La qualità dei materiali di propagazione dei fruttiferi: un concetto più ampio rispetto ai criteri normati

Transcription

1 La qualità dei materiali di propagazione dei fruttiferi: un concetto più ampio rispetto ai criteri normati Davide Neri - CREA, Centro di ricerca per la frutticoltura, Roma Bolzano, 14 Settembre 2016

2 Il caso della fragola In vivaio Nuove tecniche vivaistiche fuori suolo In campo Nuove tecniche di coltivazione fuori stagione e fuori suolo Nuovi materiali genetici - A basso fabbisogno in freddo - Rifiorenti

3 Introduction The architectural model describes meristems topology and fate Provides dynamic description of the growth cycle.

4 Introduction Application potential Experimental Investigation method for treatment effects Breeding selection Investigation method for cultivar adaptability Cultivar A (Bosc et al., 2012) Cultivar B Cultivar C Cultivar D

5 Introduction Meristems fate originates from their sensitivity to inducing factors 24 temperature and photoperiod Short Day threshold 18 Vegetative growth EverBearing threshold 12 Flower induction Temperature C From Ito and Saito, quantitative LD plants qualitative LD plants Day-neutral plants at low temperatures (<10 C) Adapted from Oda & Yanagi (1993)

6 Introduction Several factors Carbon Balance Shoot to root ratio Growing factors interacting with flower induction Mineral nutrition (Battey et al. 1998; Lieten; 2002; Sønsteby et al., 2009; Kirschbaum et al., 2010) Transplanting (Fujishighe, 1994) Pot size (Fujishighe, 1994). Light quality (Kumakura and Shishido,1985; Takeda, 2012) Leaf removal (Thompson and Guttridge, 1960; Kim et al., 2011) Water stress (Naumann, 1961)

7 STRAWBERRY PLANT ARCHITECTURE Plant Architecture Definition Physiological meaning Plant Structure Number and position of inflorescences Number of flowers Number and position of stolons Number and position of crowns Other lateral meristems (buds) Plant Programming Fruit production cycles (earliness, peaks) Harvest season duration (extension) Fruit quality Schematic drawing

8 Architectural model Same flower stage

9 Apical growth rate Strawberry shoot cycle I phase II phase III phase Initial Vegetative Growth after Bud break Vegetative growth Flower induction Apical Dormant Lateral Buds Runner formation Extension Crown formation Flower Induction and Differentiation Basal Dormant Lateral Buds Time

10 Strawberry shoot cycle III phase Apical growth rate I phase II Low plant vigor A few runners A lot of flowers Time

11 Strawberry shoot cycle I phase II phase III phase High plant vigor Apical growth rate A lot of runners A few flowers Time

12 Detailed description. The internal architecture of all the buds is described. Buds are similar to growing shoots Functional description. The internal architecture of flower buds is described. Buds are similar to growing shoots. The internal architecture of all buds is described. Distinguished growing shoots The crown architecture is described. The internal architecture of buds is not described The internal architecture of flower buds is described. Distinguished growing shoots

13 Flower differentiated apex Vegetative bud Lateral shoot Flower differentiated bud

14 Tray plants 30 days after transplanting of the misted tip

15 Tray plant from frigo plant

16 Tray plant from frigo plant

17 Tray plant from rooted stolon (misted tip) in small pots (mini-tray)

18 Tray plant from rooted stolon (misted tip) in small pots

19 Root system on Tray plant left and A+ frigo plant right (summer production)

20 Objectives Description and characterization of commercial nursery plant types prepared for cultivation Evaluation of crop potential and plant quality in relation to production systems FreshDug Frigo Waiting bed Minitray Tray

21 Materials and Methods Plant dissection and architecture analysis Biometric measurements Physiological evaluation Plants from different nursery conditions 11 European companies Plant types Commercial Type Bare root Frigo A, A+, AA+ Waiting bed Potted Tray, Minitray Quickpot Observed cultivars Cultivars Plants Remontant Not remontant Total

