Land South-West of Mill Co age, Gidding Road, Sawtry, Cambridgeshire Evalua on Report

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1 Land South-West of Mill Coage, Gidding Road, Sawtry, Cambridgeshire Evaluaon Report August 2017 Client: CgMs Consulng Issue No: 1 OA East Report No: 2080 NGR: TL Oxford Archaeology Ltd i 3 August 2017

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4 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. 2 OxfordArchaeologyLtd iv 3August2017 LandSouth-WestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry, Cambridgeshire ArchaeologicalEvaluationReport WrittenbySteveGrahamBAwithPatMoanBAACIfA WithcontributionsfromMattBrudenellBAMAPhD,Rachel FosberryACIfA,HayleyFosterBAACIfA,TedLevermoreBA& AliceLyonsBAMAMCIfA IllustrationsbyMarkusDylewski Contents Summary...ix Acknowledgements...x INTRODUCTION...1 Scopeofwork...1 Location,topographyandgeology...1 Archaeologicalandhistoricalbackground...1 EVALUATIONAIMSANDMETHODOLOGY...4 Aims...4 Methodology...4 RESULTS...6 Introductionandpresentationofresults...6 Generalsoilsandgroundconditions...6 Generaldistributionofarchaeologicalfindsanddeposits...6 Trench1...6 Trench2...7 Trench3...8 Trench4...9 Trench5...9 Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench

5 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft OxfordArchaeologyLtd v 3August2017 Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Trench Findssummary...22 Environmentalsummary...23 DISCUSSION...24 Overview...24 Geophysicalsurvey groundtruth...24 Treethrowsandnaturalfeatures...25 Undatedfeatures...25 LaterIronAge...25 EarlyRoman...26 Medievaltopostmedieval...28 Modern...28

6 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. v.draft Conclusion...28 APPENDIXA TRENCHDESCRIPTIONSANDCONTEXTINVENTORY...30 APPENDIXB FINDSREPORTS...41 B.1 LaterIronAgePottery...41 B.2 TheRomanPottery...44 B.3 ThePostRomanPottery...48 B.4 SmallFinds...48 B.5 WorkedStone...50 B.6 CeramicBuildingMaterial...50 B.7 FiredClay...51 APPENDIXC ENVIRONMENTALREPORTS...52 C.1 AnimalBone...52 C.2 EnvironmentalSamples...54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 56 APPENDIXD OASISREPORTFORM...59 OxfordArchaeologyLtd vi 3August2017

7 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft ListofFigures Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4ae Fig.5a&b Fig.6 ListofPlates Plate1 Plate2 Plate3 Plate4 Plate5 Plate6 Plate7 Plate8 Plate9 Plate10 Plate11 Plate12 ListofTables Table1 Table2 Table3 Table4 Table5 Table6 Table7 Table8 Sitelocationshowingarchaeologicaltrenches(black)indevelopmentarea (red) Locationoftrenchesoverlainongeophysicalsurveyresults Planoftrenches Planofnortherntrenches Selectedsections Featureswithdatablefinds Trench1fromthewest Trench2fromthesouthwest Trench14fromthenorthwest Ditch11(Trench7)fromthenortheast Ditch135(Trench12)fromthewest Ditch95(Trench13)fromthesouth Trench14fromthenorthwest Trench19fromthesoutheast,withditches111,112and113inforeground Ditch60(Trench25)lookingnortheast Ditch73(Trench34)lookingwest Trench35,lookingeast Trench36,lookingsouthsoutheast QuantificationofIronAgepotterybycontext QuantificationofIronAgepotterybyfabric TheRomanpotteryquantifiedbyfabric,listedindescendingorderofweight TheRomanPotteryCatalogue SummaryofCBMcatalogue FiredClayQuantification TotalnumberofIdentifiableFragments(NISP)byspecies AssessmentofEnvironmentalSamples OxfordArchaeologyLtd vii 3August2017

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9 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Summary Betweenthe24thApriland4thMay2017,OxfordArchaeologyEast(OAEast) conductedanarchaeologicalevaluationatlandsouthwestofmillcottage, GiddingRoad,Sawtry(centredTL ).Previousarchaeologicalwork carriedouttothenorthandwestofthesitehaveidentifiedenclosuresand fieldsystemsdatingtothelaterironageandearlyromanperiods. Atotalof36evaluationtrenchestotalling1800linearmetreswereexcavated, targetinggeophysicalanomaliesacrossthesite,24ofwhichcontainedditches and pits. Whilst the southern half of the site contained furrows, modern boundaryditchesandfielddrains,fieldsystemsandenclosuresdatingtothe laterironageandcontinuingthroughintotheearlyromanperiodwerefound inthenorthernhalfofthedevelopmentarea,followingthehighergroundand betterdrainedgeology. Ingeneral,theevaluationresultscorrespondwellwiththeanomaliesshown onthegeophysicalsurvey.thisevidence,combinedwithfeaturesidentifiedby previousexcavationsandgeophysicalsurveystotheeastandnorthofthesite, indicates the presence of an extensive later Iron Age and Early Roman settlementinthislocation. OxfordArchaeologyLtd ix 3August2017

10 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Acknowledgements Oxford Archaeology would like to thank Andy Thomas of the Cambridge CountyCouncilHistoricEnvironmentTeamwhomonitoredtheworkandPaul ClarkofCgMSConsultingwhocommissionedtheproject. TheprojectwasmanagedforOxfordArchaeologybyDrMatthewBrudenell. The fieldwork was directed by Patrick Moan, who was supported by Steve Graham,LauraJames,RyanNealandEbanCooper.Surveyanddigitizingwas carriedoutbydavidbrownandmarkusdylewski.thanksarealsoextended to the teams of OA staff that cleaned and packaged the finds under the management of Natasha Dodwell, processed the environmental remains underthemanagementofrachelfosberry,andpreparedthearchiveunder themanagementofkathamilton. OxfordArchaeologyLtd x 3August2017

11 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft INTRODUCTION Scopeofwork OxfordArchaeology(OA)wascommissionedbyCgMSConsultingtoundertakeatrial trenchevaluationonlandtothesouthwestofmillcottage,giddingroad,sawtry, Cambridgeshire(Fig.1) The work was undertaken in support of a Planning Application (planning ref. 17/00077/OUT) to inform the Planning Authority in advance of a submission of a Planning Application. A brief was issued by Andy Thomas of the Cambridgeshire CountyCouncilHistoricEnvironmentTeamandaWrittenSchemeofInvestigationwas produced by OA East (Brudenell & Gilmour 2017) detailing the Local Authority s requirements for work necessary to inform the planning process/discharge the planningcondition.thisdocumentoutlineshowoaeastimplementedthespecified requirements. Location,topographyandgeology ThesiteliesonagriculturallandonthewesternedgeofSawtry,immediatelysouthof GiddingRoad(centredTL ) The area of proposed development consists of a broadly rectangular plot of land 10.72hainarea.Thesiteliesbetweenc.1620mOD,withthegroundgraduallysloping downtowardsasmallstreamalongthesouthernboundary.theplotisboundedto thenorthbygiddingroad,theeastbyresidentialdevelopmentandthesouthand westbyagriculturalland ThegeologyoftheareaismappedasJurassicMudstoneoftheOxfordClayFormation (British Geological Survey, accessed09/05/17). Archaeologicalandhistoricalbackground A full consideration of the archaeological and historical background of the site is discussedinthedeskbasedassessment(clark2016)andasummaryisgivenbelow, drawing on this document and information held by the Cambridgeshire County HistoricEnvironmentRecord(CHER),withpertinentrecordsshownonFig.1. EarlyPrehistoric Thereislimitedevidenceforactivityinthevicinityaroundthecurrentsiteduringthe Bronze Ageor earlier periods. A perforated granite hammer and lithicimplements fromtheneolithiconwardswerefoundinthefieldsdirectlysouthwestofthecurrent site(her01452).asinglebronzeageflintwasrecoveredfromthefieldtotheeastof thecurrentsite,althoughtheflintwasresiduallyfoundwithinaditchdatedtothe Romanperiod(MCB18238). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 1 3August2017

12 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 IronAge Excavationofthefieldadjacenttotheproposeddevelopmentarea(TL )in advanceofproposeddevelopment(mcb18238,murphy2011)identifiedalateiron Ageditchalignednortheastsouthwest,thefillofwhichproducedtwosherdsofLate IronAgepottery.Onesubcircularpitlocatedinthecentreoftheexcavatedareaalso producedironagesherds,whilstafurtherthreesherdsoflateironageearlyroman potterywererecoveredfromtheupperfillofanotherditch. Romano-British Atadistanceof1.35kmnortheastoftheproposeddevelopmentarea(TL173841)is theproposedlocationofthesawtryromansettlement.thesiteappearstofallwithin the area of shrunken medieval village with ridge and furrow masking the Roman features. The site, discovered in 1939 during roadworks, included evidence of occupationfromthe2ndto4thcenturiesad(her01329d).findswithintheareaof the current village from the Roman period include two coffins of Barnack stone, discoveredonthenorthsideoftheroad(tl1784)whenthea1wasmadeintoadual carriageway(her01332)andromanpottery(mcb20165)foundatno.136greenend Road Slightlyfurtherafield(1.7kmnortheastofthedevelopmentarea),justnorthofSawtry nearthea1(tl ),twoseparateexcavationswereconductedin1993prior to roadworks. These excavations uncovered Late Iron Age ditched enclosures that wereincorporatedintoafarmingsettlementintheearly1stcenturyad,withrelated structures. These were levelled during the mid 1st century, possibly due to the constructionoferminestreet.later1stand2ndcenturiesadactivityincludedatleast threepotterykilnsandenclosuresforplotsfrontingontotheroadanditwassuggested ahighstatusstructurewasinclosevicinity(welsh1994,mcb13710,13711) Acultobject,aCastorsherd(HER01451)showingJupiterDolichemus,wasfoundin thefieldsdirectlysouthwestofthecurrentsite(tl1683) Geophysical survey of the current site (Magnitude Surveys 2016) identified the presenceofditchedenclosurespossiblyofironageandromandate.anevaluation (MCB18238)inthefieldseastofthedevelopmentarea(Jones2008)revealedasingle RomanditchwithassociatedRomanpotteryandquernfragmentinthenortheastpart ofthefield.theditchwasfoundnottoextendgreatlyintothesite,andmayhavebeen related to remains now lost on the site of the West Field housing estate. The subsequentexcavation(mcb18238murphy2011)revealedanelongatedsubcircular pitfilledbyanumberofclaydeposits,oneofwhichshowedevidenceofburning, whichcontained68sherdsoflate2ndcenturypottery.anortheasttosouthwest alignedditchproducedexamplesof2ndto4thcenturypotteryandafurtherditch identifiedasarecutofthepreviousditch,contained62sherdsoflate2ndearly3rd centurypottery,romanrooftile,nailsandapin.afurtherditchwasidentifiedatthe northeastextentofthefield,filledbyafriablegreyclayfromwhich10sherdsof Roman pottery were recovered. A grave, located northeast of the centre of the excavatedarea,containedasingleindividualprobablyagedbetween16and20years oldatdeath.theburialwasasupineinhumation,possiblycontainedwithinashroud, OxfordArchaeologyLtd 2 3August2017

13 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft with an iron knife (MCB18238). A number of undated pits and ditches were also identified, consisting mainly of gullies and extraction pits. These were probably contemporarywiththeromanactivityonsite. Anglo-Saxon ThereislimitedevidenceofAngloSaxonactivitywithintheareaoftheGiddingRoad site.twopossibleanglosaxonclayextractionpits(mcb18238)wereidentifiedinthe excavationeastofthecurrentsiteastwosherdsofpotwererecoveredfromthefillof oneofthepits. MedievaltoModern ThemedievalcoreofSawtrywasintheareaaroundAllSaintsChurchwithamoated siteapproximately980mtothenortheastofthecurrentsite.thegeophysicalsurvey conductedonthesite(magnitudesurveys2016)revealedextensiveridgeandfurrow cultivationacrossthesite.combined,thissuggeststhatthegiddingroadsitewasin agriculturaluseduringthemedievalandlaterperiods Thesiteseemstohavecontinuedbeingusedforagriculturalpurposesthroughoutthe postmedievalperiod.bythetimeofthe1809inclosuremaptheareaseemstohave beensubdividedintothreesmallerfieldswithinthenorthwestcornerofalargerfield (Fig.4).ThesedivisionswerestillinplaceandnotedontheOrdnanceSurveymapof 1887andwerestillevidentinthe1958and1975maps.However,bythetimeofthe 1988surveymapthesitehadbeenconsolidatedintoasinglefield NearbyCHERdesignatedassetsfromtheseperiodsincludeawindmilladjacenttothe developmentarea(cher01448),rectoryfarmdirectlynorthwest(mcb21910)and Hilltop Farm to the south, both of which have been significantly redeveloped (MCB21909),aRoyalObserverCorpsPostlaytothenorthwest(MCB16439). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 3 3August2017

14 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 EVALUATIONAIMSANDMETHODOLOGY Aims Theprojectaimsandobjectiveswereasfollows: i. To establish the character, date, state of preservation, and extent of any archaeologicalremainswithinthedevelopmentarea. ii. Togroundtruththegeophysicalresults,bytestingarangeofanomaliesoflikely archaeologicalorigin,andareaswherenoanomaliesregistered. iii. Toprovidesufficientcoverageandexposuretoenableexcavationtoestablish the approximate form, date and purpose of any archaeological deposits, togetherwithextent,localiseddepthandqualityofpreservation. iv. Toprovidesufficientcoverageandexposuretoevaluatethelikelyimpactof pastlanduses,andthepossiblepresenceofmaskingdeposits. v. To provide sufficient coverage and exposure to provide information to construct an appropriate archaeological conservation/mitigation strategy, dealingwithpreservation,therecordingofarchaeologicaldeposits,working practices,timetablesandorderofcost. vi. Todetermineorconfirmtheapproximatedateordaterangeofanyremains, bymeansofartefactualorotherevidence. vii. Tosettheresultsinthelocal,regional,andnationalarchaeologicalcontext,and itswiderculturallandscapeandpastenvironmentalconditions. Methodology Atotalof36evaluationtrenches(Fig.2)wereexcavated,totalling1800linearmetres (a 3% sample). The trenches were 50m long and 1.8m wide. The trenches were positionedtoaddresstheaimsinsection2.1,andtargettheresultsofthegeophysical survey (Magnitude Surveys 2016). There was also a contingency for a further 12 trenches(1%)butthiswasnotrequired The trenches were set out by a Lecia surveygrade GPS fitted with "Smartnet" technologywithanaccuracyof5mmhorizontaland10mmvertical.beforetrenching began, the footprint of each trench was scanned by a qualified and experienced operatorusingacatandgennythathadavalidcalibrationcertificate All trenches were excavated by a mechanical excavator to the depth of geological horizons,ortotheupperinterfaceofarchaeologicalfeaturesordeposits,whichever wasencounteredfirst.atoothlessditchingbucketwithabucketsizeof1.8mwasused toexcavatethetrenches Topsoil,subsoil,andarchaeologicaldepositswerekeptseparateduringexcavation,to allowforsequentialbackfillingofexcavations Thetopofthefirstarchaeologicaldepositwasclearedbymachineandthencleaned offbyhand.anyarchaeologicaldepositspresentwerethenexcavatedbycontextto the level of the geological horizon where safe to do so. Trench spoil was scanned visuallyandwithametaldetectortoaidtherecoveryofartefacts. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 4 3August2017

