Recent Trends in Homes & Building Fires & The SCDF Fire Investigation Report
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1 Joint NFEC-GIA Fire Seminar 2011 Recent Trends in Homes & Building Fires & The SCDF Fire Investigation Report Major Lim Beng Hui B.Eng (Civil)(Hons), M.Sc (FI)(Dist), CFEI, CFII (NAFI) Commander Fire Research and Scientific Unit Fire Safety and Shelter Department concurrent Commander Fire Investigation Unit Operations Department
2 SCOPE - Fire Statistics ( ) - Common Fire Causes -SCDF Fire Report and Fire Investigation Report
3 No. of Fires STATISTICS Total no. of Fires Responded to by SCDF cases 3.7% cases 5.3% cases 12.1% cases 2.0% Year
4 STATISTICS Total no. of Fires Responded to by SCDF Decrease of 636 cases (12.1%) from 2009 Lowest number since 2004 Attributed to greater awareness on fire safety and concerted public education efforts
5 No. of Fires STATISTICS Commercial & Industrial Fires Commercial Industrial cases 2.6% 2 cases 0.6% 14 cases 4.4% 22 cases 6.6% cases 4.0% cases 11.4% cases 14.3% Year
6 STATISTICS Commercial & Industrial Fires 309 fires within commercial premises in Decrease of 22 cases (331 in 2009) - Lowest no. over the past 5 years 160 fires within industrial premises in Increase of 20 cases (140 in 2009) - Highest no. over the 5-year period
7 No. of Fires STATISTICS Residential Fires cases 8.7% cases 5.4% cases 4.8% 282 cases 7.9% Year
8 STATISTICS Fires in Residential Premises Make up the bulk of the reported fires in Singapore 3267 fires within residential premises in Decrease of 282 cases (3549 in 2009) First sign of a downward trend?
9 No. of Fires STATISTICS Fires in Commercial Premises Minor Moderate Extensive Extent of Damage
10 STATISTICS Fires in Commercial Premises Most of the fires resulted in minor fire damage This may be attributed to - Effective fire protection systems - Effective response by premises - Good housekeeping measures
11 No. of Fires STATISTICS Fires in Industrial Premises Minor Moderate Extensive Extent of Damage
12 STATISTICS Fires in Industrial Premises Most fires resulted in minor fire damage Larger proportion of fires which result in moderate damage as compared to fires within commercial premises May be attributed to the nature of work in industrial premises
13 No. of Fires STATISTICS Fires in Residential Premises Minor Moderate Extensive Extent of Damage
14 STATISTICS Fires in Residential Premises Over 97% of the fires resulted in only minor fire damage This may be attributed to - High fire safety standards - Public spiritedness - Swift emergency response
15 No. of Injuries/Fatalities STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Commercial Fires Injuries Fatalities cases 3 cases 2 cases cases Year
16 STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Commercial Fires 2010 saw the 1 st drop in the number of persons sustaining injuries since persons sustained injuries during fires last year No fatalities for the 3 rd consecutive year
17 No. of Injuries/Fatalities STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Industrial Fires Injuries Fatalities cases 15 cases cases cases Year
18 STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Industrial Fires 27 persons sustaining injuries in 2010 Increase of 15 persons (12 persons injured in 2009) No fatalities for the 3 rd consecutive year
19 No. of Injuries/Fatalities STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Residential Fires Injuries Fatalities cases 12 cases cases cases Year
20 STATISTICS Fire Injuries & Fatalities in Residential Fires 95 persons sustained injuries during fires last year Seemingly on a upward trend No fatalities for the 4 th consecutive year
21 No. of Fires STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Singapore Dropped Light Overheating of Food Electrical Origin Naked Light Incendiary Others Causes
22 STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Singapore Dropped Light is the No. 1 cause of fires in Singapore - Significant drop in dropped light fires in 2010 Overheating of Food and fires of Electrical Origin are the next 2 top causes of fires
23 No. of Fires STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Commercial Premises # #3 # Causes
24 STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Commercial Premises Electrical Origin is the #1 cause - Cause of 36% of all fires within commercial premises from Overheating of Food ~ 15% Dropped Light ~ 14%
25 No. of Fires STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Industrial Premises #2 # # Causes
26 STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Industrial Premises Electrical Origin is also the #1 cause - Cause for approx. 26% of all fires within industrial premises from Dropped Light ~ 18% Overheating of Machinery ~ 12%
27 No. of Fires STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Residential Premises # #2 #3 Causes
28 STATISTICS Causes of Fires in Residential Premises Dropped light is the #1 cause. - Cause for approx. 52% of all fires within residential premises from Overheating of Food ~ 15% Electrical Origin ~ 6%
29 COMMON CAUSES Electrical Origin Dropped Light Overheating of Food
30 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Ignition source arising from the failure of an electricallyenergized component
31 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Short Circuits Bypass the normal loading Low/negligible resistance => High current Overloading causes intense local heating May ignite flammable materials present
32 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Insulation Failure Deteriorate with age; degraded by heat/chemicals Exposed wires more prone to damage and may ignite nearby combustibles Excess current protection devices may not prove effective
33 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Overloading Current exceeds full load rated value Temperatures in conductors will rise May ignite the conductors or nearby combustibles
34 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Local Resistances Arising from corroded joints, poor/loose connections Heat generated as a result of high resistance May ignite combustibles which are in contact
35 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Improper Connections May lead to short circuits or local resistance Heat generated as a result of high resistance May ignite combustibles which are in contact
36 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Case in Tanglin Halt Owner saw ceiling fan on fire Fan fell and ignited the bed mattress
37 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Case in Tanglin Halt Improper connection of wires Bangladeshi worker installed the fan Not a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW) Offence to knowingly engage non LEWs under the Electricity Act Chap. (89A) Sect (82)(1)
38 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Fire Safety Tips Check: Condition of wirings & electrical products
39 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Fire Safety Tips Check: Overloading is not present
40 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Fire Safety Tips Check: Off the main wall switch when not in use
41 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Fire Safety Tips Check: Licensed Electrical Workers are used
42 COMMON CAUSES ELECTRICAL ORIGIN Fire Safety Tips Check: Condition of wirings & electrical products Overloading is not present Off the main wall switch when not in use Licensed Electrical Workers are used
43 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Smouldering embers from cigarette butts, incense papers, joss sticks, mosquito coils, charcoal, etc.
