Ryegrasses are widely used as a

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Ryegrasses are widely used as a"

Camilla Barnett
5 years ago
Views:

1 Performance and Transition Date of a Turf-tpe Annual Regrass in Comparison to Perennial Regrass and Fine Fescues L.R. Nelson 1, J. Croder, and H.B. Pemberton ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. rigidum, cheing fescue, overseeding, transition date, turf qualit SUMMARY. Perennial regrass (Lolium perenne) has traditionall been used to overseed arm-season grasses in the southern U.S. hen arm-season sods are dormant due to chilling temperatures. In this stud e investigated overseeding turf-tpe annual regrass (to cultivars of L. multiflorum and one cultivar of L. rigidum) and cheing fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata) as ell as perennial regrass onto a arm-season common bermudagrass (Cnodon dactlon) sod. The objective as to compare turf qualit, turf color, and transition date of turf-tpe annuals ith perennials and other cool-season grasses. Results for turf qualit indicated that the annual regrass cultivars Acella and Panterra (L. multiflorum) compared ver ell ith perennials through March; hoever, in April and Ma, perennials ere superior for qualit. Hardtop fine fescue is a hard fescue (F. ovina var. duriuscula). It as inferior to the annuals for turf qualit from December to April hen the annuals began to die. For turf color, annuals had a loer rating compared to dark green perennials such as Premier II, Derb Supreme, or Allstar. Panterra as darker compared to Acella in March and April. Cheing fescue as intermediate in color compared to annuals and perennials. For turf height, Acella as taller than Panterra, hich ere both taller than the perennials, and the fine fescues ere shorter than the perennials. For transition in Teas A&M Universit Agricultural Research & Etension Center, P.O. Bo 200, Overton, TX To hom reprint requests should be addressed; address: lr-nelson@tamu.edu the spring, the annuals had a shorter transition and died about 1 month earlier than the perennials. Transtar (L. rigidum) had an earlier transition than the other annuals. The perennials tended to have a longer transition period. The fescues had a ver long transition period and ere similar to the perennials. Regrasses are idel used as a temporar turfgrass throughout the southern region of the U.S. for overseeding dormant arm-season grasses (Duble, 1996). Bruneau et al. (1985) compared the merits of perennial, annual, and intermediate regrasses and several other cool-season species hen overseeding bermudagrass. Their information is ecellent; hoever, the ere referring to forage tpe annuals rather than an improved turf-tpe annual. Perennial regrass has ecellent turf qualit for characters such as turf teture and color. Annual regrass in the past has had poor turf qualit for some characters, such as fineness of leaves (turf teture), color, and too vigorous groth. Through a vigorous selection turf breeding program, turf qualit of annual regrass has significantl been improved for turf teture and for darf groth character. Color has also been improved; hoever, color of the ne annual turf selections Acella and Panterra remains less desirable than dark green perennial turf cultivars. Annual regrass cultivars used in the past have been commonl knon to have an advantage over perennial regrass in that the have an earlier transition date hen overseeded into arm-season sods. Transition and turf qualit of ne annual turf cultivars has not been reported. Transition of overseeded inter grasses back to the arm-season turf is a major problem in the southern U.S. Poor transition can eist both hen regrass dies much earlier than bermudagrass groth begins (Johnson, 1991) or if the coolseason grasses persist long after the arm-season grass begins to gro. Knoop (1987) reported that armseason grasses manufacture and store carbohdrates during the summer that are necessar for the grass to survive the inter. If carbohdrate levels are depleted during arm periods in the dormant season, and cool et spring conditions favor the cool-season grasses, transition ill be too late and problems ill occur (Knoop, 1987). Under