Update on Integrated Disease Management Activities

Transcription

1 Update on Integrated Disease Management Activities November 16, 2018 Wild Blueberry Research Program Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences

2 Agenda Integrated disease management update Frost, impact on the flower/berry and contributions of climate change Double cropping Other developments

3 R&D Members (15) Dr. Sherin Jose (postdoctoral research fellow) Wayne Ried (farm equipment operator) Caitlin McNamara and Rebecca Apperley (research assistants) Jillian Gordon, Monica Sandepogu and Mojtabba Khorrami (research assistants) Joel Abbey and Kenneth Anku (Ph.D. students) Brittny Ferrier, Kelsey House, Corrine Rasenberg, Emily Sutherland, Matt Penny and Megan Fong (research interns)

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5 Research Themes Decrease the cost of production Increase production system sustainability Address pest management threats and opportunities Differentiation from highbush, bilberry, and other fruit crops

6 Fungicides: Modes of Action Spore germination Penetration (initial plant infection) Protectant compounds including Bravo Mycelial growth Presporulation Sporulation SDHI & QUO s (curative compounds including Pristine & Cabrio ) Triazoles/DMI inhibitors (curative and partial erradicant compounds including Topas, Funginex, Proline ) Tank Mix Highly effective Not effective

7 2017 Fungicide Portfolio Trade Name(s) Active ingredient(s) Fungicide Resistance Product Cost Per Acre (suggested list) Bravo Chlorothalonil M05 $38 Zn/Echo Proline Prothioconazole 3 $19.19 Tilt/Missio Propiconazole 3 $10.16 n/jade Switch Fludioxonil/cyprodinil 12/9 $73.11 Pristine Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 7/11 $68.89 Fontelis Penthiopyrad 7 $ active ingredients, 6 FRAC codes

8 2018 Fungicide Situation Trade Name(s) Active ingredient(s) Fungicide Resistance Product Cost Per Acre (suggested list) Bravo Zn/Echo Chlorothalonil M05 $38 Proline Prothioconazole 3 $19.19 Tilt/Mission/ Bumper/Jade Propiconazole 3 $10.16 Switch Fludioxonil/cyprodinil 12/9 $73.11 Pristine Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 7/11 $68.89 Fontelis Penthiopyrad 7 $51.58 Only 2 fungicides are effective (no selection pressures) and safe from an end use perspective.

9 What will the 2019 fungicide portfolio potentially appear as? Trade Name(s) Active ingredient(s) Fungicide Resistance Product Cost Per Acre (suggested list) Bravo Zn/Echo Chlorothalonil M05 $38 Aprovia (sprout year only) Benzovindiflupyr 7 $32.95 Proline Prothioconazole 3 $19.19 Tilt/Mission/ Bumper/Jade Propiconazole 3 ~$10.16 Luna Tranquility Fluopyram/pyrimethanil 7/9 $47.96 Switch Fludioxonil/cyprodinil 12/9 $73.11 Sercadis Fluxapyroxad 7 $49.09 Pristine Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 7/11 $68.89 Fontelis Penthiopyrad 7 $51.58 Only 2 fungicides are effective (no selection pressures) and safe from an end use perspective.

10 Bravo Zn, Echo, etc. (a.i.: chlorothalonil)

11 Bravo Zn/Echo Publication of Proposed Re-evaluation Decision Public Consultation (90-days) (grower input) PMRA identified risk for post-application worker exposure Re-evaluation Decision (RDD) (May 2018) Label amendments or phase-out of uses Supply challenges have also occurred

12 Propiconazole Update Notified in April by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada about European Union registration decision Classified as a human health risk With regard to impacts on downstream regulation of plant protection products, under section of Annex II of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, substances classified as Reproductive toxicity 1B shall not be approved unless the exposure of humans under realistic proposed conditions of use is negligible, and where residues of the active substance, safener or synergist concerned on food or feed do not exceed the default value set in accordance with point (b) of Article 18(1) of Regulation (EC) 396/2005 [0.01 mg/kg].