15 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft ItwasagreedwithAndyThomas(CCCHET)thatcertainfeaturesthatwereevident withintwoormoretrencheswereselectivelytested.forexample,shouldaditchrun throughtwoormoretrenches,itwouldnotbetestedineverytrenchoncethenature andcharacterofthefeaturewasascertained.interventionsthroughalllinearfeatures were1minwidth.discretefeatureswerehalfsectioned Thedepth,natureandpotentialartefactcontentofcolluvialorothermaskingdeposits were also investigated and recorded across the site. The artefact content of the ploughsoilandanylowersoilhorizonswereexaminedviabucketsamplingpoints,in which90litresofspoilwerehandsorted.thesamplepointswereattrenchendsand themidpointsofthetrenches Allarchaeologicalfeaturesalongwiththetopsoilandsubsoilfromeachtrenchwas scannedwithametaldetectorandanymetalobjectswerekeptunlessassessedas beingclearlymodern Bulkenvironmentalsamplesweretakenfromanyfeaturesdeemedonsitetohavethe potentialforpreservedecofactsbywaterloggingorcharring.carewastakentoensure that an equal distribution of features was sampled across the main area of archaeologicalfeatures,inthenorthernhalfofthedevelopmentarea. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 5 3August2017

16 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 RESULTS Introductionandpresentationofresults The results of the evaluation are presented below (Figs 2, 3 & 4), and include a stratigraphicdescriptionofthetrenchesthatcontainedarchaeologicalremains.the fulldetailsofalltrencheswithdimensionsanddepthsofalldepositscanbefoundin Appendix A. Finds reports including spot dates are found in Appendix B, with environmentalreportsincludedasappendixc. Generalsoilsandgroundconditions Thesoilsequenceinalltrencheswasfairlyuniform.Thenaturalgeologywasoverlain byaclayeysiltsubsoil,whichinturnwasoverlainbytopsoil Groundconditionsthroughouttheevaluationweregenerallygood,andthetrenches remained dry throughout. Archaeological features, where present, were easy to identifyagainsttheunderlyingnaturalgeology Depositsofcolluviumwereidentifiedinthesouthernmosttrenches(Trenches33& 34),whichwerefoundtobesterilewithnoarchaeologicalfeaturescuttingorsealed bythelayers. Generaldistributionofarchaeologicalfindsanddeposits Archaeological features were present in trenches within the northern half of the excavationarea.furrowsandmoderndrainswerepresentinmanyofthetrenches, particularlywithinthesouthernhalfofthefield.colluviumdepositswerealsonoted atthebaseofthevalleyinthesoutheasternmosttrenches(trenches33and34).most featuressealedbythesubsoilandcolluvialdeposits,thoughsomeofthefurrowswere thoughttocutthesubsoil,buttherelationshipwasnotclearinthetrenchsections A total of four metal objects were recovered from topsoil between the excavated trenches across the area, including a complete octagonal lead weight weighing 0.457kg (1lb), a 1758 Dutch stuiver (predecimal coin) a silver long cross penny of EdwardIIIandanincompleteironnail Theresultsofthebucketsamplingwerepoor;nodatableartefactspredatingthepost medievaltomodernperiodswererecovered.smallamountsofmodernpottery,such aswillowpattern,alongwithmodernbrickandtilewererecoveredfromtrenches9, 11,14,29and32.Astheartefactsweremodern,theywerenotedonTrenchsheets anddiscarded. Trench Locatedinthenorthwesterncornerofthedevelopmentareawithaneasttowest orientation, this trench (Fig. 4a; Plate 1) intersected Trench 2 close to its western corner.thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalundisturbedgeology wasreachedatbetween0.54mand0.60mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.10mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)fromwhichasingle51gsherdofmidtolate1stcenturypotterywasrecovered. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 6 3August2017

17 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Thiswasoverlainbya0.38mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142)containing modernbrickandtilefragments Thetrenchcontainedfourditches(4,6and8andoneunexcavated)andthreepits(2, 10andoneunexcavated) Locatedatthewesternendofthetrenchwasapitorpossibletreethrow(2).Thepit which measured 1.04m in diameter and 0.21m deep was subcircular in plan and containedasinglefill(1).thepithadagentlyslopingsidewithaushapedprofile.the fillcomprisedabrowngreysandyclaycontainingnofinds Ditch6waslocatedjusteastofpit2,withanorthwesttosoutheastorientation.The ditchwassteepsidedwithaushapedprofile,measuring2.2mwideand0.51mdeep. Theditchcontainedthreefills,theprimaryfill(5)wasabrowngreysandyclay0.22m thickcontaining289gofearlyromanpottery.abovethiswasagreybrownsiltclay(4) 0.18m thick. The upper and final fill (3) was a dark brown silt clay 0.26m thick containing1891gofmid1sttoearly2ndcenturyadpotteryandanimalbone Directlyadjacenttoditch6wasanotherditch(8,Fig.5aS.2)onanortheasttosouth westorientation.thislinearditchwassteepsidedwithaushapedprofile,measuring 0.74mwideand0.20mdeep.Theditchcontainedasinglefill(7)ofdarkgreybrown siltclaycontaining335gofearlyromanpottery Located midway along the trench was a pit (10). This pit was subcircular in plan, measuring0.65mindiameterand0.21mdeepwithsteeplyslopingsidesandaflat base.itssinglefillofbrowngreysiltclaycontainednofindsbutcharcoalfleckswere evidentinthefill Attheeasternendofthetrenchwasanunexcavatednorthtosouthalignedditch, alignedwiththemodernfieldboundaries. Trench Thistrench(Fig.4a;Plate2)wasinthenorthwesterncornerofthedevelopmentarea withanorthwesttosoutheastorientation.thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof 1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.41mand0.46mbelowthetopofthe trench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.12mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedsevenditches(8,29,36,40andthreeunexcavated)andtwopits (25andoneunexcavated) Ditch8wasexcavatedinTrench1,butwasalsowithinthenorthernendofTrench Locatedjustsouthofditch8waspit25.Thepitwaslocatedonthewesternedgeof thetrench,measuring0.45minwidthand0.15mdeepwithgentlyslopingsidesanda flatbase.itwassubcircularinplanandcontainedasinglefill(24);abluegreysiltclay containinganimalboneand814gofmidtolate1stcenturyadpottery Locatedfurtheralongthetrenchwasditch29.Thisditchwasonanortheasttosouth westorientation.thissteepsidedlinearfeaturewithaflatbasewas2.00mwideand OxfordArchaeologyLtd 7 3August2017

18 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 0.62mdeepandcontainedthreefills.Theprimaryfill(28)wasalightbrowngreyclay 0.25mthick.Abovethiswasa0.12mthickdarkbrowngreyclaysilt(27)whichwas sampledandfoundtocontaincharredcerealgrains,somepartiallygerminated,chaff andweedseeds.theupperandfinalfillwasadarkbrowngreysiltclay(26)0.26m thick Locatedatthesoutheasternendofthetrenchweretwoadjacentlinearditches(36 and40)andafurtherfour,smallunexcavatedditchesmeasuring0.70.9mwideanda pitornaturalfeature(unexcavated) Ditch36(Fig.5a,S.6)was1.20mwideand0.40mdeep.Thisgentlysidedditchhada Ushapedprofileandcontainedthreefills.Itsprimaryfill(37)wasayellowbrownsilt clay0.40mthickcontaining8gofmidtolate1stcenturyadpotteryandanimalbone. Abulksamplewastakenfromthisfill,whichcontainednopreservedecofacts.Above thiswasa0.18mthicklightyellowbrownsandyclay(38)containingnofinds,which slumpedinfromthesouthwestperhapsoriginatingfrombankmaterial.thethirdand finalfill(39)wasamidbrownsiltclay0.25mthickcontaininganimalboneand16gof EarlyRomanpottery Ditch40(Fig.5aS.10)hadaUshapedprofileandwas1.10mwideand0.40mdeep. Theditchcontainedthreefills,theearliestofwhich(41)wasadarkgreybrownsilt clay0.12mthickcontainingnofinds.abovethiswasayellowbrownsiltclay(42)0.25m thickcontaining62gofearlyromanpottery.theupperandfinalfillwasadarkbrown siltclay(43)0.17mthickcontaining79gofearlyromanpotteryincludingsamianware. Trench Thistrenchwasinthenortheasterncorneroftheproposeddevelopmentareawith aneasttowestorientation(fig.4a)thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m. Natural geology was reached at between 0.41m and 0.54m below the top of the trench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.24mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayedsilttopsoil(142) The trench contained a post hole (30), a pit (32) and two furrows (34 and one unexcavated)inadditiontoamodernfielddrainonanorthtosouthalignmentthat maybethesamedrainasthatseenintrenches17and Locatedmidwayalongthetrenchwasaposthole(30).Thepostholewassubcircular inplanandmeasured0.2minwidthand0.15mdeep.thepostholewasushapedin planwithsteepsides.itssinglefill(31)wasadarkbrowngreysiltclaycontainingno finds.charcoalwasevidentinthefill Directlyadjacent,totheeast,waspit32.Thispitwassubcircularinplanwithawidth of0.5mand0.15mdeep.thepithasgentlyslopingsideswithaushapedprofileand containedasinglefill(33).thisfillwasadarkbrowngreysiltclaywhichalthough containingnofindshadevidenceofcharcoalandpossibleburninginitsfill Locatedattheeasternendofthetrenchwaslinearfurrow34orientatednortheastto southwest. This furrow was very gentlysloping sides with an almost flat base, OxfordArchaeologyLtd 8 3August2017

19 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft measuring0.9mwideand0.04mdeep.itssinglefill(35)wasamidyellowishbrown silty clay containing no finds. Another furrow was within the trench on the same alignmentasfurrow34. Trench Thistrenchwasinthenortheasterncornerofthedevelopmentareawithanortheast tosouthwestorientation(fig.4a).thistrenchintersectedwithtrench5atitswestern endandmeasured50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeologywasreachedat between0.22mand0.40mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.31mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) In addition to a modern field drain, the trench contained one unexcavated ditch formingthereturnofanenclosureditchseenintrench5,anumberoftreethrowlike featuresandasinglepit(50).thepitwaslocatedtowardsthesouthwesternendof thetrenchandwassubcircularinplanwithawidthof0.9mandadepthof0.04m. ThepitwassteeplyslopedwithaUshapedprofile.Itssinglefill(51)wasadarkgrey brownsiltyclaycontainingnofindsbutmoderateamountsofcharcoal. Trench Thistrenchwasonanorthwesttosoutheastorientation,withTrench4extending perpendiculartoitssouthernend(fig.4a).thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof 1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.55mand0.58mbelowthetopofthe trench The natural geology was overlain by a 0.30m thick dark greyish brown clayey silt subsoil(141).thiswasoverlainbya0.33mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil (142)containingmodernbrickandtilefragments Inadditiontoafurrow(unexcavated)thetrenchcontainedfourditches(44,46,48and oneunexcavated) Locatedmidwayalongthetrenchwasditch44(Fig.5a,S.11).Thisditchwasona northeast to southwest orientation with steep sides and a Ushaped profile, measuring0.90mwideand0.40mdeep.thesinglefilloftheditch(45)wasamid brownishgreysiltyclaycontainingasingle6gsherdofmidtolate1stcenturypottery Directlynorthwestwasditch46onthesamenortheasttosouthwestorientation. TheditchwassteepsidedwithaUshapedprofileandawidthof0.60mand0.25m deep.thesinglefilloftheditch(47)wasamidgreyishbrownsiltyclaycontainingno finds Furthernorthwestwasditch48onthesamenortheasttosouthwestorientation. TheditchwassteepsidedwithaUshapedprofileandawidthof1.05manddepthof 0.25m.Theditchappearedtoterminateinthetrench.Thesinglefilloftheditch(49) wasamidgreyishbrownsiltyclaycontainingnofinds. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 9 3August2017

20 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Trench ThistrenchlaysouthwestofTrench5,withanorthwesttosoutheastorientation (Fig.4b).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreached atbetween0.42mand0.60mbelowthetopofthetrench The natural geology was overlain by a 0.20mthick dark greyish brown clayey silt subsoil(141).thiswasoverlainbya0.28mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil (142) ThetrenchcontainedaditchthatwasexcavatedinTrench7(11),ashallowlinear feature(55)interpretedasafurrowandapit(53)alongwiththreepartiallyuncovered pitsornaturalfeatures(unexcavated) Locatedatthenorthwesternendofthetrenchwaspit53(Fig.5a,S.12).Thispitwas subcircularinplanwithadiameterof0.51manddepthof0.22m.thepithadsteeply slopingsideswithaushapedprofileandcontainedasinglefill(52).thisfillwasadark bluegreysiltclaycontainingnofinds Locatedatthesoutheasternendofthetrenchwasafurrow(55)onanortheastto southwestorientation.thisfurrowhadgentlyslopingsideswithanalmostflatbase, awidthof2.18manddepthof0.22m.itssinglefill(54)wasalightgreybrownclaysilt containing a postmedieval pottery sherd (43g). This furrow was also recorded in Trench9. Trench ThistrenchwasdirectlywestofTrench6onanorthwesttosoutheastorientation (Fig. 4b). Trench 8 intersected midway along the length of this trench at a perpendicularangle.thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeology wasreachedatbetween0.49mand0.51mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalsoilwasoverlainbya0.20mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil(141). Thiswasoverlainbya0.31mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedanenclosureditch(11),twointercuttingditches(14and16),an unexcavatedditchandsevendiscretepits(18,20,22andthreeunexcavated) Locatedtowardsthesoutheasternendofthetrenchwasditch11(Fig.5a,S.5;Plate 3).Thisditchwasonanortheasttosouthwestalignmentandisthesamefeatureas the unexcavated ditch in Trench 6. This steep sided linear feature had a Ushaped profileandmeasured1.60mwideand0.70mdeep.theprimaryfill(12)wasamid greyishbrownsiltyclay0.20mthickcontainingflintandcharcoalinclusions.abovethis wasa0.60mthickdarkgreybrownclayeysilt(13)containing431gofmidtolate1st tomid2ndcenturyadpotteryandcharcoalinclusions.abulksamplewastakenfrom this fill, which contained occasional charred wheat grains and a small amount of charcoal Southeastoftheditchwaspit18.Thispitwassubcircularinplanwithadiameterof 0.70manddepthof0.05m.ThepithadgentlyslopingsideswithaUshapedprofile andcontainedasinglefill(19).thisfillwasamidgreyishbrownclaysiltcontainingno finds.theshapeanddepthofthefeaturesuggestedthatitmayinfactbeatreethrow. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 10 3August2017

21 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Northwestoftheditchwaspit22.Thispitwassubcircularinplanwithawidthof 0.66mand0.15mdeep.ThepithadgentlyslopingsideswithaUshapedprofileand containedasinglefill(23).thisfillwasamidgreyishbrownclaysiltcontainingnofinds Locatedtowardsthenorthwesternendofthetrenchweretwointercuttingditches 14and16.Ditch14wasonaneasttowestorientation,linearinplanwithsteeply slopingsidesandaushapedprofile.theditchmeasured0.90mwideand0.60mdeep andcontainedasinglefill(15).thisfillwasamidyellowishbrownsiltcontainingtraces ofcharcoalbutnofinds Ditch 14 was cut by another ditch (16) that was on a northeast to southwest orientation.thefeaturewasalsoseenattheeasternendoftrench8.thislaterditch wasasteepsidedlinearfeaturewithaushapedprofile.itwas0.96mwide,0.23m deepandcontainedasinglefill(17)comprisingadarkbrowngreysiltyclaycontaining smalltracesofcharcoalbutnofinds Situatedatthenorthwestendofthetrenchwasapit(20)whichwassubrectangular inplanwithawidthof0.90mand0.15mdeep.thepithadsteeplyslopingsideswith aflatbaseandcontainedasinglefill(21).thisfillwasadarkbrownishgreyclayeysilt containing no individual finds but a high frequency of charcoal and burnt clay fragments,indicatingitprobablyhadanindustrialfunction. Trench Thistrenchwasonanortheasttosouthwestorientationandmeasured50mlong withawidthof1.8m(fig.4b).thistrenchjoinedwithtrench7atitseasternend. Natural geology was reached at between 0.56m and 0.70m below the top of the trench Thenaturalsoilwasoverlainbya0.20mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedtwoditches(90and102)andsixpits/naturalfeatures(104and fiveunexcavated) Ditch90waslocatedtowardsthesouthwesternendofthetrenchonanorthwestto southeastorientation.thisditchwaslinearinplanwithsteeplyslopingsidesandau shapedprofilewhichmeasured1.55mwideand0.34mdeepandcontainedasingle fill.thefill(89)wasalightyellowbrownsiltclaycontainingtracesofdauband87gof mid1stto2ndcenturyadpottery Furtheralongthetrenchtowardsthenortheastwasditch102(Fig.5a,S.21)ona northwesttosoutheastorientation.thisfeaturehadaushapedprofileandstepped sides,measuring0.75mwideand0.28mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(102) whichwasalightyellowbrownsiltclaycontainingnofinds Locatedeastofditch102waspit104.Thispitwasirregularinplanwithawidthof 0.40mand0.13mdeep.ThepithadgentlyslopingsideswithaUshapedprofileand containedasinglefill(103).thisfillwasamidyellowishbrownsiltclaycontainingno finds. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 11 3August2017

