption] x 1.

21 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT NO CFCs OR HFCs AIR, WATER SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICITY < 6 AMPS 4 WATTS ELECTRICITY 8 KWH PER YEAR EQUIVALENT COOLING POWER KW Heat lost = 0.28 m3/s x kj/(kg K)[absorption] x kg/m3 x (delta T) K (actually C) [density] FOR 16,500 M³/H AND 10 T= 55 KW COOLING HOW MUCH WOULD A 55 KW DX AIRCON SYSTEM COST TO RUN?

22 ERGONOMIC IMPACT

23 PART TWO DESIGNING A SYSTEM

24 AIR CHANGE RATES & VENTILATION EVAPORATIVE COOLING REQUIRES VENTILATION TYPES OF VENTILATION IN A BUILDING: NATURAL OPEN WINDOWS/ DOORS, STACK EFFECT, WIND IMPACT MECHANICAL FAN INPUT/EXTRACT AXIAL OR DUCTED BOTH MECHANICAL & NATURAL

25 AIR CHANGE RATES & VENTILATION AIR CHANGE RATES DENOTE AS ACH AIR CHANGE RATE PER HOUR NATURAL VENTILATION OPEN WINDOWS/ DOORS, STACK EFFECT, WIND IMPACT RULE OF THUMB: 0.5 AIR CHANGES/HR IS USED FOR TIGHT (SEALED) BUILDINGS 1/HR FOR MODERATE 2/HR FOR LOOSE ONES (OLD OR WITH ALL WINDOS AND DOORS OPEN) MECHANICAL FAN INPUT/EXTRACT AXIAL OR DUCTED DETERMINED BY SYSTEM PERFORMNACE

26 AIR CHANGE RATES & VENTILATION

27 AIR CHANGE RATES & VENTILATION SOURCE: CIBSE GUIDE: FROM NUAIRE GUIDE TO VENTILATION 2011 REF

DESIGN FOR A FACTORY FULL COVERAGE: TAKE VOLUME OF THE BUILDING X RECOMMENDED AIR CHANGE RATE EXAMPLE: FACTORY: 100M X 30M X 7M = 21,000M³ RECOMMENDED ACH: 8 VENTILATION REQUIREMENT =

28 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY FULL COVERAGE: TAKE VOLUME OF THE BUILDING X RECOMMENDED AIR CHANGE RATE EXAMPLE: FACTORY: 100M X 30M X 7M = 21,000M³ RECOMMENDED ACH: 8 VENTILATION REQUIREMENT = 168,000 M³/H COVERAGE CONSIDERATION RE QUANTITY OF COOLERS TOTAL VENTILATION/APPLIANCE AIR VOLUME E.G. 168,000M³/H / 18,000 M³/H = 9 UNITS USE FIXED THROUGH THE ROOF EVAPORATIVE COOLER

29 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY FIXED COOLERS DUCTED OR PLENUM HEADS TO DISTRIBUTE AIR INTO SPACE AT LOW LEVEL

30 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY FULL COVERAGE NOT ALWAYS REQUIRED SPOT COOLING ONLY INSTALLATION COSTS CAN BE PROHIBITIVE PHYSICAL INSTALLATION OF FIXED COOLERS CAN BE IMPRACTICAL BE AWARE OF PROCESSES WITHIN THE BUILDING CONSIDER USING PORTABLE COOLERS

31 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY PORTABLE COOLERS APPLIED BY RECOMMENDED AREA COVERAGE RE FROM MANUFACTURERS EXAMPLE BY APPLIANCE: 45,000 M³/H: 600 M² 16,500 M³/H: 300 M² 5,000 M³/H: 100 M²

32 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY PORTABLE COOLERS KEY CONSIDERATIONS: CHECK VENTILATION RATE: KEEP ALL AVAILABLE WINDOWS /DOORS OPEN ASSUME NATURAL VENTILATION RATE OF 2 X ACH EXAMPLE TO COOL FACTORY 100M X 30M X 7M AREA OF 1500M ONLY IN THIS AREA X 8 ACH 84,000 M³/H

33 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY PORTABLE COOLERS KEY CONSIDERATIONS: EXAMPLE TO COOL FACTORY 100M X 30M X 7M AREA OF 1500M ONLY IN THIS AREA X 8 ACH 84,000 M³/H TO KEEP COMFORT HUMIDITY < 60% RH IN SPACE IDEAL TO HAVE FRESH AIR AT AROUND 40% MIN OF TOTAL ACH NATURAL VENTILATION IN THIS EXAMPLE IS 42,000M²/H 50%

