Biogas: Batch. Biogas: Batch. ECHO Appropriate Technologies 2009

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1 A-Frame Level A-Frame Level Made from 3 sticks, a string and a rock, the A-Frame Level is a simple, accurate tool for marking level contours on a slope. Level contours on a slope reduce erosion, increase water infiltration, protect slopes and facilitate reclamation of degraded hillsides. Biogas: Flow Through Biogas: Flow Through This Flow Through Biogas Digester is made from 3 drums welded together. Ten gallons of slurry, made from manure and water, is added weekly and digested by micro-organisms to produce methane gas which can be used for cooking or lighting. A 3-drum digester can meet the cooking fuel needs for a family of 4-6. [A separate gas collection chamber is required.] Biogas: Batch Biogas: Batch This Batch Biogas Digester is made from a 55 gallon drum and a large inner tube. The drum is filled with slurry made from manure and water. The slurry is digested by micro-organisms, releasing methane gas which can be used for cooking or lighting. This digester is connected to a large inner tube which serves to collect and pressurize the gas. Two units can meet the cooking fuel needs for a family of

2 Block Press Block Press Pressed Earth Blocks cost less than a penny per block and can be made using most types of soil. A stabilizer, such as cement or lime, is mixed with the soil for strength and durability (1 bag cement can make over 100 blocks), a small amount of water is added and the mixture is pressed. Four workers can produce around 500 blocks per day. Briquette Presses Briquette Presses Briquette Presses produce fuel from waste products: leaves, stalks, grass, sawdust, plant wastes, newspaper, etc. The waste materials are shredded and soaked in water then a small quantity is placed in a perforated PVC and compacted with a wooden ramming post using either a lever action or hydraulic action. The resulting briquette is removed and air dried. Briquettes can be used as substitutes for charcoal or wood. Butter Churn Butter Churn Typical Butter Churns can be improved by the addition of a paddle-wheel agitator. The paddle-wheel agitator reduces churning time, improves efficiency, and produces a better butter. 2

3 Composting Latrine Composting Latrine Composting toilets provide a sanitary method to recycle human waste while conserving water and protecting the environment. Dry Composting Toilets separate liquid waste from solid waste. Liquid waste is mixed with water and used as a source of Nitrogen. Solid waste is allowed to compost for a year and can then be used as a fertilizer. Cooker: Barrel Oven Cooker: Barrel Oven The Barrel Oven is made from two 50 gallon drums. One drum is used as the oven and has a door cut into one end. The ends are cut out of the second drum and it is split and fitted over the top of the oven drum allowing +/- 25cm of air space between the two. A fire is built underneath at the back and the chimney, placed at the front of the oven, draws the heat around the entire oven. Cooker: Fireless Cooker: Fireless Fireless cookers use insulation to trap heat inside of a pot, using significantly less fuel to cook. Fireless cookers decrease fuel consumption up to 70%; reduce burns & smoke inhalation; prevent food from burning, sticking or boiling over; and are easy to construct. Boil food on stove for 5-10 min then place quickly in Fireless Cooker for 1-5 hours to complete cooking. 3

4 Cooker: Solar Cooker: Solar Many models of solar cookers are available ranging from expensive models to models that can be made easily out of locally available materials. Simple solar cookers reach temperatures of 82C-135C (180F- 275F). Solar cookers are clean, convenient, economical, environmentally friendly, healthy, save labor, and can also pasteurize water or other liquids. Cookstove: Barrel Stove Cookstove: Barrel Stove This large cookstove made from a barrel incorporates some rocket stove principles for increased efficiency making it possible to cook large quantities of food with very little fuelwood. Basic Rocket Stove principles: elbow fuel magazine insulated combustion chamber insulated cooking area to minimize heat loss Cookstove: Ceramic Jiko Cookstove: Ceramic Jiko The Ceramic Jiko is an improved cookstove from Kenya with an insulated firebox and an air-flow control door. This improved design reduces fuel consumption, reduces smoke, reduces danger of burns from open flame, does not tip over easily, and provides a mechanism for basic temperature control. 4

