A SOPHISTICATED, LOW-COST, ENERGY-EFFICIENT, SMALL-CAPACITY LNG VAPORIZER AND ITS PRACTICAL USE
|
|
- August George
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A SOPHISTICATED, LOW-COST, ENERGY-EFFICIENT, SMALL-CAPACITY LNG VAPORIZER AND ITS PRACTICAL USE VAPORISATEUR DE LNG SOPHISTIQUE A FAIBLE CAPACITE FONCTIONNANT A COUT REDUIT AVEC HAUT RENDEMENT ENERGETIQUE ET SON APPLICATION PRATIQUE Masaru Sekiguchi Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan Hirokazu Mori Tokyo Gas Engineering Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan ABSTRACT Tokyo Gas in collaboration with Tokyo Gas Engineering has succeeded in developing a completely new kind of compact LNG vaporizer for small-capacity LNG terminals. It makes optimum use of ambient heat to vaporize LNG for the supply of town gas above the minimum allowable temperature requirement, even in cold regions. The new vaporizer costs 20% less to build than previous systems, and enables a massive 70% reduction in operating costs through considerably reducing reliance on fuel as a heat source. LNG vaporizer systems in small-capacity LNG terminals have up to now had hot water vaporizers for use during winter fitted alongside air fin vaporizers. The requirement for additional equipment to provide a heat source for the hot water vaporizers also made each system complex and costly. The new system combines an air fin vaporizer with a hot air source in one unit. The resulting system is simple, can be used throughout the year even in cold climates, and is very energy-efficient, and accordingly environment-friendly. The very first unit was installed at the Tokyo Gas Kofu satellite terminal, where it demonstrated excellent vaporizer performance. The first unit to be made commercially available in the Japanese market was operated for over a year by Chubu Gas at its Hamamatsu satellite terminal, and the units have been adopted for base load operation at a large number of terminals, including some in cold regions. RESUME Tokyo Gas, en collaboration avec Tokyo Gas Engineering, a réussi à développer un vaporisateur de GNL compact de type complètement nouveau pour les terminaux de GNL de faible capacité, ce qui permet l utilisation optimum de chaleur ambiante pour la vaporisation de GNL en vue de la fourniture de gaz de ville à une température inférieure à la valeur minimum admissible ou dans des régions froides. Le coût de construction du nouveau vaporisateur est inférieur de 20% à celui des systèmes précédents, ce qui réalise une forte réduction du coût d exploitation de 70% en réduisant considérablement la dépendance du combustible comme source de chaleur. PO-14.1
2 Jusqu à présent, les systèmes de vaporisateur de GNL des terminaux de GNL de faible capacité utilisaient des vaporisateurs à eau chaude pendant l hiver, en les installant juste à côté des vaporisateurs à air à ailettes. La nécessité d un équipement supplémentaire destiné à fournir une source de chaleur pour les vaporisateurs à eau chaude rend ainsi chaque système complexe et coûteux. Le nouveau système combine le vaporisateur à air à ailettes avec la source d air chaud dans un seul bloc. Le système ainsi obtenu est simple, capable d utilisation à longueur d année et très efficace sur le plan énergétique, d où le respect de l environnement. L appareil initial a été installé au terminal satellite de Kofu de Tokyo Gas, où il a fait preuve d excellentes performances de vaporisation. Le premier appareil rendu commercialement disponible sur le marché japonais a été mis en service durant plus d un an par Chubu Gas à son terminal satellite de Hamamatsu, et les appareils ont été adoptés pour la demande de base dans un grand nombre de terminaux, y compris certains situés dans les régions froides. 1. INTRODUCTION In areas of Japan where the supply of town gas through pipelines is not economically feasible, LNG is transported by road tankers and other means from receiving terminals to small-capacity LNG terminals, where the LNG is converted to town gas. There are currently about 40 small-capacity LNG terminals in Japan, and more are expected to be built in the future. At small-capacity LNG terminals, the most common means of vaporizing LNG is to use natural draft air fin vaporizers. These utilize ambient heat, and thus cost very little to operate. However due to accumulation of frost on the heat exchange surface, the duration of continuous operation is limited, making changeover vaporizers essential. Moreover in colder regions, hot water vaporizers and accompanying hot water generation equipment are also needed to counter drops in the gas temperature at the exit from the air fin vaporizer. As a result, the overall vaporizer system flow becomes very complex, making for high construction costs, and the large amount of fuel required as a heat source for hot water vaporizers in winter also makes operation very expensive. To overcome these drawbacks, Tokyo Gas and Tokyo Gas Engineering developed a new low-cost, energy-efficient vaporizer, known as an HAV (Hot air draft superheater with Air fin Vaporizer), that incorporates a hot air source into a single unit based on a conventional air fin vaporizer. This report introduces HAVs, including the results of test operation of the first unit at the Tokyo Gas Kofu satellite terminal, and also reports on the operating performance of the first commercial unit at the Chubu Gas Hamamatsu satellite terminal. 2. CONVENTIONAL LNG VAPORIZERS SYSTEM 2.1. Natural Draft Air Fin Vaporizers Air fin LNG vaporizers that made the atmosphere as the heat source are mainly being used in Japan for small-capacity LNG terminals, where the amount of LNG handled is relatively small. PO-14.2
