BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN TASMANIA. Ireson, J.E., Holloway, R.J. & Chatterton, W.S.
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1 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN TASMANIA Ireson, J.E., Holloway, R.J. & Chatterton, W.S.
2 Summary of Tasmanian Weed Biocontrol Programmes 36 agents released for biocontrol of 16 weeds 32 released in last twenty years Agents include 3 fungal pathogens and 33 invertebrate species Establishment success 80%
3 Current weed targets Gorse Thistles (scotch, slender) Brooms (English, Cape) Boneseed Ragwort Work programmes Host specificity testing Rearing, release and establishment assessment Methods to accelerate agent dispersal (redistribution programmes) Efficacy assessments Integrated control recommendations Benefit/Cost Ratio 23:1
4 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ENGLISH BROOM Cytisus scoparius Plants are locally abundant on roadsides, waste areas, poor quality pastures and in disturbed bushland. In pastures, English broom causes production losses by forming thickets that prevent grazing.
5 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ENGLISH BROOM Cytisus scoparius Broom gall mite, Aceria genistae First released in Tasmania in 2008 and now established. Mite belongs to the family Eriophyidae and has an elongated worm like body; adults about 0.2 mm in length. formation. Colonies establish in stem buds causing gall Continuous gall formation can reduce plant growth and flowering.
6 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ENGLISH BROOM, Cytisus scoparius Lake Dulverton Feb 2013
7 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CAPE BROOM, Genista monspessulana In Tasmania it invades disturbed bushland and poorly managed pastures. Plants are also common on roadsides and in recreation areas. In pastures, cape broom may form thickets that prevent grazing
8 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CAPE BROOM, Genista monspessulana Cape Broom Psyllid, Arytinnis hakani First released in Tasmania in December 2009 Sap sucking bug causing reduction in plant vigour, flowering and seed set Now widespread and causing severe damage BEFORE - Kingston Site #5 Nov AFTER - Kingston Site #5 Jan Damage
9 Gorse spider mite Released 1998 Gorse seed weevil Released 1939 Gorse thrips Released 2001 Gorse soft shoot moth Released 2007 Gorse pod moth Release pending
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13 Gorse thrips, Sericothrips staphylinus
14 Gorse soft shoot moth, Agonopterix umbellana Larvae severely damage new growth in spring and early summer
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19 Effectiveness of gorse seed weevil reduced because: A large amount of seed is produced outside the period when larvae are active Not all the seed produced during period when larvae are active is attacked
20 Impact of seed feeders It was estimated that the percentage of mature seed destroyed annually in Tasmania ranged from 12-55% Modelling studies show need to reduce annual seed crop by 75-85% to cause a significant decline in gorse populations
21 Gorse pod moth, Cydia succedana Combination of pod moth and weevil could cause significant decline in gorse populations Gorse seed weevil, Exapion ulicis
22 Gorse thrips Gorse spider mite Gorse soft shoot moth Gorse seed weevil
23 Biological Control of Gorse Impact of current agents Available agents to have a long term impact through: Sub-lethal effects on maximum plant age by reducing plant vigour Reducing rate of spread through direct and indirect effects on annual seed production Increasing susceptibility to fungal attack through primary feeding damage by the biological control agents
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26 Biological Control of Ragwort
27 Ragwort flea beetle, Longitarsus flavicornis Beetle larva Leaf damage by beetle Ragwort crown damage by larvae
28 Generalised life cycle of ragwort flea beetle, Longitarsus flavicornis (Stephens) SUMMER Late Spring ADULTS SPRING 1 generation per year EGGS Late Summer AUTUMN PUPAE LARVAE WINTER
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33 Estimated distribution (by autumn 2006) of the ragwort flea beetle, Longitarsus flavicornis, in relation to the main ragwort infestations (yellow), in Tasmania.
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41 Ragwort Management think integration Ragwort Flea Beetle Wick Wiping Cutting Sheep Grazing
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43 Ragwort stem and crown boring moth Damage by stem and crown boring moth larvae Ragwort plume moth Damage by plume moth larvae
44 Crown boring moth release sites N Plume moth release sites N 100 km 100 km Location of release sites for the ragwort stem and crown boring moth, Cochylis atricapitana, and the ragwort plume moth, Platyptilia isodactyla, in Tasmania in relation to the main ragwort infested areas (yellow).
45 Dairy Plains 2007
46 Damage to Ragwort Dairy Plains 2007
47 Damage to Ragwort Dairy Plains 2007
48 Damage to Ragwort Dairy Plains 2007
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50 Dairy Plains
51 Ragwort Control in Tasmania Now substantial to complete in many areas since the establishment of the ragwort flea beetle The benefit-cost ratio of the biological control program has been estimated at 32:1 Benefits to increase through the continuing spread of established complementary biological agents Benefits to increase through the application of integrated control strategies
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53 RISK ANALYSIS Weed biocontrol risk analysis focuses only on off target plants Risk analysis undertaken by Biosecurity Australia (BA) which is the policy section of DAFF Compile list of plants that should be tested (consult) Conduct host specificity testing and submit results to BA BA prepares draft risk analysis report and sends copy to DEWHA for comment If both agencies agree agent is safe, submission is entered on BA website for 60 days for public comment BA provides recommendation to AQIS to allow release if risk is acceptable
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