22 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft At the northeast end of the trench, where it intersected with Trench 7, ditch 16 continuedthroughtrench8. Trench ThistrenchwastothesouthofTrench8onaneasttowestalignment(Fig.4b).The trenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween 0.54mand0.76mbelowthetopofthetrench The natural geology was overlain by a 0.30m thick dark greyish brown clayey silt subsoil(141).thiswasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil (142), from which an Edward III long cross penny was recovered during metal detecting Thetrenchcontainedalargepitornaturalhollow(79),apit(84),afurrow(thesame asthatseenintrench6)andaditch(86) Locatedattheeasternendofthetrenchwaslargepitorhollow79(Fig.5aS.14).This featurewassubcircularinplanwithanexcavatedwidthof3.00mand0.42mdeep. Thepithadgentlyslopingsideswithanirregularprofileandcontainedthreefills(80, 81and82).Theprimaryfill80wasalightgreybrownclaysand0.09mthickcontaining nofinds. Thisfillcould possiblyrepresentslumpmaterialintotheedgeofthepit. Abovethiswasalightreddishgreyclayeysilt(81)representingsiltingatthebaseof thepit,measuring0.09mthick.theuppermostandfinalfill82wasadarkgreybrown claysilt0.34mthickcontainingfrequentfragmentsofpostmedievalcbm Midwayalongthetrenchwaspit84.Thiswassubcircularinplanwithawidthof1.30m anddepthof0.22m.thepithadsteeplyslopingsideswithaushapedprofileand containedasinglefill(83).thisfillwasamidgreyishbrownclayeysiltcontainingno finds Atthewesternendofthetrench,beyondtheunexcavatedfurrow,wasditch86.This ditchwasonasouthwesttonortheastorientationbeforeturningbacksharplyina southeast direction towards the southern side of the trench. This ditch had a U shapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides,measuring1.00minwidthand0.20mdeep. The ditch contained a single fill (85) which was a light grey brown sand silt which containednofinds. Trench ThistrenchlayeastofTrench9andsouthofTrench7,onanorthwesttosoutheast orientation(fig.4b).thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeology wasreachedatbetween0.34mand0.46mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.20mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.25mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Atthesoutheastendofthetrenchwasanunexcavatedditchthatwasalsoseenin Trench12(135) Midwayalongthetrenchwasditch91onanorthwesttosoutheastorientationwhich hadavshapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides,measuring0.41minwidthand0.22m OxfordArchaeologyLtd 12 3August2017

23 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft indepth.theditchcontainedasinglefill(92)whichwasadarkbrownishgreysiltclay containingapartiallycompleteironnail(sf2). Trench ThistrenchwaseastofTrench6onanortheasttosouthwestorientation(Fig.4c). The trench was 50m long with a width of 1.8m. Natural geology was reached at between0.44mand0.56mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.31mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.33mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedapossiblefurrowandtwonaturalfeatures. Trench ThistrenchwaseastofTrench10onthesamenorthwesttosoutheastorientation (Fig.4c).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreached atbetween0.40mand0.46mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.19mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.30mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Inadditiontoamoderndrainandfurrow,thetrenchcontainedtwoditches(133and 135),oneofwhich(133)maybepostmedieval Ditch135(Fig.5a,S.33;Plate4)waslocatedcentrallywithinthetrenchonaneast northeast to westsouthwest orientation. It had a Ushaped profile and steeply slopingsides,measuringatleast4.5mwideanditsexcavateddepthwas0.95m.the baseoftheditchwasnotreachedduetohealthandsafetyconsiderations.theditch containedthreefills,theearliestofwhich(136)wasamidbrowngreysiltclay,0.2m thickwhichcontained155goflateironagepottery,alargefragmentofsaddlequern andanimalbone.abulksamplewastaken,butfoundtobesterile.abovethiswasa midbrowngreyclaysilt(137)whichwas0.12mthick.althoughcontainingnofinds, thefillwasnotableforbeingcomprisedofupto50%ofsubangularroundedstones. Theupperandfinalfill(138)wasamidbrowngreyclaysilt0.60mthickcontaining4g oflateironagepottery.thisditchisthesamefeatureseenintrench10(unexcavated) Ditch133waslocatedatthesoutheastendofthetrench.Theditch,whichwasaligned northeasttosouthwest,hadavshapedprofile,steepsidesandwas0.41minwidth and0.22mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(134)whichwasamidbrownishgrey siltclaycontainingnofinds.theditchisinterpretedasapostmedievalboundaryditch. Trench ThistrenchwaseastofTrench12onanortheasttosouthwestorientation(Fig.4c). ItintersectedwithTrench14atitseasternendonaperpendicularangle.Thetrench was50mlongwithawidthof1.8m(fig.4b).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween 0.60mand0.64mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.24mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.28mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 13 3August2017

24 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft Thetrenchcontainedtwointercuttingditches(95and99),locatedatthesouthwest endofthetrench Ditch95(Fig.5bS.13,Plate5)wasonanorthwesttosoutheastorientationwithaV shapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides,measuring1.7minwidthand0.90mdeep. Theditchcontainedthreefills,theearliestofwhich(96)wasamidgreyishbrownclay, 0.38mthick,asamplefromwhichcontainednopreservedecofacts.Abovethiswasa midgreyishbrownclay(97)whichwas0.26mthickandcontainedfragmentsofanimal bone. The upper and final fill (98) was a dark grey brown clay 0.17m thick which containedamoderateamountofcharcoalinclusionsand17goflateironagepottery. Thisditchwaspartofasubcircularenclosureidentifiedbythegeophysicalsurvey,the othersideofwhichwasrevealedtotheeastinthetrenchandleftunexcavated Thisditchwascutbyalaterditch(99)onanortheasttosouthwestorientationwith aushapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides,filledbyamidgreyishbrownclayeysilt (100). Trench Thistrench(Fig.4c;Plate6)waslocateddirectlyeastof,andjoinedto,Trench13,on anorthwesttosoutheastorientation.thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m. Natural geology was reached at between 0.52m and 0.65m below the top of the trench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.22mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.26mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedtwoditches(66andoneunexcavatednearthenorthernendof thetrench),twopits(63and78),apossibleposthole(139),andtwoverytruncated probablefurrows(notillustrated) Ditch66(Fig.5b,S.7;Plate7)wasonaneasttowestalignmentandhadaflatbase withgentlyslopingsides,measuring1.36mwideand0.36mdeep.theditchcontained two fills, the earliest of which (65) was a light brown grey clay its thickness being 0.18m.Abovethiswasamidgreyishbrownclaysilt(64)whichwas0.14mthickand containedfragmentsofanimalbone.abulksampletakenfromthisfillwasextremely sterile,withnopreservedecofactsbeingfound.thisditchwaspartofanenclosure identifiedonthegeophysicalsurvey,thoughthesouthernwasn tasclear,thoughis likelytheunexcavatedgullytruncatedbyposthole139(seebelow) Ditch66(Fig.5bS.7,Plate7)wastruncatedbyalaterpit(63,Plate7).Thispitwas subcircularinplanwithawidthof0.96manddepthof0.34m.thepithadsteeply slopingsideswithaushapedprofileandcontainedasinglelightgreybrownclayey siltfill(62)containingnofindsapartfromsomeburntstone Tothesoutheast,pit78wassubcircularinplanwithadiameterof0.98manddepth of0.26m.thepithadmoderatelyslopingsideswithabroadushapedprofileand contained a single fill (77). This fill was a mid greyish brown clay with rare flint inclusions.thefeaturewasinterpretedasbeingapossibletreethrow. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 14 3August2017

25 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Furthersoutheastalongthetrenchwasasmallposthole(139)truncatingaprobably ringgully.thissubcircularfeaturewashadgentlyslopingsidesandaushapedprofile. Thefeature sdiameterwas0.3mandmeasured0.08mdeep.itssinglefill(140)wasa darkbrowngreysiltclaycontainingnofindsandthebulksamplewassterile. Trench ThistrenchwassouthofTrenches13and14,onanortheasttosouthwestorientation (Fig.4).ItintersectedwithTrench16,formingaTshapeinplan,andmeasured50m longwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.39mand0.42m belowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.16mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.26mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil(142) containingmodernbrickandtilefragments Thetrenchcontainedasinglefurrowonanorthtosouthalignment(unexcavated). Trench Thistrenchwasonanorthwesttosoutheastorientationandintersectedwithtrench 15(Fig.4e).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8mandnaturalgeologywas reachedatbetween0.36mand0.53mbelowthetopofthetrench The natural geology was overlain by a 0.24m thick dark greyish brown clayey silt subsoil(141).thiswasoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownclayeysilttopsoil (142)containingmodernbrickandtilefragments The trench contained three ditches (56, 58 and one unexcavated) near its south easternend.ditch56waslocatedmidwayalongthetrenchonanortheasttosouth westorientation,parallelwiththeunexcavatedditchdirectlysouth.thisditchhada Ushapedprofile,steeplyslopingsidesandmeasured0.96mwideand0.35mdeep. Theditchcontainedasingledarkbrowngreysiltyclay(57)containingnofinds Ditch58waslocatedsouthoftheunexcavatedditchonanortheasttosouthwest orientationandhadaushapedprofilewithsteeplyslopingsidesandmeasured0.83m wideand0.19mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(59)whichwasamidbrownish greysiltclaycontainingnofinds. Trench ThistrenchwaslocatedsouthofTrenches10and12,onaneasttowestorientation (Fig.4).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreached atbetween0.26mand0.42mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.15mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.28mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedamoderndrainandthreefurrowssurvivedonanorthwestto southeastalignment(unexcavated). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 15 3August2017

26 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Trench ThistrenchlaysouthwestofTrench10,onanorthwesttosoutheastalignment(Fig. 4d).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreachedat between0.29mand0.47mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.18mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.28mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedandunexcavatedditch,twoditchesorfurrows(107and105) andapossibleposthole(109) Situatedatthesoutheastendofthetrenchwasanunexcavatedditchonanortheast tosouthwestalignment.thisditchwasnotedintrench10andexcavatedinboth Trenches12(135)and19(112) Northwestofthisunexcavatedfeaturewasditch(107).Thisditchwasonanortheast to southwest alignment and had a Ushaped profile and gently sloping sides, measuring1.10mwideand0.15mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(108)which was a mid yellowish brown silty clay containing no finds. The ditch was further excavatedintrench19as Locatednorthwestofditch107wasasecondpossibleditchorfurrow(105)onthe same northeast to southwest alignment. This ditch had a Ushaped profile with steeplyslopingsidesandmeasured0.50mwideand0.11mdeep,containingasingle fill (106) which was a mid greyish brown silt clay containing 16g of late medieval (AD )potteryandacopperobject(SF3)thatmaybepartofabuckle.This featurewasalsoexcavatedintrench19(117) Despite these featurescorrelating well with geophysical interpretation results, it is possiblethesetwofeaturesarefurrows,duetotheirformandthelatemedievalfinds recovered Northwestofditch105waspit109.Thispitwassubcircularinplanwithawidthof 0.24mand0.12mdeep.ThepithadanirregularslopewithabroadUshapedprofile andcontainedasinglefill(110)consistingofadarkbrownishgreysiltyclaycontaining amixofcharcoalandburntnaturalinclusions.thebulksamplefromthefillcontained moderateamountsofcharcoalbutnopreservedplantremains. Trench Thistrench(Fig.4d;Plate8)wassouthwestofTrench18andonanorthwesttosouth eastorientation.thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.naturalgeologywas reachedat0.30mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.10mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.20mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) The trench contained three ditches (111, 112 and 113, Plate 8) and four probable furrows(114,117,118andoneunexcavated)andthreepits/postholes(115,116and 132).Thethreeparallelditches(111,112,113)allformpartofthesameboundary thatrunsthroughtrenches10,12and18. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 16 3August2017

27 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Locatedatthesoutheasternendofthetrenchwasditch111.Thisfeaturewasona northeasttosouthwestalignmentwithaushapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides, measuring0.70mwideand0.18mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(119)which wasadarkbrownclayeysiltcontainingnofinds Directlyadjacenttothenorthwestwasditch112(Fig.5b,S.24).Thisditchmayhave beenacontinuationofthatpreviouslyexcavatedas135intrench12(andunexcavated intrench10).itwasalignedonanortheasttosouthwestorientationwithaushaped profileandsteeplyslopingsides,measuring2.20mwideand0.66mdeep.theditch containedthreefills,theearliestofwhich(122)wasadarkgreyclaysilt0.38mthick thatcontainednofinds.abovethiswasadarkgreybrownclaysilt(121)slumpinginto theditchonitsnorthwesternside,measuring0.20mthickandcontainingasingle10g sherdoflateironagepottery.theupperandfinalfill(120)wasalightgreyishbrown clayeysilt0.26mthickcontaining74gofmidtolatefirstcenturyadpotteryandan assemblageofanimalbone.thebulksamplefromthisfillwassterile Again,directlynorthofthisditchwasafurtherditchonthesamealignment(113,Fig. 5b,S.24)withaUshapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsides,measuring1.26mwide and0.33mdeep.theditchcontainedasinglefill(123)consistingofamidgreyish brownclayeysiltcontainingnofinds Furtheralongthetrenchtothenorthwestwasaditchorfurrow(114),whichwasa continuationofafeatureexcavatedintrench18(107).thisfeaturewasonanorth easttosouthwestalignmentandhadaushapedprofilewithsteeplyslopingsides measuring1.2mwideand0.18mdeep.thefeaturecontainedasinglefill(124)which was a dark brown clayey silt containing no finds. Northwest of feature 114 was anotherpossiblefurrow(117)onthesamealignmentwithawideushapedprofile, whichhadgentlyslopingsidesandmeasured1.2mwideand0.07mdeep,containing a single dark brown clayey silt fill (127 from which a modern iron nail (SF4) was recovered.atthenorthwestendofthetrenchwasditchorfurrow(118)onanorth easttosouthwestorientationwithaushapedprofileandsteeplyslopingsideswhich was0.30m wideand0.12mdeep. Thesinglefill(128)whichwasadarkbluegrey organicclaysiltcontainingan8gsherdofmid1stcenturyadpottery Situatedmidwayalongthetrenchwasasmallpit115.Thispitwassubcircularinplan withawidthof0.30mand0.08mdeep.thepithadasteepslopewithaushaped profile and contained a single fill (125). This fill was a light grey brown silt clay containingneitherfindsorevidenceofapostpipeorpacking Located within the central southern half of the trench were pits 117 and 132. Pit/posthole116wassubcircularinplanmeasuring0.45mwideand0.13mdeep.The pithadsteeplyslopingsideswithaushapedprofileandwasfilledbyamidgreyish brownsiltyclay(126)thatcontainednofinds.furtheralongthetrenchtothenorth westwasoneormorepossiblepit(132).thisvaguelysubcircularfeaturewas1.5m longand0.58mwidewithadepthof0.15m.thesolefill(131)wasalightyellowish brownsiltyclayfromwhichsmallfragmentsofanimalbonewererecovered. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 17 3August2017

