Tropical Fruit IPM Daniel Carrillo, Rita Duncan & Jorge Peña

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1 Tropical Fruit IPM Daniel Carrillo, Rita Duncan & Jorge Peña Tropical Research and Education Center

2 120 Cumulative Detections Arthropods as significant detections in Florida GATT: 3rd Round WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 NAFTA: 1992 DR-CAFTA: 2005 APS, San Diego 2007: Free Trade: Challenges to Plant Health Pathway analysis wndixon.fdacs Year Wayne Dixon FDACS, 2007

3 Why pests? Thrips Caterpillars and loopers Mirids Short life cycle High reproductive rates Feed on plants Adapt quickly to changing environments Acquire pesticide resistance Many are secondary, few are key pests.

4 Key Pests: Vectors of Plant Pathogens Ambrosia beetles Laurel Wilt Asian Citrus Psyllid Greening

5 IPM: Integrated Pest management Combine several complementary pest control methods in a mutually enhancing way to reduce pest populations to less than damaging numbers.

6 IPM: key steps 1. Know your cropping system - grow healthy crops 2. Know your pests and the damage they cause 3. Monitor- Scout for pests 4. Decision making 5. Intervention (control) 6. Record keeping

IPM Step 1: Know your cropping system Best way to prevent pest problems: grow healthy crops Nutrition - water management - resistant cultivars - spacing Tropical

7 IPM Step 1: Know your cropping system Best way to prevent pest problems: grow healthy crops Nutrition - water management - resistant cultivars - spacing Tropical Fruit Production: vperennial: Trees 30 years or more (permanent habitat): avocado, mango, litchi, longan, etc. vtemporal setting: 2-5 years: passion fruit, papaya, banana.

8 IPM Step 2: Know your Pests and the damage they cause Thrips Papaya fruit fly Pitaya Guava Papaya Caribbean fruit fly

9 IPM Step 2: Know your Pests Bephratelloides Annona Pitayaseed borer Sapodilla PFF borer Banana Weevil Papaya Mango OFF bud mite Papaya Mealybug

10 IPM Step 2: Know your Pests and the damage they cause Litchi Scale Leaf-footed bug Passion fruit OFF Papaya Dragon fruit Passion fruit TSHB Avocado

11 IPM Step 2: Know your Pests and the damage they cause

12 IPM Step 3: Monitor- Scout for pests Monitoring is always advised, but, very few times practiced. Through monitoring, accurate information is obtained to make management decisions AVOID NASTY SURPRISES NEW PESTS CROP LOSES

13 IPM Step 3: Monitor- Scout for pests Magnifying glass lens X

14 Sampling mango panicles for thrips

15 IPM Step 3: Monitor- TRAPS and lures Jackson trap Moths & Fruit flies McPhail trap Fruit flies Wood boring insects

For key pests (aggressive disease vectors) economic threshold is close to ZERO.

16 IPM Step 4: Decision making Economic Threshold: the insect's population level or extent of crop damage at which the value of the crop destroyed exceeds the cost of controlling the pest. For key pests (aggressive disease vectors) economic threshold is close to ZERO. For some pests relatively low populations can be tolerated, specially if natural enemies are present. Spider mites Lace bug

17 IPM Step 5: Intervention (five control tactics) Cultural Mechanical and Physical Biological Chemical Regulatory

IPM Step 5: Intervention Cultural Control Make the

Resistant or tolerant cultivars (GMO papaya, ect.).

branches. Weed management (i.e. thrips in carambola & pitaya).

18 IPM Step 5: Intervention Cultural Control Make the crop environment less suitable for insect pests. Resistant or tolerant cultivars (GMO papaya, ect.). Avoid dense plantings, overcrowded overlapping branches. Weed management (i.e. thrips in carambola & pitaya). Time of harvest: (green mangos) Proper irrigation, nutrition, ect.

19 Mechanical and Physical Control Prevent pest access to the host fruit bagging Sticky bands

20 Mechanical and Physical Control If the pests are already present, physically removing them. Sanitation: Remove infested limbs and fruit. Chipping ambrosia beetle infested wood (avocado).

21 Mechanical and Physical Control Trapping: Fruit fly traps in papaya

22 IPM Step 5: Intervention Biological Control The use of natural enemies predators, parasitoids & pathogens, to control pests

Ceraeochrysa claveri soft-bodied insects and

23 IPM Step 5: Intervention Biological Control Naturally occurring predators, some commercially available Predatory mites Predacious lacewing mirid Amblyseius largoensis Red palm mite, other mites Stethoconus praefectus Avocado lace bug Ceraeochrysa claveri soft-bodied insects and mites Lady beetle spined soldier bug Coccinellid beetles soft-bodied insects Stethorus utilis Papaya mites Holt studios Podisus maculiventris Predator of avocado loopers

24 IPM Step 5: Intervention Biological Control Parasitoids An organism (i.e. wasp of fly) that lives in a host organism and ultimately kills the host

25 Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Caribbean fruit fly IPM Step 5: Intervention Biological Control Parasitoids Tamarixia radiata Asian citrus Psylid Egg parasitoids of ALB Erythmelus

26 IPM Step 5: Intervention Biological Control Entomopathogenic: Fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium brunneum Photo credit: Jim Buckman Bacillus thuringiensis (leps) University of California Granulosis virus (loopers)

27 IPM Step 5: Intervention Chemical Control Types insecticides: Broad spectrum: kill a wide variety of animals by attacking a system common to all (i.e. nervous system). Narrow spectrum: More selective (chitin inhibitors, growth regulators). Less harmful on natural enemies. Contact: must touch the pest to be deadly. Systemic: absorbed by plants and translocated to leaves and twigs to protect them from pests. Less harmful on natural enemies.

28 IPM Step 5: Intervention Regulatory Quarantine pests: a pest of potential economic importance and not yet present in an area, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. Oriental Fruit Fly

29 IPM Pest suppression to tolerable levels Combination of management tactics Cultural Physical Biological Chemical Regulatory Pest ID, Monitoring, Thresholds

30 Thank you! Questions?

Using IPM in your Ag Program- Understanding Texas Laws

Using IPM in your Ag Program- Understanding Texas Laws What we will cover Basics of School IPM regulations IPM for Greenhouses What are biocontrols Exclusion Cultural controls Sanitation Scouting Identifying