How SCDF Does it MAJ ANDY CHOO FIRE INVESTIGATION UNIT OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT HQ SCDF

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INCIDENT NUMBER : 971115/0070 LOCATION OF FIRE : NO.

AND IRREGULAR BURN PATTERNS AT THIS AREA FLOOR BEAM 12 2.

SECOND-STOREY TIMBER FLOOR UNDER LAYER OF THE TIMBER FLOOR AND STAIRCASE

VOLATILE FLAMMABLE VAPOUR DETECTED HERE SKETCH : CONFIGURATION ON THE

1 INCIDENT NUMBER : /0070 LOCATION OF FIRE : NO. 89 MAUDE ROAD INVERTED V-SHAPED BURN PATTERN ON THE WALL BURN THROUGH AND IRREGULAR BURN PATTERNS AT THIS AREA FLOOR BEAM METRES 13 STAIRCASE RAILING SEVERE CHARRING 14 A B C D E F SECOND-STOREY TIMBER FLOOR UNDER LAYER OF THE TIMBER FLOOR AND STAIRCASE CRACKED BEAM BURN THROUGH STAIRCASE FLIGHTS CARTON BOXES VOLATILE FLAMMABLE VAPOUR DETECTED HERE SKETCH : CONFIGURATION ON THE PROBABLE FIRE DEVELOPMENT Aba05/02 How SCDF Does it NOT TO SCA LE MAJ ANDY CHOO FIRE INVESTIGATION UNIT OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT HQ SCDF

2 Scope Introduction FIU Organisational Structure & Activation System SCDF Fire Investigation Process Fire Investigation Methodology Evidence Collection & Preservation SPF/SCDF Collaboration in Arson Investigation Conclusion

Introduction Function of Fire Investigation Unit (FIU): - To determine the probable causes of fires so that measures can be taken to further enhance the Fire Safety; - To ascertain and

3 Introduction Function of Fire Investigation Unit (FIU): - To determine the probable causes of fires so that measures can be taken to further enhance the Fire Safety; - To ascertain and provide substantiated evidence for conviction of incendiary acts; and - To provide accurate information on fire occurrences which may be of value & importance to relevant authorities and agencies.

4 Our Partners OTHER AGENCIES Public Education Fire Safety HOME TEAM Incendiary Fires Unlicensed Electrical Worker Unsafe Work Practices Incendiary Fires Manufacturing Defects Illegal Workers Dormitories Note: list is not exhaustive

5 FIU Org Chart & Staffing FIRE INVESTIGATION UNIT Oversees and maintains the Fire Investigation Framework in SCDF Drives the continual enhancement of the Fire Investigation expertise Project SCDF as the indisputable authority in Fire Investigation in the country.

6 FIU Org Chart & Staffing Island Wide 24 hours round the clock response Fire Investigation Section established w.e.f 1 st June 95 Upgraded to Fire Investigation Branch w.e.f. 1 st Sept 96 Upgraded to Fire Investigation Unit w.e.f 15 th Feb 09

7 FIU Org Chart & Staffing QUALIFICATIONS Engineering / Chemistry Degrees or Diplomas Masters Degree in Fire Investigation SCDF FI Specialist Course Various Overseas FI Courses Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator (CFEI) - National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI)

8 Organisational Structure of FIU Comd FI Unit Fire Fire Investigation Fire Investigation Team Investigation Team (FIT) Team (FIT) (FIT) x 3 Investigation Support Team (IST)

9 Functions & Responsibilities FIRE INVESTIGATION TEAM 24/7 standby for response to major/sensitive/complex fires; and to assist Fire Stations Investigates Origin & Cause Reviews investigation findings by stations Processes all public requests for reports Conducts FI Courses

Functions & Responsibilities INVESTIGATION

Establish Strategic FI Partnerships Analyse

10 Functions & Responsibilities INVESTIGATION SUPPORT TEAM Spearheads the uplifting of FI in SCDF Conducts digital scene documentation Develop SCDF FI Doctrines, Directives & SOPs Establish Strategic FI Partnerships Analyse Incendiary fires from data and intelligence gathered Conducts FI Courses

11 SCDF FI Framework & Activation System FIRE INVESTIGATION UNIT Major, Complex or Sensitive Fires 16 FIRE STATIONS Senior Officers & Section Commanders are trained in Fire Investigation Minor Fires