13 New Fungicides For 2018/2019

14 Aprovia (a.i.: benzovindiflupyr) Group 7 fungicide (same as Sercadis and boscalid) Registered in Canada on potatoes, pome fruit and wild blueberries Label indicates control of blueberry rust and suppression of Valdensinia Sprout year use only no crop year use (significant MRL implications) Best leaf disease control results have been obtained when used with a triazole (Proline )

15 Sercadis (a.i.: fluxapyroxad) Group 7 fungicide (same as Aprovia and boscalid) Registered in Canada on berries, pome and stone fruit, grapes, cucumbers, etc. Label indicates control of Septoria and suppression of Botrytis Registered for sprout and crop year use with a good, global MRL profile

16 Luna Tranquility (a.i. s: fluopyram +pyrimethanil) Group 7 (same as Aprovia and boscalid) + 9 fungicide (same as cyprodinil in Switch) Registered in Canada on berries, grapes, strawberries and carrots (Alternaria leaf blight) Label indicates control of Botrytis and powdery mildew in blueberries

17 What will the 2019 fungicide portfolio potentially appear as? Trade Name(s) Active ingredient(s) Fungicide Resistance Product Cost Per Acre (suggested list) Aprovia Benzovindiflupyr 7 $32.95 Bravo Zn/Echo Chlorothalonil M05 $38 Proline Prothioconazole 3 $19.19 Luna Tranquility Fluopyram/pyrimethanil 7/9 $47.96 Switch Fludioxonil/cyprodinil 12/9 $73.11 Sercadis Fluxapyroxad 7 $49.09 Pristine Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 7/11 $68.89

18 Predictive Models Monilinia blight (mummy berry disease) Botrytis blossom blight

19 Monilinia Blight- Infection Cycle

20 Control Strategy Monilinia infection periods can accurately be determined using temperature and wetness duration First fungicide sprays are typically applied when 40 to 50% of buds have reached V2 (leaf buds 2-5 mm green tip) and F2 stages. Courtesy NSDA

21 Monilinia Blight- Infection Cycle A. Susceptible Plant Stages Plant Tissue Risk Courtesy New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Aquaculture

22 Monilinia Blight- Infection Cycle B. Sporulation By the Fungus Is it Occurring? (note that this is for primary infection)

23 Effect of temperature on longevity of apothecia # Ascospores/ # Ascospores/ apothecium apothecium x 10,000 x 10, C 20 C 15 C 10 C Days Courtesy of Dr. A. Schilder, Michigan State University

24 Monilinia Blight- Infection Cycle C. Environmental Conditions Sufficient for Infection? Wetness Duration (hours) Mean Temperature ( C) During Wet Period 2 C 6 C 10 C 14 C 18 C 2 nil nil nil nil nil 4 nil nil nil nil nil 5 nil low low high high 8 nil mod high high high 10 mod high high high high 15 mod high high high high 24 high high high high high (Delbridge & Hildebrand, 1995)

25 Londonderry, NS Leaf Wetness (1-15) Temperature ( C)

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27 Monilinia Summary Moderate risk Fungal state (i.e., are the cups sporulating) can be misleading Plant growth stage is critical (F3) Environmental monitoring: Has an infection event occurred is going to be important Control: Proline Persistence Movement characteristics (up the stem into new tissue) Control of other diseases (Septoria, Botrytis) Application immediately after an infection period (e.g., 1 to 2 days) can occur

28 Monilinia Blight Recommendations For 2019 Check with the processor/receiver on the approved list of agrochemicals for 2019! 1 st Monilinia fungicide application Use a triazole fungicide (e.g., Proline) Remember the hours of kickback is from the start of the infection period (i.e., when bud wetness commenced) Fungicide needs to be in the plant tissue to be effective 2 nd Monilinia fungicide application Use Proline with the following use patterns Will provide some Botrytis control Assume you have a 5 to 10 day window of control after application

29 Crop Year Disease Calendar Time of Year Month April May June July August September Week Growth Stage Bud Break Bloom Fruit Set Berry Growth and Development Major Diseases Monilinia blight Botrytis blight Septoria leaf spot Harvest Minor Diseases Powdery mildew Valdensinia leaf spot Blueberry rust Red leaf 1. Proline 2. Luna Tranquility 3. Switch 4. Sercadis (early fields) 5. Pristine

30 Botrytis Blight

31 Botrytis Biology Causal organism: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. Botrytis is promoted by damp weather, coastal fog and frost during the bloom period. Use of propiconazole based products seems to increase Botrytis severity. Has a wide host range and is also common on various weeds (e.g., sheep sorrel, brambles). Botrytis overwinters on infected plant debris (leaves, berries, stems, etc.) in the field.