3 An example of the structure of an air fin LNG vaporizer is shown in Fig. 1. This vaporizer has vertical heat exchanger tubes made from an aluminum alloy, with the fin and the pipe being formed as a single unit by extrusion molding. The heat exchanger tubes are connected to the header pipe or the bend pipe. The flow of an air fin LNG vaporizer is shown in Fig. 2. The vaporizer consists of an evaporation part and a superheating part. There are two types of natural draft air fin vaporizer. In one, the evaporation part consists of parallel-connected heat exchanger tubes connected with the header pipe, and the superheating part consists of serial heat exchanger tubes connected with the bend pipe. In the other, both the evaporation part and the superheating part consist of serial-connected heat exchanger tubes connected with the bend pipe. A natural draft system is a system in which air convection occurs automatically from top to bottom due to density change of the air cooled by the heat exchange with LNG. This system is currently used in small-capacity LNG terminals because there is no need for power to provide a heat source, but its continuous operation time is as short as about 4 hours. Moreover, when the air exchanges heat with the LNG, and its temperature drops, the moisture in the atmosphere condenses, producing clouds of mist, meaning that consideration must be given to the surrounding environment. Cross-section of a tube Plane view Heat exchanger tube Header pipe Bend pipe Elevation view Edge view Fig. 1 An example of the structure of an air fin LNG vaporizer Header pipe Bend pipe Bend pipe Heat exchanger tube Heat exchanger tube Vaporizer Superheater Vaporizer Superheater Fig. 2 The flow of an air fin LNG vaporizer PO-14.3
4 2.2. An Example of a System Configuration The exit gas temperature of an air fin vaporizer does not exceed ambient air temperature, and usually, because the moisture in the atmosphere freezes on the surface of heat exchanger tubes and acts as heat resistance, exit gas temperature falls as operation progresses. Therefore, when exit gas temperature becomes lower than the minimum use temperature of the piping material, the taking into account the relation between design air temperature and design continuation operation time, either a hot water bath vaporizer is installed alongside the air fin vaporizer, or an afterheater is installed downstream of the air fin vaporizer. Especially, in cold districts where the lowest temperature of a day becomes 0 C or less, either the hot water bath vaporizer is installed alongside an air fin vaporizer and used in winter, or only the hot water bath vaporizer is installed and is used year-round. The general example of a system configuration with a hot water bath vaporizer installed alongside an air fin vaporizer is shown in Table 1. When supply capacity 1 t/h is made into 100%, two air fin vaporizers of 100% capacity are installed, and it operates, taking turns to stop for defrosting at regular intervals, in order to restrict the exit gas temperature fall due to frosting on the heat exchanger tube surface. Moreover, the hot water bath vaporizer of 100% capacity is installed for winter season operation. In order to supply hot water to the hot water bath vaporizer, incidental facilities such as a hot water boiler and a hot water pump are also installed. Table 1 An example of system configuration Supply capacity Design pressure Production gas temperature Configuration Flow 1 t/h 0.97 MPa over 0 C Air fin vap.: 1 t/h x 2 units Hot water vap.: 1 t/h x 1 unit Hot water boiler: 400kW x 1 unit Hot water pump: 7.5kW x 1 unit Capacity:100% LNG Air fin 100% Air fin 100% Hot water Gas Boiler PO-14.4
5 3. HOT AIR DRAFT SUPERHEATER WITH AIR FIN VAPORIZER (HAV) 3.1 HAV Outline A hot air draft superheater with air fin vaporizer (HAV) system was newly devised and developed. The HAV system consists of a vaporizer, superheater, and hot air draft generator as shown in Fig. 3. After the forced-draft vaporizer makes maximum use of the ambient atmospheric heat to vaporize the LNG (-162 C in its liquid form), an auxiliary hot air draft is produced in the superheater to boost the temperature of the gas. [Vaporizer] [Fan] [Superheater] LNG NG Air Combustor Air [Hot air draft generator] Fig. 3 HAV Outline 3.2 Example of a Design for a New System The changes during a day of the gas supply requirements determine the system configuration of the HAV system. In a standard setup, two separate HAV setups are installed, with each line having capacity equivalent to 50% of the maximum supply. Fig.4 shows the pattern of operation with two lines operated according to the supply required. An example of how a HAV standard system could be configured is shown in Table 2. The elevation view and plane view of the HAV system is shown in Fig. 5. It is basically possible to operate a single line continuously for 24 hours, and even when weather conditions are severe (ambient temperature below 5 C, snow or rain) it can be run continuously for more than 13 hours. By installing two lines, gas can be produced continuously according to the amount of supply required. Supply 100% 75% 50% Time Line A operation Line B operation Fig. 4 Pattern of supply and operation PO-14.5
6 Table 2 Example of configuration of a standard HAV system Supply capacity Design pressure Production gas temperature Configuration Flow 1 t/h 0.97 MPa over 0 C Vaporizer: 0.5 t/h x 2 units Superheater: 600Nm3/h x 2 units Hot air generator: 2 units LNG Capacity:50% A line Gas B line 50% Bypass piping (dotted line) connects the inlet piping from each unit to the outlet piping of the other unit. Fan 2.8m Vaporizer 7.4m 5.5m 4.0m A line 5.5m Superheater Hot air draft generator B line Fig. 5 Elevation view and plane view (1 t/h) 3.3 Features of the New Vaporizer System (1) Low cost Compared with systems that combine natural-draft air-fin vaporizers with hot water vaporizers, the HAV is a simple system that makes the maximum use of ambient atmospheric heat. Trial calculations were made for the installation of system with 1 t/h supply capacity in a cold district. This achieves a 20% reduction in construction costs. The design also produces a remarkable 70% reduction in operating costs, due to requiring considerably less fuel as a heat source. Moreover, the installation space required for the PO-14.6
7 vaporizer can be 25% smaller, and there is no need for space to install incidental facilities such as hot water boilers. (2) Use in cold regions - Vaporizer: The fan located at the top of the vaporizer draws in large volumes of air, curbing the accumulation of frost and the resulting reduction in performance this causes. The vaporizer also features newly redesigned air fin tubes with large surface areas for heat exchange. - Superheater: To ensure that the gas absorbs the heat of the hot air draft with minimum waste, the gas and hot air flow in opposite directions, and tubes with a large number of circular fins are used. - Hot air draft generator: When the ambient temperature drops, the temperature of the hot air draft can be raised to maintain the vaporized town gas above the minimum allowable temperature requirements for the downstream piping material. - Defrosting: Defrosting can normally be carried out by forced ventilation using fans, doing away with the need for sprinkler-based defrosting systems. In mid-winter, heat