12 SCDF Fire Investigation Process

13 SCDF Fire Investigation Process RESPONSE SUPPRESSION SALVAGE Fire crews respond to fire Fire crews arrive at fire scene Fire fighting operations conducted by fire crews Damping down operations by fire crews 1. Time of fire 2. Caller Info 3. Description of fire 4. Weather 5. Wind direction 6. Obstruction 1. Location of fire / part of building involved 2. Degree & intensity of the fire 3. Rapidity & direction of fire spread 4. Color of flame & smoke 5. Explosions 1. Speed of fire spread 2. Multiple fires 3. Unusual odours 4. Reaction of fire to water 5. Obstacles hindering fire fighting 6. Condition & position of doors and windows 7. Tampering or damage of fire protection facilities 1. Scattered contents 2. Abnormally large or small amounts of stock/content 3. Items out of place or missing 4. Remains of incendiary devices 5. Indicators of incendiarism, etc 8. Condition of fire victim(s) Inform Lead Fire Investigator (SC, DRC, RC, FSC, FIT)

14 SCDF Fire Investigation Process POST FIRE FIGHTING INVESTIGATION Fire Station Lead Investigator (SC, DRC, RC, FSC) conducts fire investigation Require FIT Assistance? No Lead Fire Investigator / FIT determines point of fire origin & cause Exhibit or sample collection? No Categorisation & Classification of fire (END) 1. Conduct interviews 2. Conduct scene examination 3. Joint investigations with relevant agencies & authorities (SPF, MOM, etc.) FIT conducts fire investigation FIT at site Yes FIT activated 1. Backwards Theory 2. Fire scene reconstruction 3. Investigative excavation 4. Burn pattern analysis 5. Damage pattern analysis 6. Etc Yes Sample analysis & interpretation of results by HSA

15 Fire Investigation Methodology* Witness Interviews + Site Investigation Locate Point / Area of Fire Origin Determine Cause of Fire Accidental Incendiary * NFPA 921 Guide for Fire & Explosion Investigations (2011)

Establish any possible (arson) motives, eg. fraud, crime concealment, etc.

16 Witness Interviews Information obtained is used to: Establish fire load of incident site. Reconstruct fire scene. Establish any possible (arson) motives, eg. fraud, crime concealment, etc. Complement site investigation to determine the point/area of fire origin and cause of the fire (CCTV, surveillance cameras, etc).

Site Investigation (Scene Exam) Investigating the fire site (w/o bias or presumption) to

Investigative excavation of fire site. Burn patterns/pattern indicators analysis.

Distortion of metal items/structures. Separate/multiple points of fire origin.

17 Site Investigation (Scene Exam) Investigating the fire site (w/o bias or presumption) to determine the point / area of fire origin via: Backwards Theory. Re-construction of fire scene. Investigative excavation of fire site. Burn patterns/pattern indicators analysis. Location of maximum fire damage. Spalling/damage to plaster/walls/ceiling. Distortion of metal items/structures. Separate/multiple points of fire origin. Remains of incendiary devices. Presence of accelerants/ignitable liquids. Explosion evidence. Tampering & damage to fire protection facilities Etc

18 Fire Origin & Cause Determination Determining the fire cause via: Process of investigative elimination & inductive/deductive reasoning. Determining the most probable ignition source (source & form of heat of ignition). Determining the most probable ignition fuel (material first ignited). Events leading to the fire (ignition sequence). Categorisation & classification of fire cause: Accidental Incendiary Illegal Controlled (Open) Burning Undetermined

Photographs will be taken of other relevant exhibits which do not require collection Exhibits

19 Evidence Collection & Preservation Main objective of collecting fire exhibits (samples) To determine if accelerants were used in the fire. Fire samples will be sent to the HSA for analysis. Photographs will be taken of other relevant exhibits which do not require collection Exhibits will also collected from accidental fires if lab or failure analysis may strongly support the investigation.

20 SPF/SCDF Collaboration in Arson Investigation Joint Ops procedure was initiated in 1997 where SCDF works closely with SPF to solve arson cases

21 Conclusion Shared FIU s Organisation structure Shared SCDF s Fire Investigation Process Shared Fire Investigation Methodology Shown a video to illustrate the collaboration SCDF needs in the process of investigation Shared how SCDF collaborates with SPF in an arson investigation It is with the collaboration and support from all agencies and the affected entities that SCDF is able to scientifically determine the Origin and Cause of any fire incidents. Parting gift: Video

22 The End Thank you for your kind attention

IFE Level 3 Diploma in Fire Science and Fire Safety

IFE Level 3 Diploma in Fire Science and Fire Safety Unit 7: Fire Investigation Unit Reference Number: D/507/7414 Introduction This unit focuses on the understanding and technical knowledge required by