32 Botrytis cinerea (causal fungal organism) Life Cycle Note: Reproduces at a far faster rate than Monilinia or other fungal pests. Mutates readily and is viewed as a high risk fungal pathogen.

33 Wild Blueberry Flower

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35 million flowers/acre Duration: 3 to 4 weeks in Pollination late spring/early summer

36 A. Plant Stage: Appearance of white petal to fruit set (presence of decaying floral debris). B. Fungal Sporulation: Does the field have a history of Botrytis infection? If yes, assume, sporulation is occurring. C. Environmental Conditions For Infection: Temperature and wetness duration dependent Past field history with Botrytis blight is an important factor. Remember: Faster growing fungus that Monilinia How to Monitor For Botrytis Blight? Need to get your disease control measures in place (e.g., fungicides applied) before an infection event. Minimal kick-back with fungicides used.

37 Severity Rating of Botrytis Infection Periods Wetness Duration (hours) Mean Temperature ( C) During Wet Period 4 C 8 C 12 C 16 C 20 C 4 low low low low low 6 low low low low low 8 low low low low mod 10 low low low low high 13 low low high high high 24 low mod high high high 36 low high high high high 48 mod high high high high (Delbridge, 2007, UMaine Fact Sheet No. 212)

38 Botrytis Blight Wild Blueberries Floral densities have increased and the canopies are taller and denser resulting in longer wetness durations. Botrytis is a weak saprophyte. Succulent (floral tissue) or decaying tissue is ideal for infection. Infection of floral tissues will occur with as little as 3 hours of wetness. Just because there is no apparent fungal growth does not necessarily mean there is no infection (may just be at the early stages of infection). Proactive application of preventative sprays is essential.

39 Crop Year Fungicides For Botrytis Blight Fungicide Active Ingredient(s) Mode of Action Activity When to Apply Preventative Curative 1 Luna Tranquility Fluopyram and pyrimethanil Amino acid synthesis and respiration Locally systemic Prior to infection *** ** Switch 62.5 WG Cyprodinil and fludioxonil Amino acid and signal transduction Locally systemic Prior to infection *** * Pristine Boscalid and pyraclostrobin Respiration Locally systemic Prior to infection * * 1 *** Provides greatest efficacy under disease-favorable conditions ** Good management tool under moderate to low disease pressure * Provides some control, best used in rotation or tank mix with other chemistries

40 Botrytis Control Strategy Apply fungicide from early stages of bloom through the end of bloom. Alternate fungicides with different modes of action to avoid problems with resistant strains. Botrytis fungal isolates resistant to fungicides with 5 different modes of action have been reported from Germany, and isolates resistant to 4 different modes of action have been found in wild blueberries.

41 Botrytis cinerea Selection Pressures in Wild Blueberry Fields 1 of 1 active ingredients 1 of 2 active ingredients 2 of 2 active ingredients

42 Managing Botrytis Blight Luna Tranquility (need to apply prior to an infection period) Switch 62.5 WG (if required) Sercadis (Septoria leaf spot with early fields) Pristine WG (also for Septoria leaf spot control) Flowers are not in bloom: crown state 20% bloom Full bloom Fruit set Notes: Susceptible stage for Botrytis starts when the flowers reach the white petal stage Peak susceptibility is at full bloom (anthesis). Reductions in bee exposure to fungicides can be obtained by spraying before placement of hives in field, at night, etc.