from the hot air draft can be used to augment normal defrosting measures. - Thanks to the above features, continuous operation where output matches town gas demand is feasible without incidental facilities such as hot water boilers. Moreover the HAV system can be used in cold regions where the ambient temperature drops below 0 C in winter. (3) Calorific value stability of production gas - Startup: When one line is stopped due to a change in gas demand during today, overheated gas from the operating line is connected to the stopped line. This setup prevents calorific value fluctuation on starting because it purges LNG that remains inside the vaporizer. - Operation: The superheater structure is arranged so that flow is on the level or descending in order to prevent fluctuation in calorific value due to retention of fluid in the system and consequent evaporation of high calorific value components if non-evaporated LNG enters the superheater. (4) Mist prevention - Problems with clouds of mist, arising in conventional air fin vaporizers from condensation of atmospheric water vapor, are resolved in the HAV by the fan on top of the vaporizer, which disperses the water vapor before it can condense. (5) High reliability - The HAV uses aluminum alloy, well known for its excellent performance and durability at low temperatures, as the heat exchange material. - The fan and hot air draft generator are based on general-purpose products, the durability of which has been proven by performance. We have also established a speedy maintenance service. PO-14.7
8 4. THE TEST OPERATION RESULT OF THE FIRST HAV The first HAV was installed in Tokyo Gas Kofu satellite terminal (Fig. 6), and test operation for 15 months proved its outstanding evaporation performance. The results of testing are compared with the development goals are shown in Table 2. The tests were carried out under severe weather conditions, such as snowfall, average temperature 0.4 C, and 90% or more average relative humidity. Despite the severe weather conditions, the plant was successfully operated continuously for 13 hours, and the fuel gas consumption rate became 0.2%. In addition, the temperature of the production gas at the end of the test end was 11 C, sufficiently exceeding the target value of 0 C, the test was stopped as the fuel gas rate had reached the target value. Here, fuel gas rate is defined as the amount of fuel gas consumed by the hot air generator to produce normal temperature gas, divided by the amount of production gas. For the HAV, with fuel needed in order to superheat the LNG evaporated with atmospheric heat in order to produce gas of normal temperature, the target value for fuel gas rate was set at 0.2% (1/10 of the rate for a warm water bath vaporizer). Outline specification Design pressure 0.97 MPa Capacity 0.3 t/h Vaporizer 1 unit Superheater 1 unit Hot air generator 1 unit Fig. 6 HAV at Kofu satellite terminal Table 2 Development goals and test results Parameter Development goal Test result Weather conditions Ambient temperature 0 C Relative humidity 90% min. Ambient temperature 0.4 C Relative humidity 90% min. Run length 12 hours 13 hours Production gas temperature over 0 C 11 C Fuel gas rate 0.2% 0.2% 5. OPERATING PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL UNITS The first commercial unit in Japan (Figure 7) was installed in November 2002 at the Hamamatsu satellite terminal run by Chubu Gas at Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture. The HAV is evaluated on the basis of actual operating data, verifying that the performance targets have been met. PO-14.8
9 More than a year has now passed since installation, but the unit is still operating reliably. The issue of clouds of mist produced when water vapor in the air condenses has been resolved by fans installed at the top of the vaporizers to disperse the water vapor into the atmosphere. The calorific value of the manufactured gas is extremely stable, and operations such as starting up, shutting down, and changing the load are all easy to accomplish. Outline specification Design pressure 0.97 MPa Capacity 2.0 t/h Vaporizer 1.0 t/h x 2 units Superheater 2.0 t/h x 1 units Hot air generator 1 unit Fig. 7 HAV at Chubu Gas Hamamatsu satellite terminal The operating data shown in Figure 8 is an example of energy-saving operation implemented in December 2002, when air temperature was relatively low, but humidity was relatively high. Apart from in mid-winter, the HAV system does not use fuel for superheating. The vaporizer fans and the blower in the hot air draft generator are operated instead, enabling the vaporizer to be operated in an energy-saving mode. The weather at the time this data was recorded was rainy, (although the rain stopped in the early evening), with an average air temperature of 6.3 C, and a relative humidity of 80%. This shows continuous operation for about 14 hours with an LNG flow of 2.0t/h. After operation, the vaporizer outlet gas temperature had dropped to -9.7 C, but the temperature of the manufactured gas was 4.4 C, with air from the blower keeping it above 0 C by superheating. This demonstrates that there is no need at all for fuel for the purposes of superheating. PO-14.9
10 20 Temperature( Vaporizer exist gas tem p. Ambient tem p. Production gas tem p :00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 Time Fig. 8 Data from a commercial unit in operation 6. CLOSING COMMENTS LNG vaporizers are important components of satellite terminals. By making maximum use of ambient heat, the newly developed HAV system achieves a considerable reduction in energy consumption and a corresponding reduction in environmental impact compared with conventional systems. Features such as low cost, compactness, the non-generation of mist, and the ability to function well in cold regions make the HAV an ideal LNG vaporizer for small-capacity LNG terminals. Finally, the authors would like to record their thanks to the Chubu Gas and the staff of its Hamamatsu satellite terminal for making available the precious operating data resulting from the first use of the HAV system in Japan. REFERENCES 1) Masaru Sekiguchi, Hirokazu Mori: Current Air Fin LNG Vaporizer, Piping technology extra number, Sep. 2001, p ) Japan Gas Association: Recommended Practice for LNG Facilities in small terminals, Aug. 2002, p PO-14.10
Analysis of a Heat Pump System Driven by Gas Engine for Domestic Use
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1986 Analysis of a Heat Pump System Driven by Gas Engine for Domestic Use M.