these conditions, the armseason grass ma interkill and lose much of its stand. Johnson (1975) applied the herbicide pronamide to overseeded perennial regrass and successfull reduced the groth of the regrass and alloed bermudagrass to be more competitive. Spring management practices of reducing moing height, delaing fertiliation, and reducing soil moisture (Bruneau et al., 1985; Meers and Horn, 1970; Palmertree, 1975) can also influence the transition of cool-season grasses. Horgan and Yelverton (2001) reported that cultural treatments such as bieekl vertical moing, scalping, core cultivation, and vertical moing/scalping or to application timings of ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) had some effect on transition date of Gator and Derb Supreme perennial regrass in North Carolina. The reported, hoever, that cultural treatments alone ma not consistentl enhance natural transition of perennial regrass to bermudagrass. Improved hard, perennial regrasses that have been utilied to overseed arm-season sods ill eventuall die, but ma live until the middle of the summer, and can reduce the qualit of arm-season grass stands. Sifers and Beard (1993) conducted research on the effects of heat stress for both air and soil temperatures on inter- and intraspecific species of cool-season turfgrass. The indicated that some species avoided heat stress b enhanced evapotranspirational cooling, and this increased turf survival to temperatures in ecess of 43 C (109.4 F). The also reported that of the species eamined, tall fescue (F. arundinacea), kentuck bluegrass (Poa pratensis), bentgrass (Agrostis gigantean), and perennial regrass ere more heat tolerant, ith rough bluegrass (P. trivialis) and bentgrass the least tolerant. Since annual regrass normall transitions earlier than all of the above species, it should have a significant advantage for the health and maintenance of the arm-season turf. The objectives of this stud ere to determine the performance and turf qualit and color of ne selections of overseeded turf-tpe annual regrass compared to perennial regrass and cheing fescue, ith special emphasis on spring transition. 304

2 Materials and methods To eperiments ere conducted in and one eperiment in at the Teas A&M Universit Agricultural Research and Etension Center, Overton. The eperiments ere located in a ell-established common bermudagrass stand. The test site as a loam, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults Darco soil ith a ph of 6.0. In , Ept. A as planted on 22 Oct. 2001, hile Ept. B as planted 2 eeks later on 5 Nov. In Ept. A, Acella and Panterra annual regrass cultivars ere compared ith the perennial regrass cultivar Premier II. All entries had 90% or higher germination under laborator conditions. Seeding rates ere 12.2, 9.8, 7.3, and 4.9 kg/100 m 2 (25, 20, 15, and 10 lb/1000 ft 2 ) for both Epts. A and B. In Ept. B, Acella and the annual TXR ere compared to the perennial Derb Supreme and Shoboat (a blend of 70% Derb Supreme and 30% Acella ). Prior to seeding, the bermudagrass sod as moed to a height of 1.27 cm (0.5 inch). After overseeding, plot area as atered b sprinkler irrigation for about 30 min dail for 7 d to ensure that good stands ere achieved. After regrass plants had been established, all plots ere moed ith a rotar moer at a height of 1.27 cm on a eekl basis in the fall, inter, and earl spring. During mid-march to late April, plots ere moed ever 5 d. Data ere recorded for percent coverage and turf qualit rating as judged b visual ratings (1 to 9, here 9 as best) through 23 Apr. Turf color ratings (9 as best for dark green color) ere recorded each month from December to April. Turf height as recorded on 31 Mar., 5 d after moing, to compare plant height of the entries in each eperiment. Percent coverage of regrass as recorded to judge transition date from 23 Apr. to 19 June. The eperiment as seeded onto a common bermudagrass sod on 18 Oct The bermudagrass sod had been moed to a plant height of 1.27 cm prior to overseeding. Seeding rates ere 9.8 kg/100 m 2 for Acella, Panterra, and Transtar annual regrass, Hardtop fine fescue, and BAR CHF 8FUSI cheing fescue. BAR Lp 2002, Bargold, Derb Supreme, and Allstar