5 Cookstove: Rocket Griddle Cookstove: Rocket Griddle The Rocket Griddle or Justa Stove is designed for cooking tortillas, cooking with multiple pots and cooking indoors. The stove body can be built from a variety of materials (cement, clay, brick, adobe, metal, etc) then filled with insulating material and topped with a cooking surface. Some characteristics of Justa Cookstoves: Average fuel savings of 40% in Central America Removes 100% of wood smoke from the house Costs approx $50 with life expectancy of 10 years Cookstove: Rocket Cookstove: Rocket The Rocket Stove is an easy to build stove with a flexible design that produces virtually no smoke and uses very little fuel. Rocket Stoves feature elbow fuel magazines which produce cleaner, more complete combustion and insulated combustion chambers which maintain high cooking temperatures. Cookstove: Sawdust Cookstove: Sawdust Dry materials such as sawdust, rice hulls, straw, etc. are tamped tightly into a frame around two sticks. The sticks are then removed to create a tunnel from the top out the base. The stove is lit on top and draft is controlled by a brick in front of the opening at the base. (This cookstove produces a high intensity flame that will burn up to 5 hours and can boil 1 gallon of water in 15 minutes.) 5

6 Cookstove: Two-can Cookstove: Two-can Dry materials such as sawdust, rice hulls, straw, etc. are tamped tightly into the cans around a stick; the stick is then removed to create a tunnel from the top out the base. The fuel is lit on top and air is drawn up from the base. The top can should have holes around the top to provide air movement. (This cookstove produces a high intensity flame that will burn up to 5 hours and can boil 1 gallon of water in 15 minutes.) Cookstove: Soda Can Cookstove: Soda Can The Soda Can Stove is made from 2 soda can bottoms and some perlite. The resulting small, lightweight stove can boil 2 cups of water in 5 minutes with 2 tablespoons of fuel. [burns de-natured alcohol or rubbing alcohol] Drip Irrigation Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation technology helps to decrease water usage, reduce labor, increase yields, control weeds, reduce plant disease, and produce vegetables during the dry season. A gravity-fed Bucket Kit comes with 30m (100ft) of drip tape and can irrigate 100 plants using approximately 30lt (8 gal) of water per day. Drip tape lasts 5-7 years in field conditions. 6

7 Drying Fan Drying Fan This hand-cranked fan from IITA, Nigeria, can be used for drying produce or seeds or for winnowing seeds. Ferrocement Tank Ferrocement Tank Ferrocement is a construction method using mortar made from cement, sand and water, reinforced with layers of wire mesh for added strength. Ferrocement tanks are usually inexpensive to build, do not require skilled labor, are durable due to the reinforcing, and can be made to various shapes and sizes to suit needs. Forage Cutter Forage Cutter The Forage Cutter provides a mechanism to chop tough grasses or other forages to make them more palatable and digestible for livestock. This results in more efficient food conversion for animals and reduced wastage. It can also be used to chop materials for compost, silage, vermiculture, etc. 7

8 Grinder: Burr Grinder: Burr CTI s burr mills are multi-purpose, sturdy grinders designed for family use in rural areas of developing countries. They can make fine or coarse flour from various grains, dehull seeds, make peanut butter, coffee, Moringa leaf powder, etc. The grinders can be powdered with a hand crank, pedals, or with a motor. Grinder: Golden Grain Grinder: Golden Grain This small, heavy duty, stone mill can grind any dry grain: maize, wheat, millet, oats, rice, etc. It can be adjusted to provide fine flour or coarse cereal. It has a quiet ¾ hp motor, with no bushings to wear out that will grind pounds of flour per hour. It can also be hand powered with attachable handle. Grinder: Stone Grinder: Stone This grinder can be used for grinding flour from grains or tubers, dehulling seeds, and wet or dry grinding of vegetables. It is very useful for processing produce. 8

9 Hand Tools Hand Tools Simple garden hand tools can be made from scrap wood and metal and nails. For metal hand trowels and forks, use a pattern to mark the proper shape from a piece of 1mm metal then cut out using a hammer and cold chisel and hammer into the proper shape. For tools made from nails, fashion wooden handles, hammer the nails into place, cut the nail heads off with a cold chisel and hammer cut ends into desired shape. Handicap Cart Handicap Cart This hank-crank wheelchair is called a PET (Personal Energy Transportation). It was designed by 2 pastors for people in developing countries who have lost the use of their legs due to polio, land mines, injury or other causes. It is simple to construct, easy to maintain, low-cost, and sturdy, making it appropriate for developing countries. Hay Baler Hay Baler The Hay Baler allows grass to be harvested during times when it is abundant and stored for use when availability of animal feed is low. Place twine in box (using slits on sides) then fill with cut, dried grass and compress; continue filling with dried grass and compressing until bale is desired size then tie up with string. 9

