OPTION C.4 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Transcription

1 OPTION C.4 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

2 INTRO IB BIO C.4 2 As discussed in C.3, human activity can have a variety of impacts on surrounding ecosystems. Because of this, it is important that biodiversity is both monitored and conserved.

3 C.4 B Conservation

4 INTRO IB BIO C.4 4 The conservation of biodiversity involves efforts to reduce impacts of human activities on species. Approaches to conservation can be classified as: In situ ( on site ) Ex situ ( away from site )

5 IB BIO C.4 5 U3: In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. In situ conservation is the preservation of endangered organisms in their natural habitat. In this approach more aspects of the organism s niche are preserved and species can interact with each other. In situ methods include: In situ Conservation Nature reserves National Parks Chitral Gol National Park

6 IB BIO C.4 6 U3: In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. Nature reserves are protected areas that are designed for the conservation of wildlife. They may require active management in order to maintain balance proper ecological conditions. In situ Conservation Nature Reserve

7 IB BIO C.4 7 For example: U3: In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. In situ Conservation Many woodland flowers thrive best when where the canopy is open. So, cutting or grazing is required to prevent scrub encroachment. In many reserves, invasive plants and animal species must be removed to protect the conserved species. Nature Reserve

8 IB BIO C.4 8 U5: Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Biogeographic factors in nature reserves can affect species diversity, which is the variety of species per unit area. Such factors include area, edge effect and corridors.

9 IB BIO C.4 9 U5: Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Biogeographic Factors: Area Reserves with more area have a greater species diversity. Larger areas support species with larger populations, which are then less likely to be eliminated by random disturbances.

10 IB BIO C.4 10 U5: Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Biogeographic Factors: Edge Effect At the edge of protected areas, there is a change in abiotic factors (more wind, warmer, less humid, etc.) that affect species there. So, reducing the perimeter of a reserve is important.

11 IB BIO C.4 11 U5: Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Biogeographic Factors: Edge Effect At the edge of protected areas, there is a change in abiotic factors (more wind, warmer, less humid, etc.) that affect species there. So, reducing the perimeter of a reserve is important.

12 IB BIO C.4 12 U5: Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Biogeographic Factors: Corridors Corridors occur when reserves are separated by buffer zones. Organisms are able to move between fragmented habitats, increasing the reserve s ability to conserve biodiversity.

13 IB BIO C.4 13 The affect of these factors can also be observed on islands. Applications A2: Analysis of the impact of biogeographic factors on diversity limited to island size and edge effects. Size - Islands with a larger interior can support larger populations. This increases overall biodiversity. Edge Effect - The edges of islands tend to be harsher than the interior. So, the number species that can reside there is limited.

14 IB BIO C.4 14 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Ex situ conservation is the preservation of organisms outside their natural habitat. This is done when species cannot be protected in their natural environments. Techniques include: Seed banks Ex situ Conservation Genebanks Botanic Gardens Zoos Captive Breeding

15 IB BIO C.4 15 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Seed banks are facilities that store seeds to preserve genetic diversity of plants. The largest is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway, which houses 930,000+ samples as of Ex situ Conservation

16 IB BIO C.4 16 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Animal genes can be stored in genebanks. These use cryogenic technologies to store living sperm, eggs or embryos. The Zoological Society of San Diego s frozen zoo has 335+ species samples. Ex situ Conservation

17 IB BIO C.4 17 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Living plants can be conserved in botanical gardens. These gardens are dedicated to collecting, cultivating and displaying a wide rage of species. Local and rare flora can be grown in the gardens for use in: Ex situ Conservation Public education Scientific research Habitat restoration

18 IB BIO C.4 18 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Zoos are facilities that display wild animals, primarily for conservation, research and education purposes. They can also be host to captive breeding programs. Ex situ Conservation \

19 IB BIO C.4 19 U4: Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitat. Captive breeding programs involve breeding animals in controlled environments in an effort save species from extinction. Sometimes, individuals are released into the wild when there is sufficient natural habitat. Ex situ Conservation

20 IB BIO C.4 20 Applications A1: Case study of the captive breeding and reintroduction of an endangered animal species. Case Study: Cheetah The De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre, founded in South Africa in 1971, has a cheetah captive breeding program. Between , 785 cubs were born with a 66.2% survival rate Captive Breeding

21 IB BIO C.4 21 Applications A1: Case study of the captive breeding and reintroduction of an endangered animal species. Case Study: Cheetah In 2013, cheetahs were successfully reintroduced to the Free State province for the first time in 100 years. None had existed in the area since their elimination in the South African colonial period. Captive Breeding

22 IB BIO C.4 22 Applications A1: Case study of the captive breeding and reintroduction of an endangered animal species. Case Study: Cheetah Captive Breeding

23 REVIEW IB BIO C.4 1. Compare and contrast between in situ and ex situ 23 approaches to conservation. 2. Define nature reserve. 3. Outline biogeographic factors that can affect species diversity in nature reserves. 4. Outline three examples of ex situ conservation.

24 VIDEOS IB BIO C.4 Richmond Park National Nature Reserve (20 min) 24 Conservation and the Race to Save Diversity Veritasium: Inside the Svalbard Seed Vault Why Do We Need the Modern Zoo? BBC: Captive Breeding & Rare Babies NatGeo: Raising Cute Pandas