perennial regrass cultivars ere seeded at 7.3 kg/100 m 2. The stud as fertilied according to soil test and topdressed ith N at a rate of 0.5 kg/100 m 2 (1 lb/1000 ft 2 ) per month. After overseeding, the test as sprinkler irrigated (or atered b natural rainfall) for 7 d to ensure germinating seed ere not desiccated. Plots ere moed ith a reel moer from November to March and thereafter ith a rotar moer at a moing height of 1.27 cm. Turf qualit ratings ere recorded on several dates as noted in Table 1. A numerical rating (1 to 9) for turf appearance assigned to each plot as a combination turf densit, leaf fineness, color, uniformit, and overall appearance. Data ere also recorded for percent stand 10 d after overseeding, turf color on three dates, freee damage on a 0 to 9 rating here 0 = no damage, turf height in centimeters, and transition date. Transition date as for percent coverage of the regrass on the individual plots. Data in all eperiments ere analed according to a randomied complete-block design, ith hole plots being a turf cultivar. There ere four replications in all eperiments. Differences beteen means ere separated according to least significant difference at the 0.05 level of probabilit. Results and discussion Good stands ere obtained in 2001 for all entries in both eperiments and there ere no differences beteen cultivars. In 2002, there ere differences beteen cultivars for percent stand 10 d after overseeding (Table 1). Transtar, Derb Supreme, Bargold, Panterra, and Acella had good stands. Allstar perennial regrass, Hardtop fine fescue, and BAR CHF 8Fusi cheing fescue had a loer percent stand than other entries in the eperiment. The stand on Hardtop affected turf qualit ratings throughout the groing season. Turf qualit ratings in in Ept. A (Table 2) ere good for all entries on 9 Nov. Some small differences ere noted on 9 Dec.; hoever, no differences ere apparent on 18 Feb. On 23 Apr., Premier II as superior as the annuals had begun to transition out. In Ept. B (hich as planted 2 eeks later), similar results ere obtained (Table 3), ith no differences until 23 Apr. hen the perennial Derb Supreme had the best turf qualit rating folloed b Shoboat and the annuals. Shoboat (a blend) as intermediate for turf qualit to the perennial and the annuals. Turf qualit Table 1. Percent stand and turf qualit ratings of several entries of annual and perennial regrass, fine and cheing fescue and Lolium rigidum regrass on several dates during Stand (%) Turf qualit rating Entr 28 Oct. 18 Dec. 28 Jan. 19 Feb. 11 Mar. 3 Apr. 17 Apr. 2 Ma Panterra 90 a 6.4 bc 6.3 a 7.0 ab 7.8 a 6.3 bc 7.0 abc 7.0 bc Acella 89 a 7.5 a 6.3 a 7.5 a 7.0 a 6.0 cd 6.3 c 5.8 d BAR Lp bc 5.7 cd 5.2 def 6.0 c 6.8 bc 7.5 a 7.8 a 8.2 a Bargold 85 ab 7.0 ab 6.2 abc 7.2 ab 7.5 ab 7.5 a 7.5 ab 8.0 ab Hardtop 41 d 4.2 e 4.2 f 4.8 e 6.5 cd 5.5 cd 6.5 c 5.5 d BAR CHF 8 Fusi 66 c 4.7 de 4.7 ef 5.8 c 6.2 d 5.3 d 6.3 c 7.0 bc Derb Supreme 83 ab 7.0 ab 6.0 abc 7.0 ab 7.8 a 7.0 ab 7.8 a 7.0 bc Allstar 73 bc 6.7 abc 5.5 cde 6.5 bc 7.5 ab 7.0 ab 7.5 ab 8.2 a Transtar 95 a 7.0 ab 4.8 ef 6.5 d 6.8 bc 3.8 e 5.0 d 2.5 e Turf qualit rated from 1 to 9, here 9 as best. Panterra, Acella, and Transtar are annual regrass cultivars; BAR Lp 2002, Bargold, Derb Supreme, and Allstar are perennial regrasses; Hardtop is a fine fescue; and BAR CHF 8Fusi is a cheing fescue. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. 305

3 Table 2. Turf qualit ratings on Ept. A for annual and perennial regrass entries at Overton, Teas, in Turf qualit rating Entr 9 Nov. 9 Dec. 18 Feb. 23 Apr. Acella 6.8 a 8.1 a 7.6 a 6.6 c Panterra 6.4 a 7.5 b 7.3 a 7.4 b Premier II 6.8 a 8.1 a 7.2 a 8.0 a Turf qualit rated from 1 to 9, here 9 as best. Acella and Panterra are annual regrass cultivars; and Premier II is a perennial regrass. Means ithin a column not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. Table 3. Turf qualit ratings in Ept. B for annual and perennial regrass entries at Overton, Teas, in Turf qualit rating Entr 20 Nov. 19 Dec. 18 Feb. 23 Apr. Acella 4.6 a 7.1 a 6.7 a 5.1 d Derb Supreme 5.5 a 7.4 a 6.6 a 7.8 a Shoboat 5.8 a 7.4 a 6.6 a 6.4 b TXR a 7.1 a 6.5 a 5.6 c Turf qualit rated from 1 to 9, here 9 as best. Acella