Integrated Pest Management of Thrips. Rose Buitenhuis

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3 Integrated Pest Management of Thrips Rose Buitenhuis

generation time Good detoxification mechanisms

4 Why are thrips so difficult to control? Non-susceptible stages Thigmotactic behaviour eggs in leaf tissue, pupate in substrate Rapid population increase High fecundity, short generation time Good detoxification mechanisms Wide host range Photo: Luis Canas Photo: OMAFRA Strong selection Haplodiploid

Need for change Many chemicals to control thrips Rapid development of resistance (>30 active ingredients) Pesticide treadmill Drivers for change Market demand for

5 Need for change Many chemicals to control thrips Rapid development of resistance (>30 active ingredients) Pesticide treadmill Drivers for change Market demand for sustainable production Environmental and health regulations Export requirements Pesticides incompatible with biocontrol Direct toxicity, sub-lethal effects Residues

6 From roadblock to cornerstone Lack of effective registered products + resistance Research effort on biocontrol of thrips Estimated >70% of biocontrol budget spent on thrips Drives need for biocontrol of other pests

7 Biocontrol use in Ontario floriculture Don't use bios Start to finish Beginning only Only at certain times of the growing season 2014 survey of ornamental growers in Ontario (97 responses)

8 Barriers to biocontrol uptake Biocontrol is seen as less reliable and more expensive than chemicals. replacement mentality Can t do a little bit of biocontrol High initial investment =?

9 Paradigm shift Biocontrol-based IPM is: Preventative, long-term approach Redesign the production ecosystem to address underlying weaknesses that have allowed organisms to reach pest status Ideal system: Pest rarely reach damaging levels Plants are better able to tolerate injury Conventional pesticides are rarely required

10 IPM 2.0: systems approach Consider all factors affecting pest abundance Right control agents Effective Pest control Right plant Right environment

11 Systems approach to thrips IPM Right control agents Nematodes and fungi Predators and parasitoids Supplemental food/banker plants Pesticides Effective Pest control Right plant Genetic/induced resistance Fertilizer/irrigation Right environment Exclusion/sanitation Pest-free material Mass trapping

Production Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi Predators/parasitoids

12 Thrips IPM from start to finish Preparation Resistant varieties Propagation Exclusion/sanitation Start with pest-free plant material Production Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi Predators/parasitoids Banker plants, supplemental food) Mass trapping Fertilizer/irrigation Pesticides Evaluation

management needs Increased scouting of known

13 Plan for success Healthy and resistant plants Identify resistant, susceptible and tolerant species/varieties Scouting and IPM records Choose wisely Market demand Pest management needs Increased scouting of known troublemakers No damage does not always mean no pests!

14 How do pests get in the crop? Fly/crawl in from outside Previous crops/weeds On introduced plant material Scouting records help predict future outbreaks

15 Pests/100 cuttings Pests on cuttings Low numbers on cuttings Hard to detect life stages Rapid life cycle Resistant Residues cut chrysanthemum cuttings spider mites thrips

16 Actions Scout incoming propagative material Assume propagative material will be infested Mitigate early: cutting dips

Cutting dips Lessons learned from poinsettia dips against Bemisia:

lower than spray rates due to phytotoxicity Compatible with whitefly

Economical Label expansion How to dip: https://youtu.

17 Cutting dips Lessons learned from poinsettia dips against Bemisia: Insecticidal soap, oil, entomopathogenic fungi or a combination Dip rates lower than spray rates due to phytotoxicity Compatible with whitefly parasitoids and predatory mites Low risk of disease transfer through dip Economical Label expansion How to dip: Buitenhuis et al, 2016 Smitley et al, unpublished data Brownbridge et al, Romero, 2011

18 AFE-funded research Effective products and rates against thrips on spring bedding plants, chrysanthemum and mini roses Compare dips (at Vineland) with heavy spray application (at MSU)

Calibrachoa Geranium 1 Ivy geranium Double

19 Calibrachoa Geranium 1 Ivy geranium Double impatiens Impatiens Ipomea Lantana Osteospermum Petunia 1 Petunia 2 Mini rose Cutting dips - phytotoxicity Control BotaniGard Kopa 0.5% +BotaniGard Kopa 2% Kopa 0.5% Landsc. oil 0.5% Nemasys SuffOil-X 0.5% SuffOil-X 0.1% Vegol 2%

of SuffOil-X suppressed rooting in some chrysanthemum varieties Dips and heavy

20 Cutting dips - phytotoxicity Plants often recover from initial moderate phytotoxicity Potential of delayed flowering in Petunia Landscape oil and high rate of SuffOil-X suppressed rooting in some chrysanthemum varieties Dips and heavy spray(s) seem safe for most tested plant species Efficacy tests of non-phytotoxic treatments ongoing