22 1 developmental phases of flower differentiation Plant Architecture (12) number of flowers inside the inflorescence. Flower differentiated terminal apex Undifferentiated terminal apex Not expanded leaf with an axillary bud Expanded leaf with an axillary growing shoot (side crown) Bud burst Expanded leaf with an axillary flower bud Expanded leaf with an axillary bud Dead leaf with an axillary stolon Dead leaf with an axillary bud ( Modified from Savini, 2002)

23 Flower differentiation stages Petals S S anther (Modified from Dana) stamen Sepals Receptacle Vegetative apex 3 Primary flower Sepals 4 Petals Sepals + petals stamens 5 6 Green anthers Yellow anthers 7 8 Enclosed flower (Neri et al, 2011) S s S Taylor 2003 p p 0= vegetative apex Taylor = Primary flower primordium 2= Sepals initiation on primary flower 3= Petals initiation on primary flower 4= Sepals and petals are developed 5= stamens formation on primary flower 6= primary flower is enclosed by sepals and epidermal hairs initiated 7= primary flower are completed with green anthers 8= primary flower with yellow anthers 9= completely formed cluster 10= Start of flowering 11= Full bloom 12= Green fruits

24 Results Diameter Nodes Lateral shoots of the main crown 16 4,0 R² = 0,9886 R² = 0,9255 3,5 Shoots/plant (n.) ,0 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 R² = 0, Plant diameter (mm) 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 R² = 0,7883 0,0 0 R² = 0,8851 3,5 stolons/plant (n.) 14 nodes (n.) Axillary stolons R² = 0,8534 0, Plant diameter (mm) Plant diameter (mm) Not remontant Remontant

25 Inflorescences Results 7 Flower buds/plant (n.) Commercial grading Inflorescences/plant (n.) Axillary flower buds R² = 0, R² = 0, R² = 0, R² = 0, Plant diameter (mm) Flowers(n.) Flowers/plant (n.) R² = 0, Remontant 20 R² = 0, R² = 0,7063 Not remontant 70 R² = 0, Flowers of lateral inflorescences No information about precocity and duration of potential yield 10 Plant diameter (mm) Flowers Plant diameter (mm) Plant diameter (mm)

26 Nodes (n.) Not remontant Not remontant Remontant Remontant Nodes of main crown Stolons/plant (n.) Tray Minitray Quick pot Frigo AA Not remontant Not remontant Tray Quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Tray Axillary Stolons Minitray Remontant Minitray Quick pot Frigo AA+ Not remontant Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Plant diameter Frigo AA+ Remontant Frigo A+ Frigo A Shoots/plant (n.) Tray Minitray Quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Not remontant Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Dug Diameter (mm) Results Standard error Lateral shoots Remontant Remontant

27 Flower buds/plant (n.) Not remontant Not remontant Remontant Remontant Flowers (n.) Tray Minitray Not remontant Remontant *terminal inflorescence was removed before storage Tray Minitray Quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Flower buds Frigo A+ * Frigo A Not remontant Dug Tray Minitray Quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Flowers/plant (n.) Tray Minitray Quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Results Standard error Flowers Remontant Flowers of terminal inflorescence

28 Results Not remontant Bare roots Remontant Frigo A Frigo A+ Frigo AA+ Waiting bed

29 Results Not remontant Potted plants Remontant Tray Minitray

30 Results Standard error flower buds 2,5 Flowers/plant 30 stolons shoots 2,0 25 1,5 n. n ,0 10 0,5 5 0,0 0 Not remontant Remontant Not remontant Remontant

31 Results Not remontant Cultivars Tray Clery Gariguette

32 Results Not remontant Nursery variability CV. Clery Tray Growing condition A Growing condition B

33 Considerations Plant quality Which is the best plant? What does best plant mean?! Short harvest peak Small second yield Flower differentiated plant with 2 harvest flushes