and TXR are annual regrasses; Derb Supreme is a perennial regrass; and Shoboat is a blend. Means ithin a column not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. ratings in (Table 1) ere similar for Panterra, Acella, Bargold, Derb Supreme, Allstar, and Transtar from December and Februar ith BAR Lp 2002, Hardtop, and BAR CHF 8Fusi having loer turf qualit ratings. On 11 Mar., all entries had good turf ratings; hoever, Panterra, Derb Supreme, Bargold, Allstar, and Acella ere similar but rated higher than other entries. On 3 Apr., Transtar had a lo turf qualit rating and Hardtop and BAR CHF 8Fusi had slightl loer ratings than BAR Lp 2002, Bargold, Derb Supreme, and Allstar. Panterra and Acella ere intermediate in turf rating. On 17 Apr. and 2 Ma, turf qualit of the annuals had begun to decline due to their earl transition. Panterra as superior to Acella and both ere superior to Transtar. The perennials ere superior to the annuals for turf qualit late in the spring season. Turf height (Tables 4 and 5) in , 5 d after moing, indicated that in Ept. A Premier II had a sloer groth rate than Panterra and Panterra had a sloer rate than did Acella. In Ept. B, Derb Supreme had the loer plant height, hile Acella and Shoboat ere not different. Plant height data 7 d after moing for (Table 6) indicated annuals Acella and Panterra had higher turf height; hoever, the ere not significantl taller than some of the perennials. BAR Lp 2002, Hardtop fine fescue, and BAR CHF 8 Fusu cheing fescue ere shortest. These data indicate that Acella and Panterra gro slightl faster than the perennials Derb Supreme and Premier II. Also, Panterra has a reduced groth rate compared to Acella. Turf color ratings for (Tables 4 and 5) in Ept. A indicate that Premier II had a darker green color that the annuals. Earl in the 306 Table 4. Plot turf color rating and turf height in Ept. A for annual and perennial regrass entries at Overton, Teas, in Turf color rating Turf ht (cm) Entr 9 Dec. 18 Feb. 31 Mar. 23 Apr. 31 Mar. Premier II 9.4 a 8.8 a 8.2 a 9.0 a 5.6 c Panterra 6.8 b 7.0 b 5.8 b 6.9 b 6.1 b Acella 6.7 b 7.0 b 4.6 c 5.8 c 6.8 a Turf color ratings ere on a 1 to 9 scale, here 9 as dark green. Turf height as measured in cm 5 d after moing (1.0 cm = 0.39 inch). Acella and BAR Lm 1001b are annual regrasses; and Premier II is a perennial regrass. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. Table 5. Plot turf color rating and turf height in Ept. B for annual and perennial regrass entries at Overton, Teas, in Turf color rating Turf ht (cm) Entr 19 Dec. 18 Feb. 31 Mar. 23 Apr. 31 Mar. Acella 7.7 a 7.0 b 4.7 c 5.5 c 7.0 a Derb Supreme 8.0 a 8.2 a 7.4 a 7.7 a 6.2 c Shoboat 8.0 a 8.0 a 5.9 b 6.9 b 7.1 a TXR a 7.0 b 5.8 b 5.7 c 6.7 b Turf color ratings ere on a 1 to 9 scale, here 9 as dark green. Turf height as measured in cm 5 d after moing (1.0 cm = 0.39 inch). Acella and TXR are annual regrasses; Derb Supreme is a perennial regrass; and Shoboat is a blend. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b the least significant difference. Table 6. Turf color, freee damage, and plant height ratings of annual and perennial regrass, fine and cheing fescue and Lolium rigidum during at Overton, Teas. Freee damage Plant turf Turf color ratings rating ht (cm) Entr 28 Jan. 11 Mar. 17 Apr. 27 Jan. 30 Apr. Panterra 6.0 d v 5.5 e 6.8 e 2.5 ab 8.0 Acella 6.1 d 5.5 e 6.0 f 2.0 bc 8.8 BAR Lp abc 8.2 ab 8.5 ab 2.8 ab 5.8 Bargold 6.8 cd 7.2 bcd 7.5 d 2.0 bc 6.5 Hardtop 7.8 ab 7.0 cd 7.5 d 2.0 bc 5.8 BAR CHF 8 Fusu 7.5 abc 7.5 bcd 7.7 cd 1.8 c 5.5 Derb Supreme 6.8 cd 7.7 bc 8.2 bc 2.3 abc 7.2 Allstar 8.3 a 9.0 a 9.0 a 1.8 c 7.2 Transtar 5.0 e 5.0 e 5.0 g 3.0 a --- u Freee damage as rated from 0 to 9, here 0 = no damage. Turf color ratings ere on a 1 to 9 scale, here 9 = dark green. Turf height as measured 5 d after moing (1.0 cm = 0.39 inch). Transtar as alread dead. Panterra, Acella, and Transtar are annual regrass cultivars; BAR Lp 2002, Bargold, Derb Supreme, and Allstar are perennial regrasses; Hardtop is a fine fescue; and BAR CHF 8 Fusi is a cheing fescue. v Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. u Plant height not recorded for Transtar due to its earl transition.