28 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Trench ThistrenchwaslocatedtothesouthofTrench19onanorthtosouthalignment(Fig. 4d).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreachedat 0.35mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.10mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.25mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) The trench contained five furrows (unexcavated) and a single ditch (93). At the southernendofthetrench,ditch93wasalignedeasttowestandwasalsorecorded intrench21(unexcavated).thisditchwaslinearinplanwithaushapedprofilewhich had steeply sloping sides and measured 0.65m wide and 0.26m deep. The ditches singlefill(94)wasamidbrowngreysiltclaycontainingnofinds.thisditchwasaligned withthemodernfieldboundaries. Trench Trench21waslocateddirectlyeastofTrench20,onanorthtosouthalignment(Fig. 4d).Thetrenchwas50mlongwithawidthof1.8m.Naturalgeologywasreachedat 0.35mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.04mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.34mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedasingleunexcavatedditchonaneasttowestorientationwitha fragmentofcambridgewhiteunfroggedbrickinthebackfill.thisditchisthesame featurerecordedintrench20tothewest. Trench Thistrench,eastofTrench21,wasonaneasttowestalignmentandmeasured50m longand1.8mwide(fig.4).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.24mand0.54m belowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.25mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Theonlyfeaturewithinthetrenchwasamoderndrain,alsolocatedinTrenches3and 17tothenorth. Trench Thistrenchwas50mlongand1.8mwide,foundtothesouthofTrenches20and21, onaneasttowestalignment(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedbetween0.46m and0.50mbelowthetopofthetrench The natural geology was overlain by a 0.05m thick dark greyish brown clayey silt subsoil(141).thiswasoverlainbya0.37mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 18 3August2017

29 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Atotaloftwounexcavatedfurrowsmeasuring1.9mwidewererecordedinthetrench onanorthwesttosoutheastalignment.thewesternmostfurrowwasalsolocated inthenorthernendoftrench29. Trench DirectlyeastofTrench23andonanorthtosouthalignment,Trench21was50mlong and1.8mwide(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedat0.34mand0.38mbelowthe topofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.15mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil 9141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.25mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchcontainedasingleditch(67)atitsnorthernend,partiallymaskedbyalater furrow.thisditchwasonanorthwesttosoutheastalignmentandhadawideu shapedprofileandgentlyslopingsides,measuring0.47mwideand0.19mdeep.the ditchessinglefill(68)ofmidyellowgreysiltclaycontainednofinds.atotaloffive unexcavatedfurrowswereinthetrenchonanorthwesttosoutheastalignment. Trench LocatedsouthofTrench16andonanorthwesttosoutheastalignment,thistrench was50mlongand1.8mwide(fig.4e).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.32m and0.42mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.15mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.27mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142) Thetrenchcontainedtwoditches(60andoneunexcavated).Atthesouthernendof thetrench,ditch60(plate9)wasalignednortheasttosouthandhadavshaped profilewithsteeplyslopingsides,measuring0.8mwideand0.43mdeep.theditch containedasinglefill(61)ofmidyellowbrownsiltclaythatcontainedanironnail (SF1). Trench TothesouthofTrench25andonanorthtosouthorientation,thistrenchwas50m longand1.8mwide(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.24mand0.32m belowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.05mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.22mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Atotaloffourfurrows(unexcavated)measuring2.4mwideonanortheasttosouth westalignmentwererecordedinthetrench. Trench DirectlywestofTrench26andonanorthtosouthorientation,thistrenchwas50m long1.8mwide(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.27mand0.36m belowthetopofthetrench. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 19 3August2017

30 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.11mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.26mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) AcontinuationoftwofurrowslocatedwithinTrench26werealsofoundwithinthis trench. Trench DirectlywestofTrench27,onaneasttowestalignment,thistrenchmeasured50m longand1.8mwide(fig.3),withgeologyencounteredbetween0.21mand0.42m belowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.19mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.26mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Thetrenchtwounexcavatedfurrowsmeasuring2.1mwideonanorthwesttosouth eastalignmentandanorthtosouthfielddrainatitswesternend. Trench ThistrenchwaslocatedsouthofTrench23andwestofTrench28,onanorthtosouth alignment(fig.3).naturalundisturbedgeologywasreachedatbetween0.27mand 0.33mbelowthetopofthetrench,whichmeasured50mlongand1.8mwide Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.10mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.23mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142) Atotaloffourverytruncatedfurrowsonanorthwesttosoutheastalignmentwere within the trench, the northernmost one being located within Trench 23 and the southernmostwithintrench30. Trench On an east to west alignment and located south of Trench 29, this trench also measured50mlongand1.8mwide(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedbetween 0.32mand0.41mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.14mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.27mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142) The trench contained five furrows on a northwest to southeast alignment which measured1.1mto2.5mwide. Trench EastofTrench30andonanorthtosouthalignment,thistrenchwas50mlongand 1.8mwide(Fig.3).Naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.25mand0.39mbelow thetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.10mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141).Thiswasoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 20 3August2017

31 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Thetrenchcontainedasingleeasttowestalignedditch(69)atitssouthernend.This ditchwas0.69mwideand0.29mdeepwithaushapedprofileandsteeplysloping sides.itssinglefill(70)consistedofamidbrownishgreysiltyclaycontainingnofinds. Thisfeatureisthesameasditch73withinTrench34tothewest Afurthertwotruncatedfurrowsonanorthwesttosoutheastalignmentwerealso recordedinthetrench. Trench SouthofTrenches26and27andonaneasttowestorientation,thistrenchmeasured 50mlongand1.8mwide(Fig.3),withthenaturalgeologybeingreachedbetween 0.31mand0.4mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.12mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142) Thetrenchcontainedasingleditch(75)atitseasternend,onanorthnorthwestto southsoutheastalignment.theditchhadawideushapedprofileandgentlysloping sidesandmeasuring0.32mwideand0.13mdeep.itcontainedasinglefill(76)ofmid browngreysiltclaythatproducednofinds.afurtherthreefurrowsonanortheastto southwestalignmentwerealsofoundwithinthetrench. Trench This northwest to southeast aligned trench was located south of Trench 32, and measured50mlongand1.8mwide(fig.3).naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween 0.28mand0.39mbelowthetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.3mthicklayerofmidbrownishgreycolluvium, whichwasinturnoverlainby0.27mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil(141). Thiswasoverlainbya0.23mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil(142) Aneasttowestalignedfielddrainwaslocatednearthesouthernendofthetrench,as wellastwonortheasttosouthwestalignmentfurrowswhicheachmeasured2.1m wide. Trench WestofTrench33,andalignednorthtosouth,thistrenchalsomeasured50mlong and1.8mwide(fig.3).thistrenchintersectedwithtrench35halfwayalongitslength onthewesternside.naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.25mand0.40mbelow thetopofthetrench The natural geology was overlain by a maximum thickness of 0.9m of mid greyish browncolluviumatitssouthernend.abovethiswasa0.20mthickdarkgreyishbrown claysiltsubsoil.(141).thiswasinturnoverlainbya0.28mthickdarkgreyishbrown claysilttopsoil(142) Inadditiontoafurrow(71)thetrenchcontainedtwoditches(73and87)andamodern fielddrain. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 21 3August2017

32 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft Thefurrow(71)wasinthenorthernhalfofthetrenchandmeasured1.6mwideand 0.15mdeep.Itssinglefill(72)ofmidyellowbrownsiltclaycontainedasinglepost medievaltilefragment Northofthefurrowwasaneasttowestalignedditch(87)measuring0.29mwideand 0.11mdeep.ThishadaUshapedprofileandgentlyslopingsides,andwasinfilledwith amidbrowngreysiltyclay(88)whichcontainednofinds Ditch73(Fig.5b,S.34,Plate10),locatedsouthoffurrow71,wasonaneasttowest alignmentandisthesamefeatureasditch69intrench31.thisushapedditchwas 0.90mwideand0.30mdeep,thesolefillofwhich(74)wasamidyellowishgreysilty claycontaining39gofmidtolate1stcenturyadpottery. Trench ExtendingeasttowestfromTrench34,thistrench(Fig.3;Plate11)measured50m longand1.8mwide.naturalgeologywasreachedatbetween0.50mand0.69mbelow thetopofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.40mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysiltsubsoil (141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownclaysilttopsoil (142) The trench contained four northwest to southeast aligned furrows measuring between1.1mand1.4mwideandamodernfielddrain. Trench Thisnorthwesttosoutheastalignedtrench(Fig.3;Plate12)measured50mlongand 1.8mwide,withnaturalgeologybeingreachedbetween0.43mand0.57mbelowthe topofthetrench Thenaturalgeologywasoverlainbya0.29mthicklayerofmidgreyishbrownclayey siltsubsoil(141)whichwasinturnoverlainbya0.29mthickdarkgreyishbrownsilty claytopsoil(142) Inadditiontofourfurrows,therewasasingle(unexcavated)ditchonaneasttowest orientation located towards the centre of the trench. This was a continuation of undatedditch69excavatedintrench31totheeast. Findssummary ArelativelysmallassemblageoflaterIronAge(186g)andEarlyRoman(4407g)pottery wasrecoveredduringtheevaluation,predominantlyfromfeatureslocatedwithinthe northern half of the excavation area that were initially identified during the geophysicalsurvey.similarly,arelativelylargefragment(1350g)ofsaddlequernwas recoveredfromditch135,trench12.asmallnumberofmetalartefactsincludinga copperalloydutchstuiver(coin),aleadweight,asilverlongcrossofedwardiii,three ironnailsandafragmentofpossiblecopperalloybucklepinwererecoveredfromthe topsoilandarchaeologicalfeatures,mostofwhichwerefurrows.a1193gassemblage ofceramicbuildingmaterialwasalsorecovered,themajorityfromasinglelargepitor naturalhollow(79)intrench9,datingfromthelatemedievaltomodernperiod. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 22 3August2017

33 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Environmentalsummary A small assemblage of faunal remains totalling 1544g was recovered, with bovine remains forming most of the identifiable bone; most of the remains came from contextsdatingtothelaterironage.environmentalsamplescontainedfewcharred plantremains,althoughonesamplefromditch29,trench2containedanassemblage of spelt wheat, some of which had partly germinated. Cereal grains were also recoveredfromditch11,trench7. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 23 3August2017

34 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 DISCUSSION ByPatMoan Overview The evaluation has identified an area of rectilinear, and more organicallyshaped, enclosuresonanortheasttosouthwestalignmentthatdatetothelaterironageand EarlyRomanperiods,locatedinthenorthernhalfofthesiteonthehighergroundand betterdraininggeology.thefeaturesidentifiedinthenortherntrenchesformpartof a wider archaeological landscape that includes the possible Roman settlement (HER01329d)atSawtryandfeaturesrecordedduringthegeophysicalsurveytothe northofgiddingroad(lindenhomesapplication out;slater2016),along withexcavationsinthefieldtotheeastofthesite(jones2008andmurphy2011). Thesealsoidentifiedrectilinearenclosureslikethosewithinthisdevelopmentarea, onthesamenortheasttosouthwestalignment.asingleditchwithinthesouthern halfofthedevelopmentareahasbeenidentifiedasbeingromanindate.allother featuresrelatetothemedievaltomodernperiods Archaeologicalfeaturescutintotheheavyclaygeologywereclear,particularlythe laterironageandearlyromanfeaturesthatcontainedmoreorganicremains.the furrowsandasmallnumberoftheearlyromanditcheswerelessvisibleinthegeology, duetothesimilaritiesbetweenthefillsandthesurroundingclays.theheavyclayhas resultedinrelativelypoorpreservationofenvironmentalremains Finds retrieval from archaeological features was relatively good, particularly from featuresidentifiedasearlyromanwithinthenorthwesternquarterofthearea(fig. 6).ThelaterIronAgefeatureswerelessproductive,withasmallassemblageofpottery beingrecoveredfromfeatureswithintrenches12,13and19. Geophysicalsurvey groundtruth Theevaluationhasshowntheresultsofthegeophysicalsurveytobeaccurate,with the clear majority of interpreted archaeological features being identified during trenching.itisworthnoting,however,thatcertaininterpretedfeatures(e.g.anomaly 12,Trench12;interpretedasan Archaeologicalpossible )werenotidentifiedduring trenching.anyanomalyidentifiedas Archaeologicalprobable withinthegeophysical reportwasfoundtobeaccurate Inaddition,someareasthatwererelatively quiet onthegeophysicalsurveywere foundtocontainditches,forexamplethenorthernhalfoftrench5andfeaturesin Trench2.Itisprobablethatthedisturbancenotedonthegeophysicalinterpretation (Fig.2),inthenorthernlimitsofthedevelopmentarea,maybemaskingarchaeological features. Similarly, features were found in Trench 9 which were not accurately identifiedinthegeophysicalsurvey Thesurveyaccuratelyidentifiedthetwodifferentalignmentsoffurrowswithinthe development area, with the different alignments following changes in topography heading southwards down the valley side to the stream at the bottom of the developmentarea.thesefurrowsweremostlyfoundtobeveryshallow,particularly OxfordArchaeologyLtd 24 3August2017

35 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft in the northern half of the development area, and many did not survive to the machinedlevel.thisprobablyexplainswhyfurrowswerenotidentifiedinthenorth westernhalfoftheareaduringthegeophysicalsurvey Overall, the ground truth of the geophysical survey results is very accurate, with limited amounts of archaeology not being identified or misidentified. The strong signals found for certain features (see Archaeological probable (strong) and Archaeologicalprobable(weak)onFig.2)probablyrepresentthedifferenceinfills withintheditches,wherethemoreorganicand rich fillshavereturnedastronger signalthantheweaker secondarysilting clayfills. Treethrowsandnaturalfeatures Therewereseveralfeaturesidentifiedwithinthetrenchesinterpretedastreethrows ornaturalfeatures.forexample,threeunexcavatedfeaturesintrench6andfeature 18 in Trench 7 were quite amorphous and contained sterile clayey fills, and were interpreted as tree throws. The number of natural features was relatively low in comparisontootherfeatureswithinthedevelopmentarea,however,andanynatural features had quite clearly different forms and fills to confirmed archaeological deposits,allowingquickidentificationofthenaturalfeatures. Undatedfeatures Thefeaturesthatcontainednodatablefinds,forexampleditchesinTrenches2,5and 8weremostprobablyrelatedtotheEarlyRomanactivitywithinthenorthernhalfof the development, given the quantity of features dating to this period within close proximity. Similarly, some features, despite being undated, clearly had an industrial/settlementfunction.forexample,thepitwithinthenorthernendoftrench 7(20)wastruncatedandcontainednofinds,butthelargeamountofcharcoaland evidence of insitu burning strongly suggests the feature is the remains of a large hearthorpossiblyoven/kiln,thesuperstructureofwhichwasnolongersurviving.due tothefeature slocationinrelationtoothernearbyfeatures,itisalsoprobablyearly Romanindate Anumberofditchesidentifiedwithinthegeophysicalsurvey(Trenches16and25, anomaly17,fig.2)wereexcavatedbutnocloselydatablematerialwasrecovered. Theseditcheswerealignedwiththefurrows,anditishighlylikelythefeaturesinthese trenches(ditches56,58and60)aremostprobablymedieval/postmedieval;possibly boundariesbetweenthechangesinfurrowalignments. LaterIronAge The pottery recovered from certain features in Trenches 12, 13 and 19 has been identified as handmade Middle Iron Agetype pottery, with either shell, sand or a mixtureofbothwithinthefabric.theseinclusionsarecommontothemiddle/later IronAgeassemblagesfromthispartofCambridgeshire,thoughfewdiagnosticsherds were found. Because of the lack of diagnostic sherds, and the Middle Iron Age handmadepottingtraditionpersistedalongsidetheintroductionoflateironagetype wares,thepotteryhasbeengivenabroadlaterironagedate. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 25 3August2017