34 Everbearer cv without deblossoming problems in fruit size and plant growth may occur Mini tray Frigo A++

35 Not remontant Remontant Tray Minitray quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray quick pot WB 60 Frigo AA+ 80 Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Flowers/plant(n.) Not remontant Flowers Remontant Tray Minitray quick pot Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Tray Minitray quick pot WB Frigo AA+ Frigo A+ Frigo A Dug Terminal apex phase 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0

36 Misted tip Fresh plant Cold stored (A, AA, A++) Programmed Programmed Waiting bed

37 ROOTED RUNNER Misted tip without flower differentiation planting 0 inflorescence Flower induction 1-2 month (June bearing, cold winter and dormancy) 3-6 months Winter-spring Mild winter No dormancy

38 ROOTED RUNNER Misted tip flower differentiated planting 1 inflorescence Flower induction 3-6 months Early winter-spring Mild winter No dormancy

39 DUG PLANT Fresh plant 0 inflorescence planting Flower induction 1-2 month June bearing Cold winter Dormancy 3-6 months Winter-spring Mild winter No dormancy

40 DUG PLANT High altitude Fresh plant 1 inflorescence planting Flower induction 3-6 months Early winter -spring Mild winter No dormancy

41 FRIGOPLANT Cold stored plant Flower induction 3-4 inflorescences planting Flower induction 1 1 Flower removal month June bearing

42 TRAY PLANT a) From runner Flower induction 2-3 inflorescences 1-2 months

43 TRAY PLANT b) From frigoplant Flower induction 3-6 inflorescences 1 month

44 WAITING BED Flower induction 4-6 inflorescences 1 month

45 Elsanta medium and higth altitude nursery 1:1 number of harvested fruits y = -0,0335x + 2,8851x - 25,955 2 R = 0, m sl m sl 2 y = -0,0557x + 5,6808x - 102,33 2 R = 0, architecture num ber of flow ers 60

46 Conclusions In the commercial nursery, propagation techniques lead to the production of different plant types Appropriate specific material is needed to carry out a wide range of producing cycles. (Gambardella, Massetani and Neri, in press)

47 Conclusions The architecture of the strawberry plant reflects the high plasticity of the species The plant architecture is related to genotypic sensitivity (remontant - not remontant) nursery typology plant quality Plants quality from the nursery is defined by morphological, physiological and development characteristics crop potential and timing comprehensive plant architecture

48 Tray plant architecture on different conditions

49 FALL: FLOWER FORMATION NO APICAL DOMINANCE (growing buds) BEGIN OF FALL: LOW VIGOR APICAL DOMINANCE (DORMANT BUDS) AFTER PLANTING : LOW VIGOR APICAL DOMINANCE (DORMANT BUDS) SUMMER LD: HIGH VIGOR NO APICAL DOMINANCE June bearing type

50 -Inflorescence develops on terminal position in the crown - Inflorescence changes crown terminal bud growth rate, then crown extension continues in the uppermost lateral bud - Lateral extension crown forms 3-4 nodes before flower formation - Axillary buds, close to an inflorescence, do not develop into runners

51 SUMMER LD: HIGH VIGOR NO APICAL DOMINANCE FLOWER DIFFERENTIATION (growing buds) AFTER PLANTING : LOW VIGOR APICAL DOMINANCE (DORMANT BUDS) remontant type without stolon

52 SUMMER LD: HIGH VIGOR NO APICAL DOMINANCE FLOWER DIFFERENTIATION (growing buds) AFTER PLANTING : LOW VIGOR APICAL DOMINANCE (DORMANT BUDS) remontant type without stolon

53 SUMMER LD: HIGH VIGOR NO APICAL DOMINANCE FLOWER DIFFERENTIATION (growing buds) AFTER PLANTING : LOW VIGOR APICAL DOMINANCE (DORMANT BUDS) remontant type without stolon