The SLL Lighting Handbook

Transcription

1 The SLL Lighting Handbook The Society of Light and Lighting 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS +44(0)

2 CONTENTS PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 1: Light 1.1 The nature of light The CIE standard observers The measurement of light photometry Luminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance Luminance Reflectance Obsolete units Typical values The measurement of light colourimetry The CIE chromaticity diagrams The CIE colour spaces Correlated colour temperature CIE colour rendering index Colour gamut Scotopic/photopic ratio Colour order systems 14 Chapter 2: Vision 2.1 The structure of the visual system The visual field Eye movements Optics of the eye The structure of the retina The functioning of the retina The central visual pathways Colour vision Continuous adjustments of the visual system Adaptation Photopic, scotopic and mesopic vision Accommodation Capabilities of the visual system Threshold measures Factors determining visual threshold Spatial thresholds Temporal thresholds Colour thresholds Light spectrum and movement Suprathreshold performance Visual search Visual discomfort Insufficient light Illuminance uniformity Glare Veiling reflections Shadows Flicker 41

3 2.7 Perception through the visual system The constancies Attributes and modes of appearance Anomolies of vision Defective colour vision Low vision 45 PART 2: TECHNOLOGY Chapter 3: Light sources 3.1 Production of radiation Incandescence Daylight Electric discharges Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioluminescence Cathodoluminescence Chemiluminescence Thermoluminescence Sunlight Skylight 3.3 Electric light Incandescent Tungsten halogen Fluorescent High pressure mercury Metal halide Low pressure sodium High pressure sodium Induction Light emitting diodes Electroluminescent 3.4 Electric light source characteristics Flames Luminous flux Power demand Luminous efficacy Lumen maintenance Life Colour properties Run-up time Restrike time Other factors Summary of lamp characteristics Candle Oil Gas

4 Chapter 4: Luminaires 4.1 Basic requirements Electrical Mechanical Optical control Efficiency Thermal Acoustics Environmental 4.2 Luminaire types Interior lighting Exterior lighting 4.3 Certification and classification Certification Classification Chapter 5: Electrics 5.1 Control gear Ballasts for discharge light sources Transformers for low voltage light sources Drivers for LEDs 5.2 Lighting controls Options for control Input devices Control processes and systems PART 3: APPLICATIONS Chapter 6: Lighting design 6.1 Objectives and constraints 6.2 A holistic strategy for lighting Legal requirements Visual function Visual amenity Lighting and architectural integration Energy efficiency and sustainability Maintenance Lighting costs Photopic or mesopic vision Light trespass and skyglow 6.3 Basic design decisions Use of daylight Choice of electric lighting system Integration Equal and approved Chapter 7: Daylighting 7.1 Benefits of daylight 7.2 Daylight availability 7.3 Daylight as a contribution to room brightness 7.4 Daylight for task illumination I

5 7.5 Types of daylighting Windows Clerestories Rooflights Atria Remote distribution Borrowed light 7.6 Problems of daylighting Visual problems Thermal problems Privacy problems 7.7 Maintenance Chapter 8: Emergency Sighting 8.1 Legislation and standards 8.2 Forms of emergency lighting Escape route lighting Signage Open area lighting High risk area Standby lighting 8.3 Design approaches 8.4 Emergency lighting equipment Power sources Circuits Luminaires Luminaire classification Light sources Others 8.5 Scheme planning Risk assessment Recommended systems for specific places Planning sequence 8.6 Installation, testing and maintenance Installation Maintenance and inspection Documentation Commissioning and certification Completion certificate Chapter 9: Office lighting 9.1 Functions of lighting in offices 9.2 Factors to be considered Legislation and guidance Type of work done Screen type Daylight availability Ceiling height Obstruction Surface finishes

6 9.3 Lighting recommendations Illuminances Light distribution Maximum luminances Discomfort glare control Light source colour properties Approaches to office lighting Direct lighting Indirect lighting Direct/indirect lighting Localised lighting Supplementary task lighting Cove lighting Luminous ceilings Daylight 172 Chapter 10: Industrial lighting 10.1 Functions of lighting in industrial premises Factors to be considered Legislation and guidance The environment Daylight availability Need for good colour vision Obstruction Directions of view Access Rotating machinery Safety and emergency egress Lighting recommendations Control rooms Storage Ancillary areas Speculative factory units Approaches to industrial lighting General lighting Localised lighting Local lighting Visual inspection Visual aids 184 Chapter 11: Lighting for educational premises 11.1 Functions of lighting for educational premises Factors to be considered Students' capabilities Daylight or electric light Common lines of sight Flat or raked floor Presence of visual aids Surface finishes 186

