Physical rehabilitation of olive resources through pruning Hairi Ismaili & Antonio Cimato

Transcription

1 Olive Genetic Resources- National workshops Linze January 2017, 10-11, Tirana Albania Physical rehabilitation of olive resources through pruning Hairi Ismaili & Antonio Cimato

2 Abstract Old olive trees are in danger of extinction, because they have extreme age wood dominates compared to vegetation They have infections from different diseases Methods In white populations, It is experimented with pruning rehabilitation of new trees, centuries degraded trees and trees infected by disease, frost and fire. Olive reacts quite positively to pruning. The level of response. Unfortunately pruning is not always realized by technical rules, based on the principles of physiology and biology of the tree. The pruning is a technical priority because it provides active vegetative state, capable, for great productivity and uniform, It reduces or suppresses periodic production The pruning express an idea or concept related to the development and production mode

3 Results The function of nutrition: mineral nutriment, carbonic food, Their mutual influence. Are three physiological periods: 1. nitrogenous food abundance ; very strong vegetation, very little production in the first phase of life.. 2. balance or slight excess of carbon food: Normal flowering -full of tree production. 3. Emphasizing food abundance of carbon: Abundantly production some years, Accompanied little or no in other years, pronounced periodicity (1:8), the tree begins to grows old Physiology of pruning and influence on plants It creates and maintains the relationship between pruning, vegetation and differentiation of fruit uniformly distributes the production, in time and volume of the tree. Lighting and ventilation of all parts of the tree crown, favors spraying. Regeneration sprig of 2-5 years: replacing old ramule with new ramule. Generally : The trees vigorous, new, must be pruned lightly The trees in production, with average power- require average pruning Old trees and degraded, severely pruned

4 Pruning practices First, monitoring the orchard and determine type of pruning measures of pruning: light, medium, heavy determined, skeletal branches which are completely be removed on the basis of the trunk. Branches to be reduced their leader, above a third secondary branch. Reducing the extremes of each branch, to collect the maximum the tree 4 Preserving in maximum the fruit elements

5 Ex situ, Pruning of reformation Reconstitution on the basis of skeletal branches, 3-4, according varieties Other branches completely eliminated Trunk remains only, with cm of each of three first skeletal branches In general, consisting for the regeneration of the crown 5

6 Regeneration and conservation on farms ex situ Has resulted Formative pruning is carried out in the period of active vegetation, to avoid large incisions, Avoiding leaving the branches of a point and not more than 3-4 branch Physiological Principe: Tendency that have mineral substances - They go right to extremities (Tropism) - We sprig with vertical position(positive geotropism) - In parts of illuminated and ventilated (fototropism) - Preferences, we sprig with powerful and new 6

7 In situ, Pruning of reconstitution Reconstitution on the basis of skeletal branches, 3-4, according varieties Other branches completely eliminated Trunk remains only with cm of each of three first skeletal branches In general, consisting for the regeneration of the tree crown Reduction of wood 70 to 90% 7

8 Centuries-old trees for regeneration Cutting on the neck of three skeletal branches, 70-90% of the wood is reduced, reduced crowns, New sprig regenerated,

9 The pruning of the production phase, The pruning performed in the period from baking fruit until flowering avoiding the low temperature time It aims a better balance between production and vegetation, reduced to 5-10% of the crown, for a good balance between mineral and carbon food (the ratio C / N) To replace the old ramule sick and dried on the basis of news Airing and lighting for the crown to activate the function of the leaves. Reduced vertical and lateral branches extremes, removal of wood sprig, vegetative sprig peaks, elimination of the leaders of the first skeletal branches, their replacement with weak branch in the same position, Dried sprig removed, in the interior of crown, not empty center of the crown, because caused, burning of the skin and conductive vessels.

10 Rehabilitation from frost damages, age and Infections Ngrica Tuberkulozi Cutting up the healthy segment, Cleaning of branches, with infections, disinfection Grafting on the neck of trunk Chemical treatments with streptomycin or copper sulphate colloidal The mineral complex fertilization at the same time to prune trees 10

11 Rehabilitation from frost damages, age and Infections Cuttings (wounds) carried out in the cambium ring Cuttings always be performed on the healthy part Scissors must be disinfected after each tree The wounds must be polished and disinfected Pruned branches should be burned immediately

12 Conclusions The tree assures the most favorable form, to maintain abundant and economic production, for harvesting and appropriate maintenance works To customize and uniformity of production in time and volume of the crown, by the maintenance pruning. To regenerate the degraded tree and the production capacity by the pruning of reconstruction. In the life of an olive tree, progressively transferred from the formation pruning to the pruning production and finally the regenerative pruning. Pruning is a high priority for sanification and longevity of the olive tree

13 References Barone, E., Di Marco, L. (2003): Morfologia e ciclo di sviluppo, In: Fiorino, P. (a cura, 2003), Olea. Trattato di olivicoltura. Il Sole24 Ore Edagricole, pp Cimato, A., 1990: Orchard management. Acta Hort. No.286,pp Fontanazza, G. 1983: Miglioramento tecnico produttivo dell'olivicoltura Ligure. Riv. Dei fiori, 7 (10): Ismaili, H., Llanaj, Ll., Prifti, R. (2014) : Propagation of Albanian olive varieties. Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research V. 25 p Ismaili, H., Cantini, C., Ianni, G., Lloshi, I Exploration and selection of the wild olive genotypes. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. Vol. 7(5): Ismaili, H., Cimato, A., Fiku., H Genetic Improvement of Kaninjot Variety from Clonal Selection.Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,(AJAS); Nr.1 (11) Ismaili, H., Gixhari, B., Ruci, B. (2013): Assessment of the olive territory thrung biomorphological and geographical Analysis. Albanian j. agric. sci. ISSN: ; 12(4), Pearce, SCand S. D-U(1967): The measurement of irregualrity in growth and croping. J. Hort. Sc (42): The author has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate.