INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN CIBODAS BOTANIC GARDEN A N G G U N R. G U M I L A N G C I B O D A S B O T A N I C G A R D E N

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1 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN CIBODAS BOTANIC GARDEN A N G G U N R. G U M I L A N G C I B O D A S B O T A N I C G A R D E N

2 CIBODAS BOTANIC GARDEN IN A GLANCE Developed as acclimatization area for highly economic plants from several temperate countries Cover up to the top of Mt. Gede and Pangrango. The Quinine was planted on 11 April 1852 Separated in 1980ies: Mt. Gede Pangrango National Park, Forestry Department (in-situ) and Cibodas Botanic Garden, LIPI (ex-situ) Quinine, Persimmon, Neomaria coerulea, Rumex alpinus, Cupressus sp, Rubus precatorius, Fragraia sp, Fagus sylvatica.

3 bodas

4 THE BOTANIC GARDEN Conservation Research Display Public awareness Tasks Expedition Propagation Material exchange Research on Ecology, taxonomy, horticulture, etc Environmental awareness through Pepeling Activities

5 BOTANIC GARDEN AND IAS Most invasive plants have been introduced for horticultural use by nurseries, botanical gardens, and individuals (Reichard & White 2001) The classical work of Dawson et al. on Tanzania BG (2008) showed that 16% of IAS collected in the garden had naturalized and escaped to the natural surrounding and able to regenerate Hulme (2011): BG plays important role as plant conservation institution by preserving living specimens as well as the potential agent of IAS. BG help to distribute the IAS

6 PATHWAY Alien Species Introduction Intentional Unintentional Authorized/Legal Unauthorized/illegal Introduced to Captivity Escaped or intentionally released Directly released to wild Botanic Garden Plant selling Ill-advised on species selection on restoration and rehabilitation program Modified from: ISSG Introduction to Invasive Alien Species. Unintentional released

7 Hulme, Addressing the Threat to Biodiversity from Botanic Gardens. Trends in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 26, No. 4 Botanic Gardens Date Species Invading Pamplemousses, Mauritus Psidium cattleianum Hiptage benghalensis Lantana camara Schinus terebinthifolius Curepipe, Mauritius 1890 Ligustrum robustum Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Calcutta, India Clidemia hirta Eichhornia crassipes Lantana camra Miconia calvesncens Ulex europaeus Chromolaena odorata Lantana camara Darwin, Australia 1890 Mimosa pigra Brisbane, Australia Singapore Bogor, Indonesia Hiptage bengjalensis Schinus terebinthifolius Eichhornia crassipes Spathodea campanulata Eichhornia crassipes Mikania micrantha Cecropia peltata Wahiawa, Hawaii 1941 Clidemia hirta Harold L. Lyon Arboretum, Hawaii Ardisia elliptica Psidium cattleianum Harrison Smith, Tahiti 1937 Miconia calvesncens Cape Town, Africa 1830 Acacia mearnsii

8 Some IAS collected in Cibodas Botanic Garden

9 WHAT CAN WE DO? GSPC : All the ratification countries must do effective management plants in place to prevent new biological invasion and to manage important areas for plant diversity that are invaded (target 10) The Convention on Biodiversity (CBD): Each contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species (Article 8(h)). ASEAN Cooperation on Environment, Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesArticle 3 (3), 1985: in order to fulfill the aims of the preceding paragraphs of this Article the Contracting Parties shall in particular endeavour to (a) create and maintain protected areas; (b) regulate the taking of species and prohibit unselective taking methods; (c) regulate and, where necessary, prohibit the introduction of exotic species. IUCN/Species Survival Commission (SSC) Guidelines for Re-Introductions (1995): provide a framework for re-introduction programmes and deal with intentional introduction of captive-bred species while preventing unintentional introduction of IAS. Source: BGCI

10 IUCN Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations (2013): Translocations of organisms outside of their indigenous range are considered to be especially high risk given the numerous examples of species released outside their indigenous ranges subsequently becoming invasive Europe developed Code of Conduct for Botanic Gardens on Invasive Alien Species (2013)

11 WHAT A BOTANIC GARDEN SHOULD DO? A SUGGESTION FROM BGCI Actions that botanic gardens should take with respect to alien invasive species include: Ensure that all staff are made aware of the issues and problems posed by invasive alien plants. Be aware of which species are known to be invasive in their country or region and of the risks that these species pose. Be aware and act within local/national/ regional guidelines and polices on invasive species. Develop and implement codes of conduct relating to the introduction and cultivation of exotic plant species. Conduct risk assessments of the plants in their collections. Ensure that no invasive or potentially invasive plants are unintentionally introduced into the collections. Carry out education and public awareness programs for staff and visitors. Continuously monitor the plants in their collections for signs of invasiveness and take necessary action to control the spread of species if necessary.

12 A SUGGESTION FROM BGCI Take care when disposing of unwanted stocks of plants and plant waste material from any part of the garden. Ensure potentially invasive species are not included on indices seminum. Never offer for sale known or potentially invasive species in garden shops or nurseries. Control or remove invasive plants or other organisms from collections as soon as they are detected and confirmed. Share information on potentially invasive species with other botanic gardens. Work with the nursery trade to prevent the sale of invasive species through garden centres etc. Promote an in-house strategy based on: a. Prevention; b. Detection, surveillance and rapid response; c. Mitigation and control.

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14 WHAT CBG SHOULD DO? 1. The precautionary principle (risk assessment, literature) 2. Planting site decision 3. Public awareness through Environmental Education. 4. Remnant Forest Observation to identify the escaped species 5. Observation and control potentially invasive species collected in the garden

15 Pheloung, Williams and Halloy, A Weed Risk Assessment Model for Use as a Biosecurity Tool Evaluating Plant Introduction. Journal of Environmental Management 57 ( Weber and Gut, Assessing the Risk of Potentially Invasive Plant Species in Central Europe. Journal for Nature Conservation 12 ( )

16 Spathodea campanulata Zingiber corronarium Tithonia grandiflora Taraxacum officinale Tithonia grandiflora INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY? GUILTY UNTIL PROVEN INNOCENT? I A S C O L L E C T E D I N C B G Freezeinmemories.wordpress.com Anggun R. Gumilang

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