36 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft Interestingly, these later Iron Age features correlate with the southern band of archaeologyidentifiedwithinthegeophysicalsurvey.thesemoreorganicallyshaped enclosures,particularlywithintrenches13and14,haveamoreclassicallyironage form,andtherecoveredpotteryfromtheditchesconfirmsthis.thisbandwasfound tobesituatedontherelativelylevelplateaubeforethelandslopedquitesharplydown tothebottomofthevalley,locatedatthesouthernmostendofthedevelopment area.similarly,itissituatedjustpriortothechangeingeology,frombetterdraining gravellyclaystoamoreconsolidated,finer,claythatformsthevalleyslope Thisbandofactivityappearstobecentralisedonalongrunningboundarythatwas seenintrenches10,12,18and19,withapenannularshapedenclosureextendingoff theboundaryintrench12andmorerectilinearshapedenclosuresformingoffthe boundarywithintrenches18and19.thisboundarywasvariableinsizeandform, measuring2.2mwideintrench19(122)and4.5mintrench12(135).thisvariationin formandsizeappearstocorrelatewiththegeophysicalresults,wheretheditchisseen tovaryinsizeandshapequiteconsiderably Other activity that is also of probable later Iron Age date includes the sub circular/penannular features (Fig. 2, anomalies 11 and 12). One of the these was targetedwithintrench14andfoundtobeaccuratelyrepresentedonthegeophysical interpretation.theditchcontainednodatablefinds,butitsformwassimilartothe ditchesseenintrench13,andtheformofthefeaturewouldsuggestitisaroundhouse gully.itisprobablethattheotherfeature(fig.2archaeologicalprobableanomaly12) that wasn t targeted during trenching is also structural in function. Similarly, geophysicalanomaly10,westoftrench18,couldbestructuralinfunction(afourpost structure),thoughcouldalsorepresentstrongersignalsfromtheparallelditchesthat are also located there; the geophysical interpretation is that these ditches could possiblyindicateatrackway ThefeatureandartefactevidencesuggeststhatsettlementdatingtothelaterIronAge waslocatedwithinthedevelopmentareaandtherecoveryofarelativelylargesherd ofsaddlequernfromditch135(trench12)alsosuggestscropprocessingwastaking placewithinthesettlement.therelativescarcityofironagepotterymaysuggestthat settlement was outside of the development area and these ditches form stock enclosures,thoughtheidentificationofapossibleroundhouseintrench14would supporttheideathatsettlementisinthedirectvicinity.thelackofironagepottery maybeduetoalackofmiddenmaterialbeingdepositedwithinditchesratherthana lackofsettlementitself. EarlyRoman The relatively large quantities of unabraded Early Roman pottery recovered from featureswithintrenches1and2suggeststhatsettlementwaslocatednearby.most oftheassemblagecomprisesearlyromanutilitariancoarsewaresinusebetweenthe midtolate1stcenturyad,withsomecontinuancepossiblyuntilthemiddleofthe2nd centuryad.comparisonwithotherpublishedmaterialinthevicinity(hancocksetal 1998),demonstratesboththefabricsandformsaretypicalfortheareaanddateof deposition. Although the assemblage is small it is possible to establish that it OxfordArchaeologyLtd 26 3August2017

37 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft originatedfromarelativelyaffluentnearbysettlementwithsomeaccesstotraded material ThisEarlyRomanactivityismostevidentwithinthenorthernbandoffeatures,closest togiddingroad.theseenclosuresappeartobebetterorganizedthantheirprobable IronAgeantecedentstothesouthandformmoreformalrectilinearshapes.Thisshift insettlementpatternisinteresting,thoughcommonlyseenwithintheregion(timby etal.2007).thegeologyatthenorthernlimitofthedevelopmentareahasaslightly higher gravel and sand inclusions within theclays, presumably allowing the soilto drainquickerthantheslightlymoreclayeygeologythatthebandoflaterironage archaeologyisfoundontothesouth ThefillsoftheseEarlyRomanfeaturesweremuchmoreorganicthanmostofthelater IronAgefeatures,whichexplainsthestrongersignalsrecordedfortheseEarlyRoman featuresduringthegeophysicalsurvey.thebestenvironmentalresultswerefound fromthesefeatures(ditch29,trench2),withadiverseassemblagecomprisedofspelt, wheatandweedseeds.someofthespeltgrainsshowsignofgermination,evidence ofaspoiltcroporpossiblymaltingofthegrainforbrewing(moan2016) Asstatedpreviously,theunabradedpotteryassemblagerecoveredstronglysuggests Early Roman settlement is within the direct vicinity, despite no structural remains datingtotheperiodbeingfoundduringtrenching.allfeaturesdatedtothisperiod were ditches, with undated features (such as Pit 20, Trench 7) likely dating to this periodduetotheirproximityandlocationwithintheearlyromanenclosures.the evidencefromthisevaluationand theothernearbyarchaeologicalworks(murphy 2011)showsthatsettlementappearstohavefallenintodisusebytheMiddleRoman period,whichisofinterest,asgenerallythe2ndcenturyisaperiodwheresettlement andromanisationofsettlementsisseentoincreaseexponentiallywithinthisregion. Itmaybethatthissmallersettlementandothersurroundingfarmsteadsnucleated into a larger settlement to the east at Sawtry, closer to Ermine Street (i.e. the settlementpartlyexcavatedin1993;welsh1994),thoughwithsuchlimiteddatathis ismostlysupposition ThealignmentoftheselaterIronAgeandEarlyRomanenclosuresisintriguing,with allfeaturesdatingtotheseperiodswithinthedevelopmentareaandthosefromother nearbyexcavationsandevaluationsbeingsituatedonthesamenortheasttosouth west alignment. The reasoning for this is unclear and beyond the scope of this evaluationsaims,butitissuggestedthatgiddingroad,aknownmedievalroute,could in fact be an ancient trackway with its origins in the Iron Age, or possibly earlier. Similarly,thealignmentmaybeinfluencedbywhicheverwatercoursethesettlement wasnearby.duringenclosure,manystreamsandsmallerwatercourseswouldhave beenditched,changingtheiralignment.thereisevidencethatsawtrybrook,tothe northofthedevelopment,mayhaveoriginallybeenonasimilarnortheasttosouth westalignment,whichcanpartiallybeseenonhistoricmaps(clark2016,fig InclosureMap). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 27 3August2017

38 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Medievaltopostmedieval Themedievalandpostmedievalfeaturesappeartobelimitedtothefurrows,which werealsoidentifiedonthegeophysicalsurvey.thesefurrowsaremostlikelytohave beenrelatedtopreenclosurestripfieldsoncommonlandassociatedwithanearby manorialestate(possiblylocatedatthemoatedsiteapproximately980mtothenorth eastofthecurrentsite)orthevillage.theyareontwodifferentalignmentswithin development area and these alignments generally follow the lay of the land. The northeasttosouthwestfurrowsarelocatedontheflatgroundatthenorthandsouth ofthearea.thenorthwesttosoutheastalignedfurrowsarelocatedonthevalley side,followingtheinclineoftheland Onefurrowwasfoundtobeparticularlylargerthantheothers,andwaslocatedatthe southernendoftrench6(55)andranthroughtrench9.thisfurrowcouldbethe southernmostfurrowonthenortheasttosouthwestalignment,beforethefurrows turn to follow the slope of the valley. It probable that there would have been a headlandatthischangeoforientation,andthislargerfurrowperhapsformedamarker between to two alignments. Interestingly, one feature in Trench 18 was found to containasherdoflatemedievalpotteryandacopperobject,possiblypartofabuckle (107).Thisfeaturewaswithinanareawherethefurrowswereexpectedtobeona northwesttosoutheastalignment,soitcouldinsteadbeaditch,whichmeansthat otherundatedfeaturesidentifiedduringthegeophysicalsurveywithinthispartofthe developmentareacannotbeprecludedfromhavingamedievaldate. Modern During the modern period, the development area clearly continued to be utilised agriculturally,astheonlytypeofarchaeologicalevidencenotedafterthemedievalor postmedievalstripfieldswasditchesdatingtotheactofenclosure,wherecommon landwasditched(thusenclosed)tocreatelegalpropertyrightsfortheland TheseditcheswereseenonthegeophysicalsurveyandranthroughTrenches3,12, 17,20,21and22.Theseboundariesarealsoseenonthe1809Enclosuremap(Fig.2, Clarkfig.5)andthemainnorthtosouthboundaryidentifiedongeophysicsandfound intrenches3and22wasfoundtocontainalanddrainatitsbase.theditcheswere variableinsizeanddepthandwerenotfoundincertaintrencheswheretheywould havebeenexpected(e.g.trenches4and17),suggestingtheywereveryshallowin thesepartsandhavebeentruncatedawaybymodernagriculturalpractices. Conclusion Whilstthelowerhalfofthesitecontainedonlyoneditchthatcanbedatedtothe Romanperiod,theuppernorthernhalfofthesitecontainedevidenceforrectilinear andmoreorganicallyshapedenclosuresandpossiblesettlementthatstartedduring thelaterironageandcontinuedintotheearlyromanperiod.thelackofabrasion within the Early Roman pottery assemblage strongly suggests that settlement is locatedinthedirectvicinityofthedevelopmentareaduringthisperiod.whenthe results are looked at in conjunction with the other known archaeology from the adjacent excavation and nearby geophysical survey, it can be suggested that OxfordArchaeologyLtd 28 3August2017

39 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft settlementformedalongtherouteofanancientversionofgiddingroadasaribbon developmentthroughoutthelaterironageandearlyromanperiods,thenfallinginto disuse by the Middle Roman period, possibly due to a change in settlement patterns/nucleationofsettlements. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 29 3August2017

40 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 APPENDIXA TRENCHDESCRIPTIONSANDCONTEXTINVENTORY Trench1 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trench Contained two ditches (6 & 8) and two pits (2 & 10). Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.55 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.38 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.48 Subsoil pottery M/LC1 143 Layer Natural 1 fill 0.21 Fillof2 2 fill Cutofpit/treethrow 3 fill 0.26 Fillof6 pottery, animal M/LC1 bone 4 fill 0.18 Fillof6 5 fill 0.22 Fillof6 pottery M/LC1 6 cut Ditchcut 7 fill 0.20 Fillof8 pottery M/LC1 8 cut Ditchcut 9 fill 0.21 Fillof10 10 cut Pitcut Trench2 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContained7ditches(29,36,40,4unexc.)andapit(25). Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.42 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.30 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.12 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 24 Fill 0.15 Fillof25 pottery, Animal M/LC1 Bone 25 Cut Pitcut 26 Fill 0.26 Fillof29 27 Fill 0.12 Fillof29 28 Fill 0.25 Fillof29 29 Cut Ditchcut 36 Cut Ditchcut 37 Fill 0.40 Fillof36 pottery, animal MC1/C2 bone 38 Fill 0.18 Fillof36 39 Fill 0.25 Fillof36 pottery, animal M/LC1 bone 40 Cut Ditchcut OxfordArchaeologyLtd 30 3August2017

41 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft 41 Fill 0.12 Fillof40 42 Fill 0.25 Fillof40 pottery MC1C2 43 Fill 0.17 Fillof40 pottery MC1 Trench3 Generaldescription Orientation EW TrenchContainedonepit(32),afurrow(34)andaposthole(30). Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.45 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.30 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.24 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 30 Cut PostholeCut 31 Fill 0.15 Fillof30 32 Cut Pitcut 33 Fill 0.15 Fillof32 34 Cut Furrowcut 35 Fill 0.04 Fillof34 Trench4 Generaldescription Orientation NESW TrenchContainedoneunexcavatedditchandapit(50).Consisted Length(m) 50 oftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravels Width(m) 2.10 withoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.53 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.31 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.22 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 50 Cut Pitcut 51 Cut 0.10 Fillof50 Trench5 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContainedthreeexcavatedditches(44,46and48)andone Length(m) 50 unexcavated. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil overlying natural Width(m) 2.10 geologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.55 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.33 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.23 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 44 Cut Ditchcut 45 Fill 0.4 Fillof44 pottery M/LC1 46 Cut Ditchcut 47 Fill 0.25 Fillof46 48 Cut Ditchcut 49 Fill 0.25 Fillof48 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 31 3August2017

42 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Trench6 Generaldescription Orientation NESW TrenchContainedoneunexcavatedlinearfeatures,afurrow(55) Length(m) 50 andapit(53).consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnatural Width(m) 2.10 geologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.60 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.28 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.26 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 52 Fill 0.22 Fillof53 53 Cut Pitcut 54 Fill 0.22 Fillof55 Pottery Cut Furrowcut Trench7 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContainedthreelinearfeatures(11,14and16)andthree Length(m) 50 pits (18, 20 and 22). Consisted of topsoil and subsoil overlying Width(m) 2.10 naturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.51 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.31 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.20 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 11 Cut Ditchcut 12 Fill 0.20 Fillof11 13 Fill 0.60 Fillof11 pottery M/LC1 14 Cut Ditchcut 15 Fill 0.60 Fillof14 16 Cut Ditchcut 17 Fill 0.23 Fillof16 18 Cut Pitcut(?) 19 Fill 0.05 Fillof18 20 Cut Pitcut 21 Fill 0.15 Fillof20 22 Cut Pitcut 23 Fill 0.15 Fillof22 Trench8 Generaldescription Orientation NESW TrenchContainedtwoditches(90and102)anda6pits/natural Length(m) 50 features (104 & 4 unexc.). Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Width(m) 2.10 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.57 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.15 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.15 Subsoil OxfordArchaeologyLtd 32 3August2017

43 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft 143 Layer Natural 89 Fill 0.34 Fillof90 pottery M/LC1 90 Cut Ditchcut 101 Fill 0.28 Fillof Cut Ditchcut 103 Fill Fillof Cut 0.13 Pitcut Trench9 Generaldescription Orientation EW TrenchContainedditch(86),twopits(79and84)andafurrow. Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.60 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.24 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.30 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 79 Cut Pitcut 80 Fill 0.09 Fillof79 81 Fill 0.08 Fillof79 82 Fill 0.34 Fillof79 CBM Pmed 83 Fill 0.22 Fillof84 84 Cut PitCut 85 Fill 0.20 Fillof86 86 Cut Ditchcut Trench10 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE Trench Contained ditch of furrow (91) and two unexcavated Length(m) 50 ditches.consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeology Width(m) 2.10 ofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.40 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.15 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 91 Cut Ditchcut 92 Fill 0.22 Fillof91 Trench11 Generaldescription Orientation NESW TrenchContainedafurrowandtwonaturalfeatures.Consistedof Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.46 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.25 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.31 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural OxfordArchaeologyLtd 33 3August2017

44 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Trench12 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContainedditches(133and135)andafurrow.Consistedof Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.46 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.27 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.19 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 133 Cut DitchCut(postmedieval) 134 Fill 0.22 Fillof 135 Cut DitchCut(partlyexcavated) 136 Fill 0.20 Fillof135 Bone,Pottery LIA 137 Fill 0.12 Fillof Fill 0.60 Fillof Fill 0.08 Fillof135 pottery LIA 140 Fill 0.08 Fillof135 Trench13 Generaldescription Orientation NESW Trench Contained ditches (95 and 99) Consisted of topsoil and Length(m) 50 subsoil overlying natural geology of sandy gravels with oxford Width(m) 2.10 clays. Avg.depth(m) 0.60 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.28 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.24 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 95 Cut DitchCut 96 Fill 0.38 Fillof95 97 Fill 0.26 Fillof95 Bone 98 Fill 0.17 Fillof95 pottery LIA 99 Cut DitchcutPostMedieval 100 Fill Fillof99 Trench14 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContainedditches(66&oneunexc.)andpits(63and78) Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.60 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.22 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 62 Fill 0.34 Fillof63 63 Cut Pitcut OxfordArchaeologyLtd 34 3August2017