More informationEco-Friendly LPG Vaporization. by Efficient Use of Atmospheric Heat
TOPIC: No.8, Environment Eco-Friendly LPG Vaporization Eco-Friendly LPG Vaporization by Efficient Use of Atmospheric Heat Motonori Shinagawa,Senior Manager Engineering Dept, ITO KOKI CO., LTD. Co-Author:
More informationWireless Outdoor Air Reset Adaptor PN:
Wireless Outdoor Air Reset Adaptor PN: 105767-01 Instruction Sheet APPLICATION The Wireless Outdoor Air Reset Adaptor, when connected to the Concert Boiler Control enables efficiency control functionality
More informationPEDESTAL INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS INSTRUCTIONS D INSTALLATION DU PIÉDESTAL
PEDESTAL INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS INSTRUCTIONS D INSTALLATION DU PIÉDESTAL Table of Contents PEDESTAL SAFETY... 1 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS... 2 Tools and Parts... 2 Location Requirements... 2 Before
More informationKit Instructions COMMON VENT KIT (PVC AND DURAVENT)
Kit Instructions COMMON VENT KIT (PVC AND DURAVENT) CONTENTS. Introduction 2. PVC Common Vent Kit Instructions (See Page 3) 3. Polypropylene Common Vent Kit Instructions(See Page 9) SERVICING SHOULD ONLY
More information200i User s information manual
M2i-UM-1 WARNING: If the information in this manual is not followed exactly, a fire or explosion may result, causing property damage, personal injury or loss of life. Cast iron condensing boiler 200i User
More informationLS Condensate Removal Pump Installation, Operation and Service Instructions
Bell & Gossett Instruction Manual 6-71-075-115 LS Condensate Removal Pump Installation, Operation and Service Instructions INSTALLER: PLEASE LEAVE THIS MANUAL FOR THE OWNER S USE. WARNING: This safety
More informationUn nouveau diplôme a été créé
Un nouveau diplôme a été créé L Office International vient de créer un diplôme visant à encourager et à récompenser des activités sociales dans le cadre des jardins familiaux. Ces activités peuvent être
More informationSolution of I Mid Term Steam Engineering 6ME5A
1(a) Discuss the working principle of LaMont high pressure boiler This boiler works on basic principle of forced convection. If the water is circulate by a pump inside the tube, the heat transfer rate
More informationGas Equipment. Volume 3 May Issue date: May 11, 2007
Gas Equipment Volume 3 May 2007 Issue date: May 11, 2007 Info Update is published by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) eight times a year. It contains important information about new and existing
More informationGBX GAS BOILERS USER S INFORMATION MANUAL
S-GBXUM-2 00-GBXUM GBX GAS BOILERS USER S INFORMATION MANUAL WARNING: If the information in this manual is not followed exactly, a fire or explosion may result causing property damage, personal injury
More informationCompleted Projects / Projets terminés
Completed Projects / Projets terminés New Standards New Editions Special Publications Gas Technician Training 2 Module 10, 3rd edition Piping and Tubing Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications...
More informationDesign Optimization of Evaporator Clip by FEA (ANSYS)
Design Optimization of Evaporator Clip by FEA (ANSYS) Giridhar Kumar Abhijit Kulkarni Global Technology and Engineering Centre,Whirlpool of India Ltd. Pune, India Abstract Structural rigidity of refrigerator
More informationADC-T2000. Smart Thermostat v1.5
ADC-T2000 ADC-T2000 Smart Thermostat User Product Guide Manual 170308 v1.5 Smart Thermostat Product Manual 1 Before installing or servicing the thermostat, turn off power to the system at the circuit breaker.
More informationDEMONSTRATION OF A MICROCHANNEL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR OPERATION IN A REVERSIBLE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM
DEMONSTRATION OF A MICROCHANNEL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR OPERATION IN A REVERSIBLE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM Hantz, D., Gulyas, G., Bensafi, A. Centre Technique des Industries Aéraulique et Thermique (CETIAT) BP 2042
More informationExperimental study on automotive cooling and heating air conditioning system using CO 2 as a refrigerant
International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 1302 1307 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig Experimental study on automotive cooling and heating air conditioning system using CO 2 as a refrigerant Tomoichiro
More informationStopper Station Series Push Button Models SS2xx2, SS2xx5, SS2xx9
Installation and Service Instructions Stopper Station Series Push Button Models SS2xx2, SS2xx5, SS2xx9 ADA Compliant NOTE For LTUL Models, Form C contacts on timer, Rated 30 VDC 3A, the enclosed timer
More informationIMPORTANT: Read carefully before installation and retain for future reference. NOTE: Installation must be conducted by licensed electrician.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL StarPower Link LED Luminaire (Damp Location) Document No: 0077 Rev B Apr. 2015 IMPORTANT: Read carefully before installation and retain for future reference. NOTE: Installation
More informationGLOBAL PROPERTY INSPECTIONS TECHNICAL BULLETIN August 1, 2002
TM TOPIC: Heat Pumps GLOBAL PROPERTY INSPECTIONS TECHNICAL BULLETIN August 1, 2002 This is the eighth in a series of technical bulletins in which an over-all examination of the home will be discussed as
More informationGARAGE DOOR OPENER KIT
GARAGE DOOR OPENER KIT P/N 2883417 APPLICATION All 2018 and newer Slingshot models with Garage Door Opener By Homelink Kit PN 2881814 BEFORE YOU BEGIN Read these instructions and check to be sure all parts
More informationGas Equipment. Volume 4 June/July Issue date: June 27, 2007
Gas Equipment Volume 4 June/July Issue date: June 27, Info Update is published by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) eight times a year. It contains important information about new and existing standards,
More informationHYBRID GAS HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER WITH THERMAL EFFICIENCY 120% 23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam Main Author. Atsuya Tajima Japan
23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006 Verwijderd: DRD HYBRID GAS HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER WITH THERMAL EFFICIENCY 120% Main Author Atsuya Tajima Japan ABSTRACT In Japan, electric heat pump water heaters
More informationSo far, we have covered the basic concepts of heat transfer and properties.