4 Table 7. Percent living regrass coverage over plots in Ept. A at Overton, Teas, on different dates in Regrass coverage (%) Entr 23 Apr. 2 Ma 9 Ma 13 Ma 29 Ma 7 June 19 June Acella 96 b 78 b 42 b 18 b 0 b 0 b 0 b Panterra 97 b 79 b 43 b 14 b 0 b 0 b 0 b Premier II 99 a 95 a 94 a 91 a 86 a 50 a 0.5 a Acella and Panterra are annual regrass cultivars; and Premier II is a perennial regrass. Ratings ere recorded as a percentage of hole plots. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. Table 8. Percent living regrass coverage in Ept. B for annual and perennial regrass at Overton, Teas, on different dates in Regrass coverage (%) Entr 23 Apr. 2 Ma 9 Ma 13 Ma 29 Ma 7 June 19 June Acella 94 c 34 c 13 c 10 b 0 c 0 b 0 c Derb Supreme 98 a 75 b 74 a 74 a 60 a 41 a 2 a Shoboat 95 b 80 a 73 a 72 a 49 b 38 a 1 b TXR b 36 c 23 b 14 b 1 c 0 b 0 c Acella and TXR are annual regrasses; Derb Supreme is a perennial regrass; and Shoboat is a blend. Ratings ere recorded as a percentage of hole plots. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. groing season Panterra and Acella ere similar; hoever, b 31 Mar. and 23 Apr. Panterra had a better color rating than Acella. In Ept. B on 19 Dec., color differences ere nonsignificant. On 18 Feb., Derb Supreme and the blend Shoboat (70% Derb Supreme ) ere not different, hile Acella as rated loer for color. On 31 Mar. and 23 Apr., Derb Supreme as best, folloed b the blend and Acella. On 23 Apr., the annuals Acella and TXR had begun to transition out and their color as degraded. In significant differences ere noted for color on all dates (Table 6). Allstar had the darkest green color rating on each date. Transtar had the loest color rating of all entries in the stud. Panterra and Acella ere not different on 28 Jan and 11 Mar.; hoever, on 17 Apr. Panterra had a slightl darker green color. Perennials BAR Lp 2002, Derb Supreme, and Bargold had a darker green color rating than did the annuals on the 11 Mar. and 17 Apr. rating. Hardtop and BAR CHF 8 Fusu ere intermediate in color rating but maintained their color late in the spring. Transition date as estimated b percent coverage of green living regrass over several dates is shon in Tables 7 and 8 for and Table 9 for In Ept. A, transition or death of some plants began as earl as 23 Apr. hen a significant difference as noted. Acella and Panterra ere not different, but transitioned out rapidl during Ma and b 13 Ma had less than 20% living plants. The ere completel dead b 29 Ma. Premier II had a much sloer transition but had 86% living plants on 29 Ma. Premier II transitioned out rapidl in June 2002 and as dead b 19 June. In Ept. B, Acella transitioned similarl to Ept. A, and as dead b 29 Ma. Derb Supreme as similar to Premier II in Ept. A. The blend Shoboat did not have an advantage (earl transition) over the perennial Derb Supreme. This is an indication that the 70% Derb Supreme and 30% Acella had too high a percentage of the perennial to affect the transition date. Perhaps a 1:1 blend ould be more suitable for changing the transition date to be intermediate beteen the annual and the perennial. In , the transition date as similar for the annuals Panterra and Acella as the began to die earl in Ma and all plants ere nearl dead b 29 Ma. Transtar as even earlier, as it as