45 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft 64 Fill 0.18 Fillof63 65 Fill 0.16 Fillof63 66 Cut DitchCut 77 Fill 0.26 Fillof78 78 Cut Pitcut 139 Cut Postholecut 140 Fill 0.08 Fillof139 Trench15 Generaldescription Orientation NESW Trench Contained one furrow. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.42 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.31 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench16 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContained3ditches(56and58&1unexc.).Consistedof Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.44 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.25 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.19 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 56 Cut Ditchcut 57 Fill 0.35 Fillof56 58 Cut DitchCut 59 Fill 0.19 Fillof58 Trench17 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trench contained 3 furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.28 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.15 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench18 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE Trench Contained an unexcavated ditch, two probably furrows Length(m) 50 (105and107)andapit/posthole(109).Consistedoftopsoiland Width(m) 2.10 subsoil overlying natural geology of sandy gravels with oxford clays. Avg.depth(m) 0.45 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 35 3August2017

46 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.18 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 105 Cut Ditchcut 106 Fill 0.11 Fillof105 Pottery,Fenail Cut Ditchcut 108 Fill 0.15 Fillof Cut Pitcut 110 Fill 0.22 Fillof109 Trench19 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE Trench Contained 3 ditches (111,112,113) four furrows Length(m) 50 (114,117,118)andthreepits(115,116,132).Consistedoftopsoil Width(m) 2.10 andsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravels Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 111 Cut Ditchcut 112 Cut Ditchcut 113 Cut Ditchcut 114 Cut Ditchcut 115 Cut Postholecut 116 Cut Postholecut 117 Cut Ditchcut 118 Cut Ditchcut 119 Fill 0.18 Fillof Fill 0.26 Fillof112 pottery, animal LIA bone 121 Fill 0.20 Fillof112 pottery, animal LIA bone 122 Fill 0.38 Fillof Fill 0.33 Fillof Fill 0.18 Fillof Fill 0.08 Fillof Fill 0.13 Fillof Fill 0.07 Fillof117 Fenail 128 Fill 0.12 Fillof117 pottery, animal M/LC1 bone 131 Fill 0.16 Fillof132 Animalbone 132 Cut Postholecut Trench20 Generaldescription Orientation NS Length(m) 50 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 36 3August2017

47 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Trench Contained one ditch (93) and five furrows. Consisted of Width(m) 2.10 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.30 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 93 Cut Ditchcut 94 Fill 0.26 Fillof93 Trench21 Generaldescription Orientation NS TrenchContainedoneditch(unexcavated)asseeninTrench20. Length(m) 50 Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandy Width(m) 2.10 gravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.24 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.04 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench22 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trenchcontainedamoderndrain.Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.38 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.27 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.11 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench23 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trench Contained two furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.48 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.36 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.05 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench24 Generaldescription Orientation NS Trench Contained one ditch (67) and five furrows. Consisted of Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.48 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.36 Topsoil OxfordArchaeologyLtd 37 3August2017

48 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 141 Layer 0.05 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 67 Cut DitchCut 68 Fill 0.19 Fillof67 Trench25 Generaldescription Orientation NWSE TrenchContainedtwoditch(60&oneunexc.).Consistedoftopsoil Length(m) 50 andsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxford Width(m) 2.10 clays. Avg.depth(m) 0.35 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.25 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.12 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 67 Cut DitchCut 68 Fill 0.43 Fillof60 Fenail Pmed Trench26 Generaldescription Orientation NS TrenchContainedfourfurrows.Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.25 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.05 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench27 Generaldescription Orientation NS Trench Contained two furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench28 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trench Contained two furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.40 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.26 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.16 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench29 Generaldescription Orientation NS OxfordArchaeologyLtd 38 3August2017

49 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Trench contained four furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.22 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench30 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trench contained five furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.32 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.27 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.14 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench31 Generaldescription Orientation NS Trenchcontainedsingleditch(69)andtwofurrows.Consistedof Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 69 Cut Ditchcut 70 Fill 0.29 Fillof69 Trench32 Generaldescription Orientation EW Trenchcontainedsingleditch(75)andthreefurrows.Consistedof Length(m) 50 topsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswith Width(m) 2.10 oxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.40 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 75 Cut Ditchcut 76 Fill 0.13 Fillof69 Trench33 Generaldescription Orientation NS Trench contained two furrows. Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.35 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 39 3August2017

50 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.23 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.27 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench34 Generaldescription Orientation NS Trenchcontainedditches(73and87)andafurrow(71).Consisted Length(m) 50 oftopsoilandsubsoiloverlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravels Width(m) 2.10 withoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.40 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.20 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural 71 Cut Cutoffurrow 72 Fill 0.15 Fillof71 Tilefrag pmed 73 Cut Ditchcut 74 Fill 0.03 Fillof73 pottery M/LC1 87 Cut Ditchcut 88 Fill 0.11 Fillof87 Trench35 Generaldescription Orientation EW TrenchContainedfourfurrows.Consistedoftopsoilandsubsoil Length(m) 50 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Width(m) 2.10 Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.29 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.03 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural Trench36 Generaldescription Orientation NNWSSE Trench Contained four furrows and a continuation of ditch Length(m) 50 excavated in Trench 31 (69). Consisted of topsoil and subsoil Width(m) 2.10 overlyingnaturalgeologyofsandygravelswithoxfordclays. Avg.depth(m) 0.30 Context Type Width Depth Description Finds Date No. (m) (m) 142 Layer 0.30 Topsoil 141 Layer 0.10 Subsoil 143 Layer Natural OxfordArchaeologyLtd 40 3August2017

51 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft APPENDIXB FINDSREPORTS B.1 LaterIronAgePottery ByMattBrudenell Introduction B.1.1 Theevaluationyielded33sherdsoflaterIronAgepottery(186g)withalowmean sherdweight(msw)of5.6g.thepotterywasrecoveredfromfourcontextsrelatingto three ditches in Trenches 12, 13 and 19 (Table 1). The assemblage comprises handmademiddleironagetypeceramics,whichhadacurrencybetweenc.350bc AD50inthisareaofCambridgeshire.NodiagnosticsherdsofLateIronAgepottery wererecovered. B.1.2 Thepotteryisinastablecondition,butallsherdsaresmallandpartiallyabraded Context Cut Trench Featuretype No.sherds Weight(g) Ditch Ditch Ditch Ditch 2 4 TOTAL Table1.QuantificationofIronAgepotterybycontext Methodology B.1.3 Allthepotteryhasbeenfullyrecordedfollowingtherecommendationslaidoutbythe PrehistoricCeramicResearchGroup(2011).Afterafullinspectionoftheassemblage, fabric groups were devised based on dominant inclusion types, their density and modalsize.sherdsfromallcontextswerecounted,weighed(tothenearestwhole gram)andassignedtoafabricgroup.sherdtypewasrecorded,alongwithtechnology (wheelmade or handmade), evidence for surface treatment, decoration, and the presenceofsootand/orresidue.rimandbaseformsweredescribedusingacodified systemrecordedinthecatalogue,andwereassignedvesselnumbers.wherepossible, rimandbasediametersweremeasured,andsurvivingpercentagesnoted.incases whereasherdorgroupsofrefittingsherdsretainedportionsoftherimandshoulder, thevesselwasalsocategorisedbyform.themiddleironagetypeformswerecodified usingtheseriesdevelopedbyjdhill(hillandhorne2003,174;hillandbraddock2006, ). All pottery was subject to sherd size analysis. Sherds less than 4cm in diameterwereclassifiedas small (29sherds);sherdsmeasuring48cmwereclassified as medium (foursherds),andsherdsover8cmindiameterwillbeclassifiedas large (0sherds).ThequantifieddataispresentedonanExceldatasheetheldwiththesite archive OxfordArchaeologyLtd 41 3August2017

52 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Fabrics B.1.4 S1:Moderntocommoncoarseshell(mainly24mminsize) S2:Moderatetocommonmediumshell(mainly12mminsize S3:Moderatetocommonfineshell(mainly<1mminsize) Q1:Moderatetocommonquartzsand. QS1: moderate to common quartz sand and sparse to moderate fine shell (mainly <1mminsize) Fabrictype Fabricgroup No.sherds Weight(g) Q1 Sand 5 38 QS1 SandandShell 6 32 S1 Shell 1 3 S2 Shell S3 Shell 2 5 TOTAL Table2.QuantificationofIronAgepotterybyfabric Assemblagesdescriptionbycontext Context95,ditch98,Trench13 B.1.5 Context98yieldedsevensmallsherdsofpotteryininfabricQ1(twosherds,10g)and SQ1(fivesherds,7g).Theassemblageincludedafragmentofavesselbase Context121,ditch112,Trench19 B.1.6 Context121yieldedasinglebodysherd(10g)infabricS2. Context136,ditch135,Trench12 B.1.7 Context136yielded23sherds(155g)ofpotteryinfabricsQ1(twosherds,26g),QS1 (onesherd,25g),s1(onesherds,3g),s2(17sherds,96g)ands3(twosherds,5g).the assemblageincludesthepartialprofileofasmallslackshoulderedjarwithevertedrim infabrics2(hillformd,rimdiameter14cm,10%ofcircumferenceintact).afragment ofavesselbaseinfabricq1wasalsorecovered Context138,ditch135,Trench12 B.1.8 Twosmallbodysherd(4g)wererecoveredfromcontext138:onesherdsinfabricsQ1 (2g)andonesherdinfabricS2(2g). Discussion B.1.9 TheevaluationyieldedasmallassemblageofhandmadeMiddleIronAgetypepottery. The sherds have either shell, sand or a mixture of sand and shell in the fabric inclusions common to Middle/later Iron Age pottery groups from this part of Cambridgeshire.Asidefromthepartialprofileofasmalljar,theonlyotherdiagnostic sherdoftheperiodwasafragmentofscoredwarefromcontext136(elsdon1992). OxfordArchaeologyLtd 42 3August2017

53 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft B.1.10 ThepotterybelongstothehandmadeMiddleIronAgepottingtraditionwhichhada currency spanning the period between c.350 BCAD 50. This tradition persisted alongsidetheintroductionoflateironagetypewaresfromc.50bc,andlastedup untiltheperiodimmediatelyfollowingtheromanconquest.giventhesmallsizeof this assemblage, it is probably unwise to date it any closer at this stage. It may thereforebebesttotermitalaterironagepotterygroup,datingc.350bc AD50. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 43 3August2017

54 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 B.2 TheRomanPottery ByAliceLyons Introduction B.2.1 Atotalof236sherds,weighing4190gandrepresentingaminimumof58vesselsof EarlyRomanpotterywasrecoveredduringthisevaluation.Thepotterywasprimarily recoveredfromditches,alsoapitandthesubsoil.thepotteryismoderatelyabraded withanaveragesherdsizeof18g. Methodology B.2.2 The Roman pottery was analysed following the guidelines of the Study Group for RomanPottery(Barclayetal2016,1418).Thetotalassemblagewasstudiedanda cataloguewasprepared(table4).thesherdswereexaminedusingahandlenswhere necessary(x10magnification)andweredividedintofabricgroupsdefinedbasedon inclusion types present. Vessel forms (jar, bowl) were recorded. The sherds were counted and weighed to the nearest whole gramme and recorded by context. Decoration,residuesandabrasionwerealsonoted. Acknowledgements ThankstoSeverineBezie(OAEast)whoassistedincataloguingthismaterial. ThePottery B.2.3 EightRomanpotteryfabricswereidentified(Table3). Fabric Publication Form Sherd Count Weight (g) Weight (%) Sandygreyware:SGW Hancocksetal1998, Flask(2.1),dish(6.3),jar (4.13,5.3) Shellyware:STW Hancocksetal1998, Dish(6.18),jar,storagejar (4.14) Oxidisedwarewithcommon Hancocksetal1998, Storagejar(type4.4) groginclusions:ow(grog) 58 Sandyoxidisedware:SOW Hancocksetal1998, Bowl(6.15),flagon,jar (4.8),mortaria(7.1) SouthGaulishsamian:SAM Tyers1996,112 Dish(Dr18/31) SG Whiteware:WW Flagon(1.9) Colourcoat:NVCC Tyers1996, Beaker(type3.6) Reducedware,withcommon Hancocksetal1998, Jar/bowl groginclusions:gw(grog) 4144 Total Table3.TheRomanpotteryquantifiedbyfabric,listedindescendingorderofweight(%) B.2.4 The earliest pottery within this assemblage dates to the mid1st century AD and consists of a small number of reduced (grey) and oxidised (white) grog tempered OxfordArchaeologyLtd 44 3August2017

55 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft coarsewares.mostfragmentsareundiagnostic,althoughoneow(grog)lidseated storagejarwasidentified(type4.4)andseveralgw(grog)jar/bowlsherds. TypeSeries B.2.5 Mostofthisassemblage,however,comprisesEarlyRomanutilitariancoarsewaresin usebetweenthemidtolate1stcenturyad.sandygreywaresarethemostabundant andareprimarilyfoundaswidemouthedcordonedjars(type5.3),althoughasmall numberofotherjaranddishformswerefound.shellywaresarealsocommon,most frequentlyintheformofhandmadejarandstoragejars(type4.14),alsoadish(type 6.18). Sandy oxidised wares are also relatively well represented but notably were foundinadifferentrangeofforms(comparedtothereducedcoarsewares)including undiagnosticflagonsherds,abifidrimcookingpot(type4.8)andabeadandflanged mortaria(type7.1).alsofoundwasasinglewhitewarefragmentfromacuppedrim flagon(type1.9). B.2.6 Imported material is represented by a small amount of South Gaulish samian (DR18/31)typicalofthelate1stcenturyAD.Alsofoundisonecolourcoatedbeaker fragment(type3.6),itispossiblethatitisanearlynenevalleyproductdatingtothe mid2ndcenturyad. Summary B.2.7 ThisisasmallstratifiedassemblageofEarlyRomancoarseandfinewarepotterythat hasbeendatedtothemidtolate1stcenturyad,withsomecontinuancepossiblyuntil themiddleofthe2ndcenturyad.comparisonwithotherpublishedmaterialinthe vicinity(hancocksetal1998),demonstratesboththefabricsandformsaretypicalfor theareaanddateofdeposition.althoughtheassemblageissmallitispossibleto establish that it originated from a relatively affluent nearby settlement with some accesstotradedmaterial. PotentialforFurtherWork B.2.8 Nofurtherworkisrequiredonthisassemblage.Iffurtherexcavationisundertakenthis materialshouldbeincludedinthelargerassemblageandbroughttopublication ThePotteryCatalogue KEY:B=base,C=century,D=decoratedbodysherd,Dsc=description,E=early,L=late M=mid,MORT=mortaria,R=rim,SJAR=storagejar,U=undecoratedbodysherd.For fullfabricnamesseetable3. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 45 3August2017