ET3034TUx - 6.2.2 - Solar thermal energy 2 - Solar thermal heating So far, we have covered the basic concepts of heat transfer and properties. Now we are going to discuss the applications of these concepts
More informationNew standard in compressed air treatment, providing Energy Savings up to 99%
PCM Series Specification for APAC Model Flow Capacity (Nm 3 /min) Pressure Dew Point ( ) Power Consumption (kw) Power Supply (V/Ph/Hz) Inlet/Outlet Connections Weight (kg) Dimensions (H x W x D mm) Refrigerants
More informationCHAPTER 3 BASIC STEAM CYCLE
CHAPTER 3 BASIC STEAM CYCLE To understand steam generation, you must know what happens to the steam after it leaves the boiler. A good way to learn the steam plant on your ship is to trace the path of
More informationFINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
PROJECT IEC 61121 Edition 4.0 2011-11 FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Tumble dryers for household use Methods for measuring the performance INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 97.060 PRICE
More informationAir-Cooling Evaporators
Air-Cooling Evaporators Types of construction Circuit Configurations Methods of Refrigerant Feed Methods of Air Circulation Methods of Defrost Type of Construction Bare tube Finned Tube Plate-surface Bare
More informationBoiler Basics. Design and operation
Boiler Basics Design and operation A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under
More informationPiles subject to excavation-induced soil movement in clay
Piles subject to -induced soil movement in clay Des foundations soumis au mouvement du sol du a l' dans l'argile D.E.L. Ong, C.F. Leung & Y.K. Chow Centre for Soft Ground Engineering, National University
More informationPUREFIRE GAS BOILERS USER S INFORMATION MANUAL PB HEAT, LLC 131 S. CHURCH ST BALLY, PA WARNING MISE EN GARDE TO BE COMPLETED BY THE INSTALLER
USER S INFORMATION MANUAL PUREFIRE GAS BOILERS TO THE INSTALLER:This manual is the property of the owner and must be affixed near the boiler for future reference. TO THE OWNER: This boiler should be inspected
More informationKE2 EvaporatorEfficiency Theory of Operation
Theory T.1.1 June 011 TM thermsolutions ENTER BACK KE Therm Solutions, Advanced Energy Saving Technology for Commercial Refrigeration and AC Systems Page Table of Contents Basic Refrigeration System Evaporator
More informationStopper Station Series SS-2008 Push Button Pneumatic Timer Button
Stopper Station Series SS-2008 Push Button Pneumatic Timer Button ADA for operation Pneumatic Timer Models SS-2008 Red SS-2108 Green SS-2208 Yellow SS-2308 White SS-2408 Blue ALL MODELS COME WITH A COLOR
More informationUSER S INFORMATION MANUAL PB HEAT, LLC 131 S. CHURCH ST BALLY, PA WARNING MISE EN GARDE TO BE COMPLETED BY THE INSTALLER.
USER S INFORMATION MANUAL SERIES PBC COMBINATION GAS BOILERS TO THE INSTALLER:This manual is the property of the owner and must be affixed near the boiler for future reference. TO THE OWNER: This boiler
More informationAB Parts. ControlNet Coax Tap. Installation Instructions. (Cat. Nos TPR, -TPS, -TPYR, -TPYS) What s in This Document
Installation Instructions ControlNet Coax Tap (Cat. Nos. 1786-TPR, -TPS, -TPYR, -TPYS) What s in This Document Use this document as a guide when installing a ControlNet coax tap. To: See Page: verify package
More informationGas Equipment. Volume 1 January/February Issue date: February 4, 2009
Gas Equipment Volume 1 January/February Issue date: February 4, Info Update is published by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) eight times a year. It contains important information about new and
More informationUNI 321. User s Guide
UNI 321 User s Guide Ver 1.1 Dec. 2018 Contents Read Before Operating... 2 General Information... 3 User Interface... 3 Display... 3 Normal Operation... 3 Normal Mode Operation... 4 Turning the Unit On...
More informationIntroduction of Transcritical Refrigeration Cycle Utilizing CO2 as Working Fluid
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 200 Introduction of Transcritical Refrigeration Cycle Utilizing CO2 as Working Fluid Haruhisa
More informationHEATING SYSTEMS Systèmes de chauffage. THERMO PRO 50 Eco. Spare Parts List Liste de pieces détachées
HEATING SYSTEMS Systèmes de chauffage THERMO PRO 50 Eco Spare Parts List Liste de pieces détachées 5/208 Replacement Heaters / Chauffe de Rechange 9028233C Thermo Pro 50 Heater kit 24V Diesel (Includes
More informationEN aquatech.piovan.com
EN aquatech.piovan.com Refrigeration Technologies: scroll-compressor chillers The scroll compressor is the most suitable component for the small and medium duty requirements in the industrial applications.
More informationSECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES 3/22/2012 REFRIGERATION
SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Define high-, medium-, and low-temperature refrigeration.