dead b 15 Ma. The perennial regrass cultivars had a sloer and longer transition, but tended to be 50% dead b earl June but survived until late June. Hardtop fine fescue and BAR CHE 8 Fusu cheing fescue ere ver similar, died graduall, and survived until late June. Conclusions The results from the eperiment ere similar to the results from Panterra demonstrated that it is similar to Acella in earl establishment, turf qualit, freee resistance, and in transition date. The data also indicated that b April, Panterra had a slightl darker green color Table 9. Percent living regrass cover over plots during Ma and June 2003 at Overton, Teas. Regrass coverage (%) Entr 2 Ma 9 Ma 15 Ma 22 Ma 29 Ma 4 June 13 June 20 June 30 June Panterra 78 bc 21 ef 16 d 7 e 1 e 0 e 0 d 0 c 0 b Acella 55 d 37 de 16 4 e 1 e 0 e 0 d 0 c 0 b BAR Lp a 80 ab 64 ab 56 ab 51 ab 46 ab 45 ab 31 a 4 a Bargold 95 ab 75 abce 53 bc 36 bcd 21 cd 13 cde 10 cd 3 c 1 b Hardtop 74 cd 48 d 50 bc 38 bcd 29 bcd 24 cd 21 cd 9 bc 2 b BAR CHE 8 Fusu 88 abc 58 bcd 48 bcd 46 bc 33 bcd 28 bc 25 cd 9 bc 1 b Derb Supreme 88 abc 55 cd 57 bc 54 b 43 bc 28 bc 28 bc 25 ab 2 b Allstar 97 a 86 a 91 a 84 a 69 a 60 a 59 a 29 a 4 a Transtar 13 e 6 f 0 e 0 e 0 e 0 e 0 d 0 c 0 b Panterra, Acella, and Transtar are annual regrass cultivars; BAR Lp 2002, Bargold, Derb Supreme, and Allstar are perennial rgrasses; Hardtop is a fine fescue; and BAR CHF 8 Fusi is a cheing fescue. Means ithin columns not folloed b the same letter differ at the 0.05 level as judged b least significant difference. 307

5 and as somehat sloer in groth than as Acella. Both Panterra and Acella are somehat loer in turf qualit than good perennial regrass turf cultivars; hoever, the do have good and acceptable turf qualit and their earl transition date is a significant advantage in the transition of a overseeded cool-season grass back to a arm-season turfgrass. Literature cited Bruneau, A.H., J.M. DiPaola, W.M. Leis, W.B. Gilbert, and L.T. Lucas Overseeding bermudagrass turf. N.C. Agr. Et. Serv. AG-352. Duble, R.L Turfgrasses, their management and use in the southern one. Teas A&M Univ. Press, College Station. Horgan, B.P. and F.H. Yelverton Removal of perennial regrass from overseeded bermudagrass using cultural methods. Crop Sci. 41: Johnson, B.J Transition from overseeded cool-season grass to armseason grass ith pronamide. Weed Sci. 24: Johnson, B.J Influence of herbicides on spring transition of bermudagrass greens overseeded ith perennial regrass. Georgia Agr. Ept. Stn. Res. Bul Knoop, W.E Enhancing spring transition. Lan Servicing 4(2):11. Meers, H.G. and G.C. Horn Transition from overseeded to permanent arm-season grasses. Golf Superintendent 38(1): Palmertree, H.D Management of overseeded greens during spring transition period. Golf Superintendent 43(3): Sifers, S.I. and J.B. Beard Comparative inter-and intra-specific leaf firing resistance to supraoptimal air and soil temps in cool-season turfgrass. Intl. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7:

Evaluation of Alternative Grasses for Turfgrass Use J.B. Ross and M.A. Anderson

Evaluation of Alternative Grasses for Turfgrass Use J.B. Ross and M.A. Anderson Summary Six individual grasses and two grass blends were established in order to test their suitability for use as turfgrass.