10 Press: Cane Press: Cane There are many styles of Cane Presses that facilitate pressing juice from sugar cane or sorghum cane. This is an antique cane press normally powered by a draft animal. Cane juice can be consumed fresh or boiled down to produce molasses, syrup, or further refined into sugar. Press: Cane Press: Cane This hand-powered cane press is from Cambodia. Fresh sugar cane is peeled and squeezed through the press by turning the wheel. The fresh juice is poured into small bags of ice and sold. Composted bagasse (leftover cane) is an excellent source of organic matter and nutrients for the garden. Press: Hydraulic Press: Hydraulic A Hydraulic Oil Press can be used to extract oil from a number of fruits, nuts, and seeds such as: groundnuts, palm nuts, shea nuts, coconut, okra seeds, avocado, Moringa seeds, etc. Raw materials are treated (dried, decorticated, ground, heated) then placed in the perforated PVC and the hydraulic jack is used to press out the oil. 10

11 Press: Ram Press: Ram The Ram Press is used for extracting oil from oilseeds. Oilseeds are placed in the funnel and pressed, at a rate of 15 strokes per minute, to produce cooking oil. Can be used with oilseeds such as: sunflower, sesame, groundnut, coconut, etc. There are various uses for leftover seedcake, depending on oilseed used. Press: Screw Press: Screw A Screw Press can be used for: - Oil extraction (groundnut, palm, etc) - Starch pressing (cassava, maize) - Dewatering pulp (cassava, soybean) - Soy milk extraction Pump: PVC Pump: PVC PVC Hand Pumps can be made from 2 sizes of PVC, some fittings, an o-ring, a piece of hose and 2 marbles. Each piece of PVC is fitted with a foot valve made from a marble and a piece of hose. The small PVC is placed inside the large PVC with an o-ring seal to form the pump. 11

12 Pump: Rope & Washer Pump: Rope & Washer The Rope & Washer Pump is made from a tire, a length of PVC and some rope. Washers are cut from the tire and threaded onto the rope. The rope is tied in a circle and goes around the top axle (made from the tire sides) and the bottom axle and pulls the water up the PVC to the outlet. -maximum depth of 40 meters -maximum flow of 40 liters per minute Pump: Treadle Pump: Treadle Treadle Pumps can lift 5-7m 3 of water per hour from wells or boreholes up to 7m deep or from surface water sources such as lakes and rivers. Pressurized treadle pump models can pump water up to an elevated tank. Treadle pumps are less expensive than motor-pumps, less tiring than most manual pumps, have a high output capacity and can be made locally. Pump: Yoke Pump: Yoke The Yoke Pump is a portable pump made from PVC, fittings and 2 leather valves. It pumps water on both the upstroke and downstroke. It must be primed for each use and has a fairly high output. It is suited to pump water from a pond or stream for direct irrigation or into containers for household use. 12

13 Rain Water Catchment Rain Water Catchment Rain Water Catchment tanks can be used as a water source for household use, irrigation or livestock watering. One mm of rain provides 1 liter of water per square meter of catchment area. or One inch of rain provides gallons of water per square foot of catchment area. [One inch of rain on a 12 x24 roof would provide 180 gallons of water.] Rice Seeder Rice Seeder The Drum Rice Seeder is used for direct seeding rice into recently drained, wellpuddled seedbeds or into rice fields with standing water. Best results are obtained using pre-germinated rice (soak 24 hours, drain, cover 24 hours). Rice Thresher Rice Thresher This is a treadle powered rice thresher from the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Mature rice is harvested and then bundles are placed on the thresher to remove the rice grains from the heads. 13

14 Rice Weeder Rice Weeder This rotary weeder or rotating hoe is designed to be pushed between rows of rice in a muddy or flooded rice paddy to cultivate, uproot and bury emerging young weeds. Direct-seeded rice can be weeded at 20 days, 30 days and 40 days. Transplanted rice should be weeded after 10 days, 20 days and 30 days. Rope Maker Rope Maker Make rope from cord or string or recycled plastic sacks: 1. Tie end of cord to base hook 2. Wrap cord around on hook on spindle and then back around base hook 3 times 3. Cut cord and tie remaining end to base hook. 4. Anchor base securely 5. Rotate spindle clockwise until rope is complete then rotate base hook counter-clockwise to tighten. 6. Remove rope and tie off ends. Sheller: Nut Sheller: Nut The Universal Nut Sheller is a simple, adjustable machine that works with groundnuts, coffee, jatropha and shea nuts and can last around 25 years. Hand operated, it is capable of shelling 50kgs (110lbs) of raw, sun-dried nuts per hour so that one machine can be shared by an entire village. 14