More informationQUICK START GUIDE. Lono, LLC 686 East 110 South, Suite 102 American Fork, UT 84003
QUICK START GUIDE Lono, LLC 686 East 110 South, Suite 102 American Fork, UT 84003 Welcome. This guide will help you install your Lono controller. For additional information, check out our installation
More informationEffect of the Dryer Fabric on Energy Consumption in the Drying Section
T66 Effect of the Dryer Fabric on Energy Consumption in the Drying Section By I. Lang Abstract: The dryer fabric plays a role in both heat and mass transfer in the paper drying process. Cylinder drying
More informationW8735ER Wireless Outdoor Reset Module
W8735ER Wireless Outdoor Reset Module FEATURES INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS RedLink wireless communication protocol Fast wireless connection to outdoor sensor Enables Boiler Outdoor Temperature Reset Enables
More informationHEATING SYSTEMS Systèmes de chauffage. THERMO PRO 50 Eco. Spare Parts List Liste de pieces détachées
HEATING SYSTEMS Systèmes de chauffage THERMO PRO 50 Eco Spare Parts List Liste de pieces détachées -206 Replacement Heaters / Chauffe de Rechange 9028549 Thermo Pro 50 Standard 24V Diesel 2 Parts for Heater
More informationUser s Manual for FT SERIES THE
User s Manual Document 1343D User s Manual for THE FT SERIES Wall-Mounted, Modulating Gas, Condensing, Heating Only, Boiler Model FTHW 80,000 BTU/hr 100,000 BTU/hr 120,000 BTU/hr 140,000 BTU/hr 199,000
More informationKAPUSKASING PROTECTIVE SERVICES COMMITTEE MEETING TO BE HELD ON MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2016 AT 12:00 PM
Page 1 of 13 Page KAPUSKASING PROTECTIVE SERVICES COMMITTEE MEETING TO BE HELD ON MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2016 AT 12:00 PM 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. APPROVAL OF AGENDA 3. REVIEW OF MINUTES 3-4 a) 4. NEW BUSINESS
More informationChapter 2.3: Steam System
Part I: Objective type Questions and Answers Chapter 2.3: Steam System 1. For industrial process heating, the best quality of steam is: a) dry saturated steam b) superheated steam c) wet steam d) high
More informationTEPZZ 87_ 6A_T EP A1 (19) (11) EP A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION
(19) TEPZZ 87_ 6A_T (11) EP 2 871 336 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: 13.0.1 Bulletin 1/ (21) Application number: 1319173.3 (1) Int Cl.: F01K 13/02 (06.01) F22B 3/00 (06.01)
More informationCB TEST CERTIFICATE. Personal Computer. Acer Computer (Shanghai) Limited 3F, No. 168 Xizang Medium Road Huangpu District, Shanghai CHINA
NO38889/A1/M1 IEC SYSTEM FOR MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF TEST CERTIFICATES FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (IECEE) CB SCHEME SYSTEME CEI D ACCEPTATION MUTUELLE DE CERTIFICATS D ESSAIS DES EQUIPEMENTS ELECTRIQUES (IECEE)
More informationInstallation Instructions
Installation Instructions 42" Island Vent Hood ZV1050 monogram.com 1 Safety Information BEFORE YOU BEGIN Read these instructions completely and carefully. Save these instructions for local inspector s
More informationRXIH-AB12A and RXIH-AB17A By-Pass Flow-Through Humidifiers
RXIH-AB12A and RXIH-AB17A By-Pass Flow-Through Humidifiers with Antimicrobial OWNER S GUIDE Place bar code here 69-2297-01 IMPORTANT Please read these instructions and keep them in your records. OPERATING
More informationNRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC
NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Humidity in Canadian buildings Hutcheon, N. B. Publisher s version / Version de l'éditeur: Canadian Building Digest, 1960-01 NRC Publications
More informationVulcan Fire Module WARNING. For Use with NATURAL or LP GAS Only NO SOLID FUELS TO BE USED WITH THIS SYSTEM
www.inspiredfirefx.com Vulcan Fire Module (VFM) Owner s Manual Installation and Operation Vulcan Fire Module Certified by Lab Test Certification Meets: ANSI Z21.97-2014 CSA 2.41-2014 CSA C22.2 No. 3-M1998
More informationheat interface units A BOILER WITHOUT A FLAME
A BOILER WITHOUT A FLAME heat interface units Communal Heat Networks A central boiler house will generate heat which is distributed through a network of pipe to each home or apartment in the building.
More informationExperimental Study on Compact Heat Pump System for Clothes Drying Using CO 2 as a Refrigerant. Abstract
Experimental Study on Compact Heat Pump System for Clothes Drying Using CO 2 as a Refrigerant M. Honma, T. Tamura, Y. Yakumaru and F. Nishiwaki Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Living Environment
More informationLISEZ ET GARDEZ CES INSTRUCTIONS READ AND SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS WARM MIST HUMIDIFIER HUMIDIFICATEUR À VAPEUR TIÈDE. Model/Modèle 1128
WARM MIST HUMIDIFIER HUMIDIFICATEUR À VAPEUR TIÈDE Model/Modèle 1128 www.sunbeam.ca READ AND SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS LISEZ ET GARDEZ CES INSTRUCTIONS P.N. 119429 Rev. B READ AND SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS
More informationInstallation Instructions If you have questions, call 800-GE-CARES or visit our website at:
Installation Instructions If you have questions, call 800-GE-CARES or visit our website at: www.monogram.com 30" Convection Built-In Ovens Models: ZET1038 ZET1058 Monogram. We bring good things to life.
More informationSeptember 11, 2012 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Data 2 Final Report by Heat Pump Water Heater Evaluation Standards Subcommittee, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy September 11, 2012 Ministry
More informationLaboratory exercise 3: Condensing water heater
Chapter 1 Laboratory exercise 3: Condensing water heater The laboratory exercise Condensing water heater is placed on the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in the Laboratory for Water and Turbine Machinery.