44 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Embers not fully extinguished Indiscriminate disposal of embers / unwanted items May smoulder for a long time before ignition
45 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Case in Sungei Kadut
46 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Case in Sungei Kadut Disposal of incense ashes in dumpster Strong winds
47 COMMON CAUSES
48 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Fire Safety Tips Remember: Extinguish Completely, Dispose Properly.
49 COMMON CAUSES DROPPED LIGHT Fire Safety Tips Remember: Extinguish Completely, Dispose Properly.
50 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Excessive heat being supplied to the cooking utensil or device; resulting in the ignition of its contents
51 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Taboo #1 - Unattended Cooking At least 88% of the 543 cases in 2010 were caused by unattended cooking! Unattended Cooking Others
52 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Taboo #2 Reuse of oil without discretion Reference: Babrauskas, V. (2003) Ignition Handbook, USA, Fire Science, pp
53 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Case in Senoko Cooking oil in deep fryer ignited Damaged machine & exhaust ducts
54 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Case in Senoko No change in operating temperature Mixture of fresh and reused oils Proportion of oils not fixed
55 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Taboo #3 - Accumulation of grease & oils
56 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Kitchen hood suddenly caught fire during cooking activities May not be the ignition fuel at times But provides the fuel for rapid fire spread!
57 COMMON CAUSES
58 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Taboo #4 - Incorrect method of extinguishing
59 COMMON CAUSES OVERHEATING (FOOD) Disturbs the surface of the oil, causes splattering & spreading O 2 O 2 O2 O2
60 COMMON CAUSES Fire Safety Tips NEVER: Leave cooking unattended 12% 88% Unattended Cooking Others
61 COMMON CAUSES Fire Safety Tips NEVER: Indiscreetly reuse cooking oil
62 COMMON CAUSES Fire Safety Tips NEVER: Allow grease to build up
63 COMMON CAUSES Fire Safety Tips NEVER: Operate any extinguishers or pour anything into the burning utensil to put out the fire
64 COMMON CAUSES Fire Safety Tips NEVER: Leave cooking unattended Indiscreetly reuse cooking oil Allow grease to build up Operate any extinguishers or pour anything into the burning utensil to put out the fire Mai LIAO, buay liao!
65 SCDF REPORT
66 SCDF REPORT - A record of the fire incident - States the Location Date & Time Most probable cause of fire Brief description of damage Info on injuries or fatalities, if any - Cost: $50
67 SCDF REPORT - Can be applied online at (E-services)
68 SCDF REPORT - Under Fire / Ambulance Reports
69 SCDF REPORT - Click Apply
70 SCDF REPORT - Click Proceed
71 SCDF REPORT - Fill in the application form
72 SCDF REPORT - Click Continue - Click Accept (Terms and Conditions) - Review your application form and click submit - Make payment
73 SCDF REPORT - Receive the report within 10 working days (provided investigations have been completed) - For archived cases, 3 working days.
74 INVESTIGATION REPORT - Detailed report which gives additional info on the investigation - Comes with supporting photographs
75 INVESTIGATION REPORT - Interpretation of fire patterns Explains how the origin of the fire was determined
76 INVESTIGATION REPORT - Documentation of facts/evidence Explains how the most probable cause was established
77 INVESTIGATION REPORT - Cost of report depends on scale of investigation S$1815, S$855 or S$350 - Write in to apply but subject to approval (Attn: Fire Investigation Unit)
78 INVESTIGATION REPORT - In general, reports for cases which were handed over to Police for further investigation cannot be released Incendiary fires Involving fatalities
79 CONCLUSION Fire Statistics for Singapore Top 3 common fire causes: Electrical Origin Dropped Light Overheating of Food
80 CONCLUSION Fire Safety Tips: Electrical Origin Check: Condition of wirings & electrical products Overloading is not present Off the main wall switch when not in use Licensed Electrical Workers are used
81 CONCLUSION Fire Safety Tips: Dropped Light Remember: Extinguish Completely, Dispose Properly.
82 CONCLUSION Fire Safety Tips: Overheating of Food NEVER: Leave cooking unattended Indiscreetly reuse cooking oil Allow grease to build up Operate any extinguishers or pour anything into the burning utensil to put out the fire
83 CONCLUSION SCDF Fire Report SCDF Fire Investigation Report Application Procedures
84 CONCLUSION Fire insurance is important! Fire safety is even more important! Fire destroys and fires can kill. WE ALL PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE!
85 Joint NFEC-GIA Fire Seminar 2011 Thank you.
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