56 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 CONTEXT CUT TRENCH FEATURE ERA FABRIC FORM DSC COUNT WEIGHT DATE (G) Ditch ERB SAMSG DISH/BOWL RU 2 32 LC1EC Ditch ERB SGW JAR UD M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR R M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR R 1 23 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR R M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR RU 5 46 M/LC Ditch ERB SOW MORT RS MC1/MC Ditch ERB SOW JAR U 2 5 MC1/MC Ditch ERB STW JAR/SJAR UDB M/LC Ditch ERB STW DISH P M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR/SJAR U 1 34 M/LC Ditch ERB STW SJAR RU 1 15 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U M/LC Ditch ERB SOW JAR RU 1 14 MC1/C Ditch ERB OW(GROG) SJAR U 1 62 M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR BUD M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 3 25 LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR BU 1 34 M/LC Ditch ERB SOW JAR RUB MC1/C Ditch ERB STW SJAR U 1 49 MC1C Ditch ERB SGW JAR/SJAR U 3 98 LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR/BOWL U 2 12 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR/BOWL U 2 12 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR R M/LC Ditch ERB SOW BOWL RU M/LC1 1 6 MC Ditch ERB STW JAR/SJAR RU M/LC M/LC Pit ERB OW(GROG) SJAR D 1 62 MC1EC Pit ERB SGW JAR RU 1 18 LC1MC Pit ERB SGW FLASK RU 1 6 LC1MC Ditch ERB SGW JAR BU 3 92 M/LC Ditch ERB OW(GROG) SJAR RUD M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR/SJAR U M/LC Ditch ERB WW FLAG R 1 15 M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR RU 2 8 MC1/C Ditch ERB SAMSG U 2 1 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 1 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 3 13 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 1 M/LC Ditch ERB CC BEAK R 1 10 M/LC Ditch ERB GW(GROG) JAR/BOWL U 1 4 MC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 5 M/LC1 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 46 3August2017

57 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft CONTEXT CUT TRENCH FEATURE ERA FABRIC FORM DSC COUNT WEIGHT DATE (G) Ditch ERB SOW SJAR U 1 43 MC1C Ditch ERB SAMSG DISH RU 1 1 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW DISH RU MC E/MC Ditch ERB SGW JAR RU 6 33 M/LC Ditch ERB SOW FLAG U 1 12 MC1C Ditch ERB STW JAR/BOWL U 3 19 C Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 6 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR RU 1 31 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 7 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 1 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR RU 7 53 LC1LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR RD 1 28 MC Ditch ERB SGW JAR U 1 1 M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR U 3 5 MC1C Ditch ERB SGW JAR R 4 23 M/LC Ditch ERB SGW JAR/BOWL U 2 23 M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR RUD 8 28 M/LC Ditch ERB STW JAR U 1 8 MC1/C Subsoil ERB SGW JAR BU M/LC E/LC2 Table4:RomanPotteryCatalogue OxfordArchaeologyLtd 47 3August2017

58 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 B.3 ThePostRomanPottery ByCaroleFletcher B.3.1 AtotaloftwofragmentsofpostRomanpotterywererecoveredduringtheevaluation. A16gsherdofaGrimstonwaregreenglazejugdatingto wasrecovered fromditchorfurrow105,trench18anda43gsherdofpostmedievalblackglazed EarthenWarewasrecoveredfromfurrow55,Trench6. B.3.2 Thesesherdsofpotteryprobablyrelatetomanuringwithinthemedievalagricultural landscape. B.4 SmallFinds ByDenisSami Assemblage B.4.1 Findswererecoveredfromthetopsoil(142)withametaldetectorandinexcavated features(60,91,105,117).theassemblagecomprisesofanedwardiiisilverpenny,a copperalloydutchstuiver(apredecimalcurrency),aleadweight,threeironnailsand afragmentofpossiblecopperalloybucklepin. Condition B.4.2 SilvercoinSF5isingoodconditionanddespitebeingwornandslightlyclippedcanbe identified.stuiversf7despitesignsofoxidationandheavilyworncanbeidentified. Theleadweightiscompleteanddoesnotpresentsignsofoxidation.Theironobjects areincomplete(withtheexclusionofnailsf1thatiscomplete)andheavilyencrusted. B.4.3 AllobjectsarepackagedinpolythenebagswithfoamsupportandstoredinStewart boxeswiththesilicagelandhumidityindicatorstrips. Discussion B.4.4 Coinsaregenerallyassociatedwithtradeandarelostunintentionally,whileironnails represent multifunctional objects often associated with timber structures. Lead weightsarecommonfindsindomesticcontexts,buttheycanalsorelatetocommercial activity.apartfromsilvercoinsf5datingbetween134451anddutchstuiversf7 datingto1768,theremainingsfscanonlybegenerallydatedtothemedievaland postmedievalperiods. Catalogue SF1,(61.Ditch60,TR25) AcompleteFenailwithtaperedsquaresectionandpyramidalhead Length:67.32mm Thickness:6.47mm Weight:8.14g OxfordArchaeologyLtd 48 3August2017

59 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft SF2,(92,Ditch91,TR10) Incomplete Fe nail with tapered square sectionand flat, circularhead. The stemhas been bended formingaring Length:33.08mm Thickness:7.74mm Weight:1091g SF3,(106,Furrow105,TR18) Incomplete,unidentifiedCuAartefact,possiblyapinfromabuckle Length:19.09mm Thickness:2.22mm Weight:0.45g SF4,(127,Furrow117,TR19) IncompleteFe,nailwithrectangulartaperedstemandrectangularflathead Length:70.26mm Thickness:10.48mmx13.18mm Weight:0.043g SF5,(142,NearTR9) A complete somewhat worn and clipped, Edward III long cross silver penny, possibly third coinage ( AD),Londonmint Obv:[+EDWA]/R/[ANGL]/DNS/[HY]B.Bareshoulderedfacingbust,bifoliateopencrown. Rev:CIVI/TAS/[LON]/DON.Longcrossdividingtheinscriptionwiththreepelletsperquarter. Diameter:17.51mm Thickness:0.58mm Weight:1.03g SF6,(142) Acompleteoctagonalleadweight Length:49.96mm Thickness:26.34mm Weight:0.457(1lb) SF7,(142) AcompletewornCuA,DutchStuiverfromOverijsselprovincedatingto1768 OBV:Eaglebetweentworosettes.AboveOVER/YESSEL/1768 Rev:VIGILATE/ET/ORATE;crowedshieldwithlionrampantleft. Diameter:21.33 Thickness:1.11 Weight:2.13g OxfordArchaeologyLtd 49 3August2017

60 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 B.5 WorkedStone BySimonTimberlake B.5.1 Alargefragmentofslablikesaddlequernweighing1350gwasrecoveredfromfill136, ditch135,trench12.thisfragmentofsaddlequernhasbeenheataffectedandformed fromaglacialerraticquartzitesandstone. B.5.2 ThesetypesofsaddlequernarecommonlyfoundwithinfeaturesrangingtheIronAge period,andislikelytobeoflaterironagedate,basedonthedateofnearbyfeatures. B.6 CeramicBuildingMaterial ByTedLevermore Introduction B.6.1 A small assemblage of ceramic building material (CBM) was recovered from this evaluation(21fragments,1193g). Methodology B.6.2 Theassemblagewasquantifiedbycontext,fabricandformandcountedandweighed tothenearestwholegramme.fabricswereexaminedusingax20handlensandwere described by main inclusions present. Width, length and thickness were recorded wherepossible.woodforde(1976)andmccomish(2015)willbeusedasreferencefor identificationanddating. Results Cut Context Trench Feature Form Descr Date/ Period Comment Count Weight (g) Ditch Tile Fragment Roman Fragmentofflattile,verylikelyRoman Pit Brick Fragment Pit Brick Fragments LmedE Pmed LmedE Pmed Fragment of brick with dark greyblue 1 core Fragmentsofatleasttwobricks,made inasimilarfabrictothepantile/curved6 tilefromthesamecontext Pit Tile Curved Tile LmedE Pmed Fragments of rounded tile. Look to be fragments of pan tile or field drain. 10 Particularly soft, silty fabric with variablefiringcolours. 196 Pmed Pit Tile FieldDrain Mod Fragments of horseshoe field drain. Ferrousmaterialadheredtotheinside3 face.sandededges. 237 Total Table5:SummaryofCBMcatalogue OxfordArchaeologyLtd 50 3August2017

61 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft B.6.3 ThequantifieddataandfabricdescriptionsarepresentedonanExcelspreadsheetheld withthesitearchive.asummaryofthecataloguecanbefoundintable5. AssemblageandDiscussion B.6.4 Theassemblagewascollectedfrompit79,Trench9andfurrow71,Trench34.The formerproducedfragmentsoflatemedievaltomodernbrickandtile,andthelattera fragmentofprobableromantile. B.6.5 ThelatemedievaltomodernCBMcollectedrepresentslittlemorethantheuseofthe landscape.fielddrainsareverycommononfarmlandasareabradedpiecesofbrick usedformanuring.theromanfragmentissuggestiveofanolderuseofthearea,but ittooisonlyindicativeofthedispersalofmaterialthroughagriculturalactivity. B.7 FiredClay ByTedLevermore Introduction B.7.1 Asmallassemblageoffiredclaywasrecoveredfromthisevaluation(fourfragments, 27g). Methodology B.7.2 Theassemblagewasquantifiedbycontext,fabricandformandcountedandweighed tothenearestwholegramme.fabricswereexaminedusingax20handlensandwere described by main inclusions present. Width, length and thickness were recorded wherepossible. Results Cut Context Trench Feature Descr Date/Period Comment Count Weight(g) Pit object LIA/ERB V. Abraded, quartz sand&grogfabric Pit object LIA/ERB V. Abraded, quartz sandfabric Ditch object LIA/ERB V. Abraded, quartz sandfabric 2 19 Table6:FiredClayQuantification OxfordArchaeologyLtd 51 3August2017

62 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 APPENDIXC ENVIRONMENTALREPORTS C.1 AnimalBone ByHayleyFoster Introduction C.1.1 The animal bone from the evaluation represents faunal remains from thirteen differentcontexts(eightofwhichhaveidentifiablefragments)weighing1544gintotal. Thereare23fragmentsthatareidentifiable,detailedintheTable7,below.Mostof theremainscamefromcontextsdatingtothelaterironage.thespeciesrepresented includedcattle(bostaurus),sheep/goat(ovis/capra)andhorse(equuscabullus).the method used to quantify this assemblage was based on that used for Knowth by McCormick and Murray (2007) which is modified from Albarella and Davis (1996). Identification of the faunal remains was carried out at Oxford Archaeology East. ReferencestoHillson(1992),Schmid(1972),vondenDriesch(1976)wereusedwhere necessary. Context Species Element Count 136 Bos Humerus Equid Loosemaxillarytooth Bos Loosemaxillarytooth Bos Loosemaxillarytooth Bos Tibia Bos Metacarpal Bos Metatarsal Bos Scapula 1 39 Bos Metacarpal 1 97 Bos Metapodial Equid Metapodial Bos Calcaneum Bos Metatarsal 1 24 Equid Humerus 1 3 Bos FirstPhalanx 1 3 Bos Loosemandibulartooth 1 3 Ovis Mandible 1 98 Bos Pelvis 1 98 Bos Tibia 1 98 Bos SecondPhalanx 1 13 Ovis Mandible 1 13 LargeMammal Pelvis 1 13 Ovis Rib 1 Table7:TotalnumberofIdentifiableFragments(NISP)byspecies C.1.2 Cattleremainsrepresentedmostofthisfaunalassemblage.Thedataindicatesthat there was a minimum number of individuals (MNI) of one for cattle, one for sheep/goatandoneforhorse.therewerenounfusedelementsrecovered,suggesting OxfordArchaeologyLtd 52 3August2017

63 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft mostspecieswerematureoradults.thereisonesheep/goatmandiblethatcouldbe usedforageing,withamwsof16,indicatingtheanimalwasmatureatageofdeath. ThespeciesatSawtryaretypicaloftheanimalsthatwouldberepresentedinthefood economyandhusbandrypracticesonironagesites.however,sheep/goattypically dominateironageassemblages(albarella2007).asthisissuchasmallsampleit cannotbeconsideredrepresentativeoftypicalproportionsofspeciesatsuchsites. C.1.3 Overall the assemblage is fairly fragmentary and taphonomically several elements exhibitevidenceofrootetchingandasmallamountofcarnivoregnawing.thereisno evidenceofbutchery,burningorpathologynoted.theassemblageissmallinsize, thereforethepotentialforfurtherinvestigationissomewhatlimitedunlessfurther remainsarerecoveredduringanylaterphasesofwork. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 53 3August2017

64 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 C.2 EnvironmentalSamples ByRachelFosberry Introduction C.2.1 Nine bulk samples were taken from features within the evaluated area at Gidding Road,Sawtry,Cambridgeshireinordertoassessthequalityofpreservationofplant remainsandtheirpotentialtoprovideusefuldataaspartoffurtherarchaeological investigations.samplesweretakenfromfeaturesencounteredwithintrenches2,7, 12,13,14,18and19fromdepositsthatdatetothelaterIronAgetoEarlyRoman period. Methodology C.2.2 The samples were soaked in a solution of sodium carbonate for 24hrs prior to processingtobreakdowntheheavyclaymatrix.thetotalvolume(upto20l)ofeach ofthesampleswasprocessedbytankflotationusingmodifiedsirafftypeequipment fortherecoveryofpreservedplantremains,datingevidenceandanyotherartefactual evidencethatmightbepresent.thefloatingcomponent(flot)ofthesampleswas collectedina0.3mmnylonmeshandtheresiduewaswashedthrough10mm,5mm, 2mmanda0.5mmsieve. C.2.3 Thedriedflotswerescannedusingabinocularmicroscopeatmagnificationsuptox 60 and an abbreviated list of the recorded remains are presented in Table 1. Identification of plant remains is with reference to the Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands (Cappers et al. 2006) and the authors' own reference collection. NomenclatureisaccordingtoZoharyandHopf(2000)forcerealsandStace(1997)for other plants. Plant remains have been identified to species where possible. The identificationofcerealshasbeenbasedonthecharacteristicmorphologyofthegrains andchaffasdescribedbyjacomet(2006). Quantification C.2.4 Forthepurposeofthisinitialassessment,itemssuchasseedsandcerealgrainshave beenscannedandrecordedqualitativelyaccordingtothefollowingcategories: #=15,##=625specimens C.2.5 Itemsthatcannotbeeasilyquantifiedsuchascharcoalhasbeenscoredforabundance +=rare,++=moderate,+++=abundant Results C.2.6 Preservationofplantremainsispoortomoderate;mostoftheflotscompriserootlets whichmayhavecausedmovementofmaterialbetweencontexts.onlythreesamples containpreservedplantremains. C.2.7 Sample1,fill13ofditch11(Trench7)containsoccasionalcharredwheat(Triticumsp.) grainsthatarepoorlypreserved.itisinterestingtonotethateachoftheeightgrains OxfordArchaeologyLtd 54 3August2017

65 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft wererecoveredfromtheresidueratherthantheflotwhichisprobablyduetothe heavyclaymatrixofthesoilinhibitingflotation. C.2.8 Sample3,fill27ofditch29(Trench2)isthemostproductivesamplecontaininga diversecharredassemblagethatiscomprisedofspelt(t.spelta)wheat(grainsand chaff)andweedseeds.someofthespeltgrainsshowedsignsofgerminationwitha distinct dorsal groove and three detached embryos were also noted. The charred seedsareofweedsthatwouldhavebeengrowingamongstthecropsuchasbromes (Bromus sp.), ryegrass (Lolium sp.) and stinking mayweed (Anthemiscotula) along withseedsofplantsthataremorerepresentativeofpasture(andpossiblyhay)such as scentless mayweed (Tripleurspermum inodorum), buttercups (Ranunculus acris/repens/bulbosus)andgrasses(poaceae)andrushes(juncussp.).charredseeds ofelderberry(sambucusnigra)mayhavebeenincorporatedwiththeuseofscrubland plantsasfuelthereisevidencethattheditchcontainedwater,atleastseasonally, throughthepresenceoffruitsofduckweed(lemnasp.).thedepositappearstohave beenadeliberatedumpofcharredmaterialthatformedthemiddlefillofthispartof theditch.theprovenanceofsuchadepositislikelytohavebeenanoven,hearthor corndrier. C.2.9 Sample6,fill110ofpit/posthole109(Trench18)hadevidenceofinsituburningand producedlargelumpsofcharcoal. No. ctxt Cut Feature Tr Period Vol Proc.(L) FlotVol (ml) Cereals Chaff Weed Seed Charcoal Pot Small mammal bones Large mammal bones Ditch 7 ERB 10 2 ## ## # # Ditch 2 ERB ## 0 # Ditch 2 ERB 7 5 ## # ## + ## Ditch 14 LIA? Ditch 13 LIA Post Unda hole 18 ted # Post Unda hole 14 ted Ditch 12 LIA Ditch 19 LIA # 0 Table8:AssessmentofEnvironmentalSamples Discussion C.2.10 Therecoveryofcharredgrain,chaff,weedseedsandcharcoalindicatesthatthereis thepotentialforthepreservationofplantremainsatthissite,particularlyinthenorth west of the site where there is a possible settlement. The charred assemblage indicatesthatspeltwheatwascultivatedlocallyanditispossiblethatitwasbeing usedformaltingaswellasforflour. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 55 3August2017