More informationINSTALLATION INSTRUCTION In-Ground Color Changing
SAFETY INSTRUCTION IMPORTANT: NEVER attempt any work without shutting off the electricity. Read all instructions before installing. System is intended for installation by a qualified electrician in accordance
More informationEvaluation of Liquid Water Content in Thermal Efficient Heating Mechanism Using Water Vapor for Industrial Furnace
Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation 7 (2017) 160-164 doi: 10.17265/2159-5275/2017.03.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Evaluation of Liquid Water Content in Thermal Efficient Heating Mechanism Using Water
More informationAn LP-cylinder not connected for use shall not be stored in the vicinity of this or any other appliance. WARNING
www.inspiredfirefx.com Commercial Grade All Weather Electronic Ignition System (Lateral Offset) Owner s Manual Installation and Operation Certified by Lab Test Certification Meets: ANSI Z21.97-2014 CSA
More informationInstruction Manual Advanced Mini Block Heaters Advanced Mini Block Heater with Heated Lid
Instruction Manual Advanced Mini Block Heaters Advanced Mini Block Heater with Heated Lid Table of Contents Package Contents.............. 1 Warranty.............. 1 Installation.............. 2 Maintenance
More information9707 Key West Avenue, Suite 100 Rockville, MD Phone: Fax:
9707 Key West Avenue, Suite 100 Rockville, MD 20850 Phone: 301-740-1421 Fax: 301-990-9771 E-Mail: awt@awt.org Part of the recertification process is to obtain Continuing Education Units (CEUs). One way
More informationA STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF STEAM CONDENSATION IN U-SHAPED HEAT TUBE
A STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF STEAM CONDENSATION IN U-SHAPED HEAT TUBE Satoru Ito 1, Keisuke Tsukada 1, Nobuyoshi Tsuzuki 2, Takao Ishizuka 3 and Hiroshige Kikura 3 1 Department of nuclear Engineering, Graduate
More informationBASIC HEAT PUMP THEORY By: Lloyd A. Mullen By: Lloyd G. Williams Service Department, York Division, Borg-Warner Corporation
INTRODUCTION In recent years air conditioning industry technology has advanced rapidly. An important byproduct of this growth has been development of the heat pump. Altogether too much mystery has surrounded
More informationWARNING WARNING WARNING. For Use with NATURAL or LP GAS Only NO SOLID FUELS TO BE USED WITH THIS SYSTEM
theoutdoorplus.com Owner s Manual Electronic Ignition Commercial Grade System Installation and Operation Improper installation, adjustment, alteration, service or maintenance can cause injury or property
More informationINSTALLATION INSTRUCTION In-Ground
SAFETY INSTRUCTION IMPORTANT: NEVER attempt any work without shutting off the electricity. Read all instructions before installing. System is intended for installation by a qualified electrician in accordance
More information(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/ A1
(19) United States US 2005.0072175A1 (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0072175A1 Umeo et al. (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 7, 2005 (54) AIR CONDITIONER ANDTRUCK EQUIPPED WITH SAME (76)
More informationLow Voltage Fan Coil Thermostat ST101ZB. Quick Start Guide. For other language versions, please visit
Low Voltage Fan Coil Thermostat ST101ZB Quick Start Guide For other language versions, please visit www.salusinc.com Notices Please read these instructions carefully before installing and using the Low
More informationINSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL AND HOMEMADE PASSIVE SOLAR PANELS
Session 1359 INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL AND HOMEMADE PASSIVE SOLAR PANELS Emin Yılmaz University of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne, Maryland 21853 (410)-651-6470 E-mail: eyilmaz@mail.umes.edu
More informationEnvironmentally friendly refrigeration systems for industrial use
compindustri Environmentally friendly refrigeration systems for industrial use CO ² refrigeration systems of the future GENERAL INFORMATION compindustri More than 10 years of development of refrigeration
More informationOperation and Maintenance Manual
Operation and Maintenance Manual GDS-48 Remote Bridge Sensor for Combustible Gases AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR: GasDetectorsUSA.com - Houston, Texas USA sales@gasdetectorsusa.com - 832-615-3588 CAUTION: FOR
More informationStudy and Design Considerations of HRSG Evaporators in Fast Start Combined Cycle Plants. Govind Rengarajan, P.E.CEM, Dan Taylor
Study and Design Considerations of HRSG Evaporators in Fast Start Combined Cycle Plants Govind Rengarajan, P.E.CEM, Dan Taylor CMI Energy, Erie PA 1651 Bernd Pankow P.E, Pankow Engineering Abstract Combined
More informationService Step by Step Trouble-Shooting Check-List
WARNING: Only Data Aire trained technician or experience technicians should be working on Data Aire Equipment. Protect yourself at all times and work safe. Date: Dates at the job site: From: to Job#: Serial#:
More informationPerformance Enhancement of Refrigeration Cycle by Employing a Heat Exchanger
Performance Enhancement of Refrigeration Cycle by Employing a Heat Exchanger Abstract Shoeb J. Inamdar 1 H.S. Farkade 2 M. Tech student. (Thermal Engineering) 1, Asst. Professor 2 Department of Mechanical
More informationWARNING. For Use with NATURAL or LP GAS Only NO SOLID FUELS TO BE USED WITH THIS SYSTEM
www.firebydesign.com Wharf DC Branch Twist Fire Feature Owner s Manual Installation and Operation Certified by Underwriters Laboratories Meets: ANSI Z21.97-2014 CSA 2.41-2014 CSA C22.2 No. 3-M1998 (R2014)
More informationEfficient Steam System Design
Efficient Steam System Design The word Efficient is often used to describe the general performance of a system. However it is important to distinguish between efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is
More informationDraft - develop and review
MST Personnel Proximity Detection System Overview v. #.# Draft - develop and review System Overview 2.0 - Proximity Detection System.docx 1 January 2014 Page 1 of 18 The MST Proximity Solution The MST
More informationSECTION 8 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT 43 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
SECTION 8 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT 43 AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Describe the operation of reverse-cycle refrigeration (heat pumps) Explain
More informationEcoView Thermostat. Product Description. Installation. Product Number. Caution Notations. Required Tools. Expected Installation Time.