34 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY PORTABLE COOLERS KEY CONSIDERATIONS: EXAMPLE TO COOL FACTORY 100M X 30M X 7M AREA OF 1500M ONLY IN THIS AREA X 8 ACH = 84,000 M³/H DIVIDE REQUIRE ACH BY APPLIANCE RATING E.G. 16,500M³/H = 5 UNITS CHECK COVERAGE PER UNIT AT 300M² = 1500M²/H

35 DESIGN FOR A FACTORY PORTABLE COOLERS KEY CONSIDERATIONS: POSITION COOLERS BY OPEN WINDOWS AND DOOR BI-DIRECTIONAL BLOWING IF POSSIBLE ALLOW 1 M BEHIND UNIT CLEARANCE BEWARE OBSTRUCTIONS

36 Design Considerations

37 PART THREE APPLICATIONS IN PRACTICE

38 AUTO WORK SHOPS

39 FACTORIES

40 AVIATION HANGARS

41 WAREHOUSES

42 CONSTRUCTION SITES

43 RESTAURANT AND TERRACES

44 HOTEL GARDENS

45 MARQUEES

46 OUTDOOR EVENTS

47 SPORTS TRAINING CENTRES

48 EQUINE BARNS

49 EVAPORATIVE CANNOT BE USED IN: AREAS THAT REQUIRE NO HUMIDITY DATA CENTRES ETC. CLEAN ROOM AREAS THAT PRECLUDE DUST MOVEMENT AREAS THAT REQUIRE TEMPERATURE CONTROL TO 0.5 SET POINT WEATHER INFLUENCES TEMP ACHEIVED AREAS OR BUILDINGS THAT ARE SEALED; HAVE NO WINDOWS, DOORS OR VENTILATION SYSTEM

50 IS THERE A RISK OF LEGIONELLA? SOURCE: ASHRAE JOURNAL (USA) 1995 EVAPORATIVE COOLERS POSE LITTLE RISK WITH LEGIONELLA SPREAD : LEGIONELLA BECOME ACTIVE IN STANDING WATER BETWEEN 37 C AND 41 C WATER IN AN EVAPORATIVE COOLER RARELY EXCEEDS 24 AND IF BEING CONNECTED TO A MAINS FEED, WATER IN COOLERS WILL RARELY EXCEED 20.

51 IS THERE A RISK OF LEGIONELLA? SOURCE: ASHRAE JOURNAL (USA) 1995 UNITS SHOULD BE RUN DRY EVERYDAY AS AN EXTRA PRECAUTION. REPLENISHING WATER REGULARLY THEREFORE IS A GOOD THING USING A BIOCIDE IS AN EXTRA PRECAUTION RECOMMEND THE USE OF REFRESH TABLETS FROM RECTORSEAL

52 IS THERE A RISK OF LEGIONELLA? SOURCE: ASHRAE JOURNAL (USA) 1995 LEGIONELLA REQUIRE AN AEROSOL OF BETWEEN 1 AND 5 MICRONS TO BE CARRIED AND PENETRATE INTO THE LUNGS. THE DROPLET PRODUCED BY MEDIA TYPE COOLERS ARE FAR LARGER AND THEREFORE CANNOT PHYSICALLY CARRY THE LEGIONELLA BACTERIA

53 IS THERE A RISK OF LEGIONELLA? SOURCE: ASHRAE JOURNAL (USA) 1995 THE THREAT IS NEGLIGIBLE BASED ON THE ABOVE. ALTHOUGH GOOD PRACTICE IS ALWAYS THAT STANDING WATER IS AVOIDED IN VERY HOT CONDITIONS.

55 PART FOUR QUESTIONS?

56 REFERENCES CVB2/16 CIBSE GUIDE B2: VENTILATION AND DUCTWORK NUAIRE GUIDE TO VENTILATION. SEPTEMBER 2011 DOC REF PAUL R. PUCKORIOUS, PATRICIA T. THOMAS & ROBERT L. AUSPURGER; WHY EVAPORATIVE COOLERS HAVE NOT CASUED LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE. ASHRAE JOURNAL (USA) 1995.

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