15 Shellers: Maize Shellers: Maize Numerous maize shellers exist to facilitate the process of removing maize kernels from the cob. Some designs can be made locally while others must be purchased. The goal of each is to reduce the time and labor and increase the efficiency of the process. Seed Treater Seed Treater A Seed Treatment drum can be made of many types/sizes of containers and provides a way to coat seed with various products: Coat with cooking oil to control beetles in stored grains Coat with fungicides or insecticides Coat with water gel crystals Seed Thresher Seed Thresher Amaranth is a nutritious grain but difficult to clean due to the small seed size. This device, designed by Calvin College engineering students, provides a simple way to efficiently process small seeds. Seed heads are fed in at the top; tuning the crank threshes the heads and blows off the chaff allowing the cleaned seed to fall through a screen into a catch pan. 15

16 Solar Dehydrator Solar Dehydrator A Solar Dehydrator is used to preserve fruits, vegetables and other produce for future consumption or sale. Air enters the dehydrator from the black solar collector at the base and rises through the trays and out the chimney. The continuous flow of hot air acts to dehydrate produce. Solar Panels Solar Panels Solar Panels are used to capture solar energy and convert it into a usable form. They can be connected directly to run water pumps or other devices when the sun is shining. They can also be connected to batteries which store the energy and provide a continual source of electricity. Tippy-Tap Tippy-Tap Proper hand-washing can reduce diarrhea disease by 42-47%. Designed in Zimbabwe, Tippy Taps are simple, economic hand-washing stations made from locally available materials. They are not dependant on piped water and require a tenth of the water normally used to wash hands. 16

17 Treadle Grindstone Treadle Grindstone This is a grindstone mounted on a rear wheel bike axel with an old bike tire used as the drive belt. To turn the grindstone, a treadle board is attached at the base with a bike chain that runs from one end of the treadle board up and over the bike sprocket and back down to the base where it is attached with a bungee cord or equivalent to provide the chain return mechanism. Tuber Shredder Tuber Shredder This tool is used for chipping or shredding root and tuber crops (cassava, yam, potato, sweet potato, etc). It produces a uniform size of chips making drying or further processing easier. Different blades can be attached to produce desired product. Processes up to 200kg per hour. Water Filter: BioSand Water Filter: BioSand Contaminated water is filtered through layers of sand, gravel and rocks. The clean water is then forced into a pipe at the base and up the side to the outlet. Removes: - More than 90% fecal coliform - 100% of protozoa and helminths % zinc, copper, cadmium and lead - <47% arsenic - all suspended sediments 17

18 Water Filter: Ceramic Water Filter: Ceramic Ceramic water filters can be made by local potters and eliminate % of impurities. The fired ceramic filter is coated with colloidal silver so it filters out particles and also inactivates bacteria, producing safe drinking water. purifies 1-2 liters per hour costs approximately cents per liter Water Filter: Hollow Fiber Water Filter: Hollow Fiber The Sawyer water filter uses hollow fiber membranes to remove bacteria, viruses, protazoan and particles down to the 0.1 or micron size (depending on filter). The filters have a lifetime warranty and can treat up to 540 gallons per day. Water Pasteurization Water Pasteurization Heating water to 66C (151F) provides enough heat to pasteurize water and kill disease causing microbes. This can easily be achieved with a solar cooker. In addition, the reusable WAPI tube contains soybean fat which melts at 69C (156F) indicating the water has reached sufficient temperatures for pasteurization. 18

19 Water Treatment: Moringa Water Treatment: Moringa Moringa seed can be used to treat water; it acts as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent removing % of impurities. Basic steps: Remove seed coats, crush kernels and add to contaminated water; stir well, allow to settle then filter off clean water. One seed treats one liter of water; treatment works best with turbid water. Water Treatment: SODIS Water Treatment: SODIS Solar Water Disinfection is a method of purifying drinking water. Plastic bottles are filled with contaminated water and exposed to full sunlight for 6 hours. The solar radiation and increased water temperatures destroy bacteria, viruses, protozoan, and other pathogens. SODIS requires relatively clear water and sunlight. 19