66 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 OxfordArchaeologyLtd 56 3August2017 BIBLIOGRAPHY Albarella,U.2007.TheendoftheSheepAge:peopleandanimalsintheLateIronAge,389402,inC. HaselgroveandT.Moore(eds.),TheLaterIronAgeinBritainandBeyond.Oxford:Oxbow. Albarella,U.andDavis,S.J MammalsandbirdsfromLauncestonCastle,Cornwall:declinein statusandtheriseofagriculture,12(1),1156. Barclay,A.,Knight,D.,Booth,P.,Evans,J.,Brown,D.H.,Wood,I.,2016 AStandardforPottery StudiesinArchaeology,PrehistoricCeramicsResearchGroup,StudyGroupforRomanPottery (HistoricEngland). Brudenell,MandGilmour,N.,2017,WrittenSchemeofInvestigation.ArchaeologicalEvaluation. OxfordArchaeologyEast Cappers,R.T.J,BekkerR.M,andJans,J.E.A.2006DigitalSeedAtlasoftheNetherlands GroningenArchaeologicalStudies4,BarkhuisPublishing,Eelde,TheNetherlands. Clark,P.,2016,LandoffGiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire.ArchaeologicalDeskBased Assessment..CgmsConsulting Davis,S.J.1992.Arapidmethodforrecordinginformationaboutmammalbonesfromarchaeological site(amlreport19/92),london:englishheritage. Driesch,A.vondenandBoessneck,J KritischeAnmerkungenzurWiderristhohenberechnung auslangenmassenvorundfruhgeschichtlichertierknochen,22, Elsdon,S.1992.EastMidlandsScoredWare.TransactionsoftheLeicestershireArchaeologicaland HistoricalSociety66,8391. Grant,A Theuseoftoothwearasaguidetotheageofdomesticungulates,inB.Wilson,C. GrigsonandS.Payne(eds.),, (BritishArchaeologicalReportsBritishSeries109).Oxford:BAR. Hancocks,A,Evans,JandWoodward,A.,1998 PrehistoricandRomanPottery inellis,p.,hughes, G.,Leach,P.,Mould,CandSterenberg,J.,ExcavationsalongsideRomanErmineStreet, Cambridgeshire,1996,pp Harris,C.,2016,GeophysicalSurveyReportMSTL67ofLandoffGiddingRoad,Sawtry, Cambridgeshire.MagnitudeSurveys. Hill,J.D.,andHorne,L.2003.IronAgeandEarlyRomanpottery.InC.Evans,PowerandIsland Communities:ExcavationsattheWardyHillRingwork,Coveney,Ely,14584.Cambridge:EastAnglian ArchaeologyReport103. Hill,J.D.,andBraddock,P.2006.TheIronAgepottery.InC.EvansandI.Hodder,Marshland communitiesandculturallandscapes.thehaddenhamprojectvolume2, cambridge: McDonaldInstituteforArchaeologicalResearch.

67 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft Hillson,S LondonInstituteofArchaeology:UniversityCollegeLondon. Jacomet,S.2006Identificationofcerealremainsfromarchaeologicalsites.(2ndedition,2006) IPNA,UniversitätBasel/PublishedbytheIPAS,BaselUniversity. Jones,C.2008.AnarchaeologicalevaluationonlandatGiddingRoad, Sawtry,Cambridgeshire(UnpublishedReport) MagnitudeSurveys,2016, McCormick,F.andMurrayE Dublin:RoyalIrishAcademy. McComish,J.M YorkArchaeologicalTrust.Report Number2015/36.WebBasedReport. Moan,P.,2016,.OA EastGreyLiteratureReportNo.1874 Murphy,K.2011.ArchaeologicalexcavationonlandatGiddingRoad, Sawtry.ArchaeologicalProjectServicesReport52/11(UnpublishedReport) North,J.J,.1991.EnglishHammeredCoinage,VolumeII,EdwardItoCharlesII, , London Page,P,Atherton,.andHardy.,A.2005.Berentin'sManor.Excavationofthemoatedmanorat Harding'sField,Chalgrove,Oxfordshire19769,Oxford. Payne,S Killoffpatternsinsheepandgoats:themandiblefromAsvanKale, 23, PCRG2011.TheStudyofLaterPrehistoricPottery:GeneralPoliciesandGuidelinesforAnalysisand Publication.Oxford:PrehistoricCeramicsResearchGroupOccasionalPapers1and2(fourthedition) Perrin,R.J., 1999 RomanPotteryfromExcavationsatandneartotheRomanSmallTownof Durobrivae,WaterNewton,Cambridgeshire195658,J.RomanPotteryStud.8. Perrin,R.J., 1996 'TheRomanPottery'inD.F.Mackreth'OrtonHallFarm:ARomanandEarly AngloSaxonFarmstead',EastAnglianArchaeology,76, Schmid,E AmsterdamLondonNewYork:ElsevierPublishingCompany Silver,I.A.1970.TheAgeingofDomesticAnimals.InD.R.BrothwellandE.SHiggs(eds),Sciencein Archaeology:ASurveyofProgressandResearch,pp NewYork:PragerPublishing. OxfordArchaeologyLtd 57 3August2017

68 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 Slater,M.,2016,.UnpublishedWSIbyPreConstructArchaeologyLtd.Planningapp.No. 16/80139/COND Stace,C.,1997.Secondedition.CambridgeUniversityPress Thomas,A.,2017,BriefforArchaeologicalEvaluation, CambridgeshireHistoricalEnvironmentTeam,CambridgeshireCountyCouncil. Timby,J.,Brown,R.,Biddulph,E.,Hardy,A.,&Powell,A.,2007.OxfordWessexMonograph1 TyersP.,1996, RomanPotteryinBritain,London,Batsford. Welsh,K., CambridgeshireCountyCouncilArchaeologicalFieldUnit,ReportNo.103 Woodforde,J RoutledgeandKeganPaul Zohary,D.,Hopf,M.2000DomesticationofPlantsintheOldWorld Theoriginandspreadof cultivatedplantsinwestasia,europe,andthe.nilevalley.3rdedition.oxforduniversitypress ElectronicSources BritishGeologicalSurvey:Mapappshttp://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html(accessed 09/05/17) OxfordArchaeologyLtd 58 3August2017

69 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire. Draft APPENDIXD OASISREPORTFORM ProjectDetails OASISNumber Oxfordar ProjectName LandSouthWestoffMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire StartofFieldwork 24/04/17 EndofFieldwork 04/05/17 PreviousWork no FutureWork Notknown ProjectReferenceCodes SiteCode SWTGIR17 PlanningApp.No. 17/00077/OUT HERNumber ECB5095 RelatedNumbers Prompt NPPF DevelopmentType Residential PlaceinPlanningProcess Afterfulldetermination(eg.Asacondition) Techniquesused(tickallthatapply) AerialPhotography Grabsampling RemoteOperatedVehicleSurvey interpretation AerialPhotographynew Gravitycore SampleTrenches AnnotatedSketch LaserScanning Survey/Recordingof Fabric/Structure Augering MeasuredSurvey TargetedTrenches DendrochonologicalSurvey MetalDetectors TestPits DocumentarySearch PhosphateSurvey TopographicSurvey EnvironmentalSampling PhotogrammetricSurvey Vibrocore Fieldwalking PhotographicSurvey VisualInspection(InitialSiteVisit) GeophysicalSurvey RectifiedPhotography Monument Period Object Period Ditches LateIronAge( Chooseanitem. 100to43) Ditches Roman(43to410) Chooseanitem. Pits Roman(43to410) Chooseanitem. Insertmorelinesasappropriate. ProjectLocation County Cambridgeshire Address(includingPostcode) District Huntingdonshire LandSouthwestoffMillCottage Parish Sawtry GiddingRoad HERoffice Cambridge Sawtry SizeofStudyArea 0,098kmsq Cambridgeshire NationalGridRef TL PE285UJ ProjectOriginators Organisation OAEAST ProjectBriefOriginator AndyThomas OxfordArchaeologyLtd 59 3August2017

70 LandSouthWestofMillCottage,GiddingRoad,Sawtry,Cambridgeshire Draft2 ProjectDesignOriginator DrMatthewBrudenell ProjectManager DrMatthewBrudenell ProjectSupervisor PatrickMoan ProjectArchives Location ID PhysicalArchive(Finds) CCCStores ECB5095 DigitalArchive OAEast SWTGIR17 PaperArchive CCCStores ECB5095 PhysicalContents Present? Digitalfiles associatedwith Finds Paperwork associatedwith Finds AnimalBones Ceramics Environmental Glass HumanRemains Industrial Leather Metal Stratigraphic Survey Textiles Wood WorkedBone WorkedStone/Lithic None Other DigitalMedia PaperMedia Database AerialPhotos GIS ContextSheets Geophysics Correspondence Images(Digitalphotos) Diary Illustrations(Figures/Plates) Drawing MovingImage Manuscript Spreadsheets Map Survey Matrices Text Microfiche VirtualReality Miscellaneous Research/Notes Photos(negatives/prints/slides) Plans Report Sections OxfordArchaeologyLtd 60 3August2017

71 Site location Site location N MCB21910 MCB / m 1:5000

72 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number Key Limit of excavation Agricultural (strong) Agricultural (weak) Archaeological possible (strong) Archaeological possible (weak) Archaeological probable (strong) Archaeological probable (weak) Ferrous (dipolar) Ferrous (spread) Undetermined (strong) Undetermined (weak) Undetermined (spread) Historic field boundaries 0 50m 1:1500 Tr.1 Tr.2 Tr.7 Tr.8 Tr.9 Tr.18 Tr.19 Tr.20 Tr.21 Tr.23 Tr.29 Tr.30 Tr.36 Gidding lane Tr.6 Tr.10 Tr.3 Tr.5 Tr.4 Tr.11 Tr.12 Tr.17 Tr.22 Tr.24 Tr.28 Tr.31 Tr.34 Tr.35 Tr.14 Tr.13 Tr.15 Tr.16 Tr Tr.32 Tr.25 Tr.26 Tr east east east Figure 2: Location of trenches overlain on geophysical survey results

73 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number S Tr.2 Tr.1 S.6 36 S S.21 Tr.7 Tr S.5 18 Tr S.14 Tr.18 Tr S Tr.20 Tr Tr.23 Tr.29 Tr.30 Tr m 1: Tr.6 53 S Tr.10 Tr.3 Tr S.11 S.12 Tr.12 Tr.17 Tr.22 Tr.24 Tr.4 Tr.11 Tr.28 Tr.31 Tr.34 Tr S S.34 Tr.13 Tr Key s S Tr Tr.14 Tr.15 Tr Tr.26 Tr.32 Tr Limit of excavation Section Break of slope Evaluation Trench Cut number Furrow Archaeological feature Excavated segment Modern feature Natural feature east east east Figure 3: Plan of Trenches

74 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number N 6 S Tr.8 Tr.2 90 Tr.3 Tr.5 Tr.1 29 S.6 36 S S Tr.7 Tr.6 Tr.10 Tr.12 Tr S.14 Tr.18 Tr S Tr.4 Tr.11 Tr.14 Tr.13 Key Tr.15 Limit of excavation Section Tr.16 Break of slope Tr.23 Figure 4: Plan of northern trenches, overlain on geophysical survey and showing historic field boundaries mapped from 1809 Inclosure and subsequent maps. Tr.17 Tr.20 Tr.21 Tr Gidding lane S S.5 18 S S S m 67 1: Tr s S Evaluation Trench Cut number 58 Furrow Archaeological feature Excavated segment Modern feature Tr.25 Natural feature Historic field boundaries east east east Tr.29 Tr.27 Tr.26

75 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080 Key s Limit of excavation Furrow Section Archaeological feature Break of slope Excavated segment Evaluation Trench Historic field boundaries Cut number Modern feature Tr.1 6 S Tr S.6 36 S Figure 4a: Detailed plan of Trenches 1-5 Tr Gidding lane Tr.6 53 S.13 Tr.5 S.11 Tr Tr : Tr.11 N 50 m east east east S Tr

76 east Tr.2 east east S.6 36 N S Tr.7 Tr S Tr.8 S S S.12 Tr.10 Tr S.14 Key s.123 Limit of excavation Section Break of slope Tr.18 Archaeological feature Excavated segment Modern feature Evaluation Trench Natural feature 141 Tr.19 Cut number Furrow Historic field boundaries m 1:500 Figure 4b: Detailed plan of Trenches Oxford Archaeology East Report Number

77 east east east N Tr.11 Tr.14 Tr.12 Tr S S Key Limit of excavation Archaeological feature s.123 Section Excavated segment Break of slope Modern feature Evaluation Trench Natural feature 0 20 m 141 Cut number Historic field boundaries 1:500 Furrow Figure 4c: Detailed plan of Trenches Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080 Tr.17 Tr.15

78 east east east Tr.19 Tr N S Tr.20 Tr.21 Key Limit of excavation s.123 Section Break of slope Evaluation Trench 141 Cut number Furrow Archaeological feature Excavated segment 93 Modern feature Natural feature Historic field boundaries 0 20 m 1:500 Figure 4d: Detailed plan of Trenches Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080 Tr.23

79 east east east N Tr.15 Tr.16 r Key Limit of excavation s.123 Section 141 Break of slope Evaluation Trench Cut number Furrow Archaeological feature Tr.25 Excavated segment 60 Modern feature Natural feature Historic field boundaries 0 20 m 1:500 Tr.26 Figure 4e: Detailed plan of Trenches 15, 16 and 25 Tr.27 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

80 east east east 0 1 m 1:25 Figure 5a: Selected Sections Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

81 east east east 0 1 m 1:25 Figure 5b: Selected Sections Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

82 Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080 N Key Limit of excavation Modern Post medieval Late medieval Early Roman Late Iron Age 0 50m 1:1500 Gidding lane 6 S S.6 36 S S.13 S S S S S.11 S S S S east east east Figure 6: Features with datable finds

83 east east east Plate 1: Trench 1 from the west Plate 2: Trench 2 from the south-west Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

84 east east east Plate 3: Ditch 11 (Trench 7) from the north-east Plate 4: Ditch 135 (Trench12) from the west Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

85 east east east Plate 5: Ditch 95 (Trench 13) from the south Plate 6: Trench 14 from the north-west Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

86 east east east Plate 7: Ditch 66 and Pit 63 (Trench 14) from the north-west Plate 8: Trench 19 from the south-east Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

87 Plate 9: Ditch 60 (Trench 25) looking north-east Plate 10: Ditch 73 (Trench 34) looking west Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

88 Plate 11: Trench 35, looking east Plate 12: Trench 36, looking south-south-east Oxford Archaeology East Report Number 2080

89