Document No. 129-566 EcoView Thermostat Product Description This document covers the installation and commissioning of the EcoView thermostat and sensors components the EcoView system. See the following
More informationPH:
ALL MODELS: THIS PRODUCT MUST BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE APPLICABLE INSTALLATION CODE BY A PERSON FAMILIAR WITH THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE PRODUCT AND THE HAZARDS INVOLVED. CE PRODUIT
More informationTP600 and TP400 Control Panels
TP600 and TP400 Control Panels Balboa Water Group Revolution Series User Interface and Programming Reference Simplified Menus System Model: BP1500 / BP1600 - Other BP-Series Systems as required. Software
More informationPERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CO 2 HEAT PUMP HEATING SYSTEM ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION
PERFORMANCE EVALUAION OF CO 2 HEA PUMP HEAING SYSEM O. KUWABARA (a), M. KOBAYASHI (a), H. MUKAIYAMA (a) M. ISHIKAWA (b), K. MUKUNOKI (b), N. HONMA (b) (a) R&D Headquarters, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 1-1-1,
More information"COP Enhancement Of Domestic Refrigerator By Sub cooling And Superheating Using Shell &Tube Type Heat Exchanger"
"COP Enhancement Of Domestic Refrigerator By Sub cooling And Superheating Using Shell &Tube Type Heat Exchanger" 1 Prof.Gaffar G.Momin, 2 Sagar B. Tupe, 2 Swapnil A. Parate 2 Omkar G. Yewale 2 Aakash P.
More informationThe Drying Behavior of a Disturbed Soft Clay
The Drying Behavior of a Disturbed Soft Clay Marinho, F. A. M. Department of Structure and Geotechnical Engineering. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Massad, F. Department of Structure and
More informationCast Line Heaters The Benefits of This Space Saving Electric Heater
WHITE PAPER Cast Line Heaters The Benefits of This Space Saving Electric Heater Introduction Cast line heaters, or cast-in heaters, offer an alternative to the more common inline process heaters that have
More informationFO-FDHB6-1 Central Heat Blower Kit
FO-FDHB6-1 Central Heat Blower Kit The central heat blower kit enables the distribution of heat generated by the fireplace throughout many rooms and different floors using either dedicated ducts or the
More informationANALYSIS OF HUMAN FACTORS FOR PROCESS SAFETY: APPLICATION OF LOPA-HF TO A FIRED FURNACE. Paul Baybutt Primatech Inc. and
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN FACTORS FOR PROCESS SAFETY: APPLICATION OF LOPA-HF TO A FIRED FURNACE by Paul Baybutt Primatech Inc. and Joel Haight The Pennsylvania State University Abstract Layers of Protection Analysis
More informationChemScan mini Analyzer for Low Ammonia Monitoring Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual
ChemScan mini Analyzer for Low Ammonia Monitoring Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual asaanalytics.com ChemScan mini Low Ammonia Analyzer O&M Manual - Rev 223K TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYZER DESCRIPTION
More informationLumination TM Volumetric Retrofit Kit
GE Lighting Installation Guide Lumination TM Volumetric Retrofit Kit BEFORE YOU BEGIN Read these instructions completely and carefully. WARNING AVERTISSEMENT RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK Luminaire wiring
More informationMultiple split-system air-conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps Testing and rating for performance
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 15042 ISO/TC 86/SC 6 Voting begins on: 2005-07-11 Secretariat: ANSI Voting terminates on: 2005-12-12 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ
More informationSwitching power supply. Additional Information on page 2 Input rating: Vac, 50-60Hz, 2.5A Output rating: 24Vdc, 8.33A max., 200W max.
DK-48572-UL IEC SYSTEM FOR MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF TEST CERTIFICATES FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (IECEE) CB SCHEME SYSTEME CEI D ACCEPTATION MUTUELLE DE CERTIFICATS D ESSAIS DES EQUIPEMENTS ELECTRIQUES (IECEE)
More informationHigh-Performance, High-Reliability Gas Heat Pump
62 High-Performance, High-Reliability Gas Heat Pump Hideaki Kasahara* 1 Atsushi Yoshimura* 1 Ryuuji Morishima* 2 Hisao Iwata* 2 In order to response to annually increasing customer needs for economic efficiency
More informationwww.greenspower.com.sg 1company profile G reens Power have been at the forefront of Waste Heat Recovery Technology since Edward Green first patented the Fuel Economiser in 1845. The business developed
More informationLaptop Computer (OLPC)
NO64205/A1/M3 IEC SYSTEM FOR MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF TEST CERTIFICATES FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (IECEE) CB SCHEME SYSTEME CEI DACCEPTATION MUTUELLE DE CERTIFICATS DESSAIS DES EQUIPEMENTS ELECTRIQUES (IECEE)
More informationHeat Exchanger. The purpose may be either to remove heat from a fluid or to add heat to a fluid.
HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat Exchanger Heat exchanger is an apparatus or an equipment in which the process of heating or cooling occurs. The heat is transferred from one fluid being heated to another fluid being
More informationPERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND RECURRING JAMMING PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF AIR PREHEATER IN COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND RECURRING JAMMING PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF AIR PREHEATER IN COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS M.Srinivasa Rao M.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMRIT, Srikakulam, AP, India.
More informationWHY A MHI HEAT PUMP?
HYDROLUTION HEATING HOT SANITARY WHY A MHI HEAT PUMP? Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Thermal Systems air to water heat pump is a complete modern system for heating, cooling and producing hot sanitary water
More informationInstruction Manual. Counter Showcase Models HNC-120BA-L/R-SL HNC-150BA-L/R-SL HNC-180BA-L/R-SL HNC-210BA-L/R-SL. hoshizakiamerica.
Instruction Manual Counter Showcase Models HNC-120BA-L/R-SL HNC-150BA-L/R-SL HNC-180BA-L/R-SL HNC-210BA-L/R-SL hoshizakiamerica.com Issued: 5-1-2017 WARNING Only qualifi ed service technicians should install
More information