7 11.3 Lighting recommendations Illuminances Illuminance uniformity Glare control Light source colour properties Control systems 11.4 Approaches to lighting educational premises Classrooms and lecture halls IT room Arts studio Science laboratories Seminar room Library Assembly hall Music room Drama studio Chapter 12: Retail fighting 12.1 Functions of retail lighting Factors to be considered Shop profile Daylight or electric light Nature of merchandise Obstruction Lighting recommendations Illuminances Illuminance uniformity Luminances Light source colour properties Approaches to retail lighting General lighting Accent lighting Display lighting 195 Chapter 13: Lighting for museums and art galleries 13.1 Functions of lighting in museums and art galleries Factors to be considered Daylight or electric light Conservation of exhibits Light source colour rendering properties Adaptation Balance Shadows and modelling Glare Veiling reflections and highlights Out-of-hours activities Security and emergency Maintenance Flexibility Lighting approaches for museums and art galleries Wall mounted displays Three-dimensional displays Showcase lighting 202

8 Chapter 14: Lighting for hospitals 14.1 Functions of lighting in hospitals Factors to be considered Daylight Lines of sight Colour rendering requirements Observation without disturbance to sleep Emergency lighting Luminaire safety Cleanliness Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) Approaches for the lighting of different areas in hospitals Entrance halls, waiting areas and lift halls Reception and enquiry desks Hospital streets and general corridors Changing rooms, cubicles, toilets, bath, wash and shower rooms Wards Reading lighting Night lighting Night observation lighting (watch lighting) Clinical areas and operating departments Operating theatres 212 Chapter 15: Quasi-domestic lighting 15.1 Functions of quasi-domestic lighting Factors to be considered Occupants' capabilities Daylight Light source colour properties Energy efficiency Safety Security Lighting recommendations Approaches to lighting quasi-domestic buildings Entrances Corridors and stairs Study bedrooms Kitchens and utility rooms Lounges Dining halls Games room 219 Chapter 16: Road lighting 16.1 Road classification Lighting for traffic routes Lighting recommendations for traffic routes Lighting recommendations for areas adjacent to the carriageway Lighting recommendations for conflict areas Coordination Traffic route lighting design 225

9 16.3 Lighting for subsidiary roads Lighting recommendations for subsidiary roads Lighting design for subsidiary roads Lighting for urban centres and public amenity areas Tunnel lighting 233 Chapter 17: Exterior workplace fighting 17.1 Functions of lighting in exterior workplaces Factors to be considered Scale Nature of work Need for good colour vision Obstruction Interference with complementary activities Hours of operation Impact on the surrounding area Atmospheric conditions Lighting recommendations Illuminance and illuminance uniformity Glare control Light source colour properties Loading areas Chemical and fuel industries Sidings, marshalling yards and goods yards Approaches to exterior workplace lighting High mast floodlighting Integrated lighting Localised lighting 244 Chapter 18: Security lighting 18.1 Functions of security lighting Factors to be considered Type of site Site features Ambient light levels Crime risk CCTV surveillance Impact on the surrounding area Lighting recommendations Illuminance and illuminance uniformity Glare control Light source colour properties Approaches to security lighting Secure areas Public spaces Private areas Multi-occupancy dwellings Lighting Equipment Light sources Luminaires Lighting columns Lighting controls Maintenance 256

10 Chapter 19: Sports lighting 19.1 Functions of lighting for sports Factors to be considered Standard of play and viewing distance Playing area Luminaires Television Coping with power failures Obtrusive light Lighting recommendations Athletics Bowls Cricket Five-a-side football (indoor) Fitness training Football (Association, Gaelic and American) Lawn tennis Rugby (Union and League) Swimming Lighting in large facilities Multi-use sports halls Small sports stadia Indoor arenas Swimming pools 268 Chapter 20: Lighting performance verification 20.1 The need for performance verification Relevant operating conditions Instrumentation Illuminance meters Luminance meters Methods of measurement Average illuminance Interior lighting Exterior lighting Measurement of illuminance variation Illuminance diversity Illuminance uniformity Luminance measurements Measurement of reflectance 276 Chapter 21: Lighting maintenance 21.1 The need for lighting maintenance Lamp replacement Cleaning luminaires Room surface cleaning Maintained illuminance Designing for lighting maintenance Determination of maintenance factor for interior lighting Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) Lamp survival factor (LSF) Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) 284

11 21.8 Determination of maintenance factor for exterior lighting 21.9 Disposal of lighting equipment Chapter 22: On the horizon Changes and challenges The changes and challenges facing lighting practice Costs Technologies New knowledge External influences 22.3 The evolution of lighting practice Chapter 23: Bibliography 23.1 Standards 23.2 Guidance 23.3 References Index 303