43 Risk Check spore cups Check stage of vegetative & floral buds Monilinia Blight Botrytis Blight Risk F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 V1 V2 V3 V % Bloom 50 % Bloom 75 % Bloom % Bloom 1. Proline 2. Luna Tranquility 3. Switch 4. Sercadis (early fields) 5. Pristine

44 What Occurred During Bloom ?

45 June 3 & 4 Environmental Conditions: Dean, NS Temperature (C) Minimum temperature: -4 ⁰C Duration below 0 ⁰C: 9 hours Below 0 ⁰C: 10:40 p.m. Above 0 ⁰C: 7:20 a.m p.m. 12 a.m. 6 a.m. 12 p.m. Time (hrs)

46 Blue Mountain, June 11/12 Temperature (C) Duration of freeze: 7 hrs., 20 mins. Lowest temperature: ⁰C (1:55 a.m.) 6 p.m. 6 a.m. Time

47 Flower Structure Pendulous flowers Racemose inflorescence Sympetalous, urceolate corolla exposes 10 stamens situated around a syncarpous gynoecium comprised of a single stigma subtended by a style connected to an inferior ovary The ovary is characterized by five locules with protruding axile placentation Each placenta produces and sustains numerous ovules that will hopefully eventually contain seeds Seeds produce plant hormones that facilitate the growth and development of the berry

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49 Flower Injury Frost injury is a function of the minimum temperature, duration of freeze, and growth stage of the flowers Peak susceptibility: full bloom (temperatures less than -1.1 C will cause damage) Fruit set has been observed to decline by over 40% when exposed to C irrespective of flower stage or duration of exposure to frost Damage will also occur at white petal stage (prebloom) when temperatures are below -3 C Fruit set (i.e., transition from a fertilized flower to a marketable berry) will be greatly hindered

50 Fig. 1. Longitudinal sections through Vaccinium angustifolium closed flower bud ovaries. A Free hand section through undamaged ovary wall (OW) and ovules (Ov); arrows indicate placentae exhibiting oxidative browning injury (P1). 72. B. Histological preparation of same with arrow indicating damaged placental tissues. 128.

51 Flower Injury Worst damage was observed on fields with flowers at full bloom (e.g., Farmington) Set fruit were also affected to a lesser extent Irreversible damage to leaf tissue was also observed (growing tips) Phenotypic differences were also present Appeared in many cases to be no impact of elevation Fields that were late coming into bloom had the highest harvestable berry yields

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54 Recent Impacts of Frost 50 90% of fruit crops (grapes, peaches, apples, cherries, etc.) lost in north-eastern and mid-western United States and Canada in % loss of all exported fruit crops in Chile in 2013 (with a farm gate value exceeding $1 billion CAD) (Duman and Wisniewski, 2014) Widespread damage to the bilberry and viticulture sectors in northern Europe in 2017 (Meier et al., 2018; Vitasse and Rebetez, 2018).

55 Is Climate Change a Factor? Study of 650 temperate globally distributed plant species observed that global climate change has caused spring and autumn related plant growth and development activities to advance by 1.9 and 1.4 days per decade respectively (Khanduri et at., 2008) Ability of plants to acclimate to cold conditions will decrease and susceptibility to frost damage will subsequently increase as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase (Ball and Hill, 2009).

56 Historical Weather Analysis Average Temperature Minimum Temperature Maximum Temperature Precipitation Degree days above 18.8 C May Sig.** (+) Sig.*** (+) NS NS NS June NS NS NS Sig.** (+) NS September Sig.*** (+) Sig.** (+) Sig.*** (+) Sig.*** (+) Sig.*** (+) October Sig.*** (+) Sig.*** (+) Sig.*** (+) NS Sig.** (+) Locations used: Truro/Debert, Parrsboro, Upper Stewiacke, Pictou, and Tatamagouche

57 Average Daily Temperature Changes Occurring in Nova Scotia May Temperature (C) (2018) (1870) Years ago

58 Average Temperature Changes Occurring in the Fall (Nova Scotia) Average temperature (C) September Average temperature (C) October (2018) (1870) (2018) Years ago Years ago (1870)

59 Summary and Conclusions Worst frost event in over 30 years was experienced across the Maritimes and Maine Full bloom is the most susceptible stage Differences among clones was also observed Climate change effects are a contributing factor to the frost events Other effects of climate change are also apparent Precipitation and number of infection events Growing season extension Research into mitigation technologies is underway Abnormalities in weather will increase in frequency

60 Thank You! Questions?