Front loading a biocontrol program Start as early as

will establish after 1 or 2 introductions, other

predatory mites (Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius

21 Front loading a biocontrol program Start as early as possible Dalotia (=Atheta), Stratiolaelaps (=Hypoaspis) will establish after 1 or 2 introductions, other biocontrol agents need regular introductions Broadcast of predatory mites (Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius swirskii) is very efficient when crop is pot tight Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes

biocontrol agents BotaniGard, Met52 spray +

22 Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes Knock down of pest populations, if necessary Compatible with many biocontrol agents BotaniGard, Met52 spray + beneficials on foliage Soil application Met52 + nematodes and predators

23 Application of fungi Preventative: 3 sprays at 7d interval Good spray coverage essential Cold fogging is possible (BotaniGard) Apply Met52 to substrate against thrips pupae Villalobus Moya et al., 2011

24 Mean number of nematode/g of dry soil Application of nematodes No plant Plant t = 0 t = 2 weeks t = 4 weeks t = 6 weeks t = 8 weeks

25 Predatory mites Backbone of thrips IPM strategies Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius swirskii Which mite to choose? Formulations and release strategies Tips for use of slow-release sachets Graeme Murphy

26 Formulations loose product

27 Formulations slow release sachets

28 Number of N. cucumeris Formulations slow release sachets Weeks after release

29 Using Mites: Sachet placement Mean temp ( C) Mean relative humidity (%) Plant sachet Plant sachet Sticky card Date 40.0 Date

30 No. of Cucumeris Using Mites: Sachet placement In situ sachet Sticky card sachet 0 W1 W2 W3 Weeks after release

31 Supplemental food/banker plants Help establishment and persistence of biocontrol agents Predatory mites Orius insidiosus Biobest group

32 Combining bios so there s no escape! Slide courtesy of Sarah Jandricic, OMAFRA

33 Mass trapping Easiest way to take pests out of circulation

34 Pests may benefit from excess fertilizer Slow down pest population increase = better biocontrol performance. (Chow et al., 2012) (Spiers et al, 2011)

35 Pesticides Pesticides registered for thrips control in ornamental greenhouses in 2015 x x x Organophosphates Orthene, Dursban, Malathion, DDVP?? Synthetic x x pyrethroids Decis Success Beleaf?? Poor control of WFT Kontos? } Pylon? } Phytotoxicity issues, biocontrol incompatibility, efficacy? Landscape oil cutting dip and foliar spray All 4 registered within the last 2-3 years

36 Don t forget the I in IPM Compatibility of different thrips IPM strategies Compatibility with IPM for other pests Integration with production practices

37 Challenges for thrips IPM in warmer climates Greenhouses open to the outside, pests come in Important to manage surrounding landscape Natural enemies can also come in Year-round pest pressure Year-round good climate for biocontrol agents Need to develop strategies adapted to local conditions Examples of successful biocontrol Southern Spain IOBC WPRS Working Group "Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Mediterranean Climate".

Set yourself up for success Biocontrol-based

Awareness of potential threats Plant resistance

38 Set yourself up for success Biocontrol-based IPM is cost-effective and a sustainable, long-term approach to pest management in greenhouse floriculture. Awareness of potential threats Plant resistance Start clean Start early Combinations of biocontrol agents Fit in the production system

39 Resources Also see: IPM series in Greenhouse Canada (May-Oct 2017), incl. how to videos ONfloriculture blog

Acknowledgments American Floral Endowment Neudorff BioWorks Ball Horticultural Dümmen Flowers Canada BioLine Agrosciences Koppert Canada Biobest Canada ANBP Westbrook Greenhouses Schenck farms Scott

40 Acknowledgments American Floral Endowment Neudorff BioWorks Ball Horticultural Dümmen Flowers Canada BioLine Agrosciences Koppert Canada Biobest Canada ANBP Westbrook Greenhouses Schenck farms Scott Street greenhouses Meyers flowers Boekestyn greenhouses Dr. David Smitley (MSU) Dr. Anissa Poleatewich Dr. Michael Brownbridge Ashley Summerfield Wonhyo Lee Mark Jandricic Dr. Michelangelo LaSpina Dr. Sarah Jandricic (OMAFRA) Graeme Murphy (BioLogical Solutions)

41 Thank You Contact Information: Dr. Rose Buitenhuis Research Scientist Biological Control

problems early Nematodes: https://youtu.

43 QA and monitoring of biocontrol agents Reduced reaction time by detecting potential problems early Nematodes: Predatory mites:

Biocontrol of thrips: From roadblock to cornerstone. Rose Buitenhuis Maryland Greenhouse Growers Association Aug 6, 2014

Biocontrol of thrips: From roadblock to cornerstone Rose Buitenhuis Maryland Greenhouse Growers Association Aug 6, 2014 From roadblock... Western flower thrips became an invasive species in the 80 Thigmotactic