Yes, we can! Integrated control of Pythium root rot in flower bulb production
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1 Yes, we can! Integrated control of Pythium root rot in flower bulb production Gera van Os, Marjan de Boer, Suzanne Breeuwsma, Jan van der Bent, Peter Vreeburg, Paul van Leeuwen, Jos Raaijmakers, Irene de Bruijn, Judith van de Mortel
2 Dutch flower bulb production
3 Important cultivation area behind the Dutch dunes Dune area has been levelled, resulting in arable land: Sandy soil Easy tillage Well drained Groundwater level: - 50 cm Soil organic matter 1% ph 7, calcium rich Exclusively bulb crops rotation 1:4
4 Pythium root rot is a huge problem Hyacinth Several Pythium species: P. intermedium P. irregulare P. ultimum and others Iris Reduction of bulb yield Crocus
5 Conventional chemical control of Pythium Fumigants: Dichloropropene - not allowed Metamsodium - allowed 1:5, not effective One fungicide available, with insufficient effect (Metalaxyl)
6 Biological control of Pythium Research focus: Soil organic matter and general disease suppression Green manure crops Antagonist Combinations IPM principles: Measures for prevention and suppression Non-chemical methods to be preferred.
7 General disease suppression Competition for food and space by the soil microflora can suppress Pythium. Untreated soil with natural soil microflora Sterilized soil without soil microflora Destruction of the soil microflora eliminates disease suppression.
8 Organic matter and disease suppression Addition of organic matter may increase microbial biomass and biodiversity: Stable organic matter > variation in physical and chemical soil properties Decomposable organic matter > food for microflora and by doing so: Increase in SOM may stimulate the soil microflora and improve general disease suppression.
9 Organic matter and disease suppression Creating three levels of soil organic matter (SOM) with 95% peat + 5% cattle manure 0.7 % SOM 1.2 % SOM 2.4 % SOM TopSoil+ ( )
10 Soil organic matter and disease suppression Bioassay: Percentage root rot in Hyacinth after inoculation with Pythium (LSD=6.3) a a pasteurized soil natural soil a b c d % 1.4% 2.4% Soil Organic Matter Less disease at higher SOM TopSoil+ ( )
11 Soil organic matter and disease suppression Additional after inoculation compost with (stable Pythium OM) (LSD=11) 30 t/ha compost 30 ton/ha, 60 ton/ha 60 t/ha compost 80 Greenmanure crops: a 60 (decomposable b OM) b b Fodder radish and Avena strigosa* Soil samples from commercial fields Percentage root rot in Hyacinth c 0 none Fodder radish A. strigosa Green manure crop Additional compost + A. strigosa enhanced disease suppression. * Luxurial, Innoseeds
12 Biological control of Pythium: antagonist Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101*: Originating from Dutch agricultural soil Colonizes the root surface SS101 genome has been sequenced Modes of action: Biosurfactants destroy Pythium zoöspores Competition on the root surface Stimulation of plant growth P.B. Hamm, APSnet *Genes, regulation etc investigated by Jos Raaijmakers and co workers, Phytopathology Wageningen University
13 P. fluorescens SS101 Bioassay: Soil infested with Pythium 100 Percentage root rot in Hyacinth a a 40 b 20 Untreated control With SS101 0 Untreated SS101 wt SS101 biosurfact. - Minimal inoculum dosage of 5 * 10 7 cfu/ml SS101 is necessary for significant disease reduction.
14 P. fluorescens SS101 Bioassay: Non-infested control treatments Without SS101 With SS101 SS101 promotes root growth in Hyacinth and Arabidopsis*. *Jos Raaijmakers and co workers, Phytopathology Wageningen University
15 Fieldexperiment in infested soil Implementation of measures within the crop rotation: Pseudomonas SS101 Ridomil Gold Combination of both Applied at planting in successive years Hosta Dahlia Tulip Hyacinth Results after four years in Hyacinth (2012): Root colonization Bulb yield
16 Fieldexperiment in infested soil SS101 root colonization on Hyacinth March 2012 b b cfu/g root * 10 7 cfu/ml SS101 (rifampicin resistant) was poured over the bulbs at planting. 1 a a none Ridomil SS101 SS101 + Ridomil Treatment at planting October 2011
17 Fieldexperiment in infested soil Hyacinth on Pythium infested soil (May) 0 No treatment P Pseudomonas SS101 R Ridomil Gold C Combination SS101 + Ridomil Gold Relative bulb weigth Hyacinth bulb yield 2012 (LSD=3.3) a c a P 0-0-P R 0-0-C-C Treatment in successive years SS101 increased bulb yield, but did not fully control Pythium. b c
18 Practical application Commercial production SS101 is under investigation. Individual measures do not fully control Pythium root rot. A combination of measures is needed. Therefore, an integrated control strategy will be the answer, using various measures with different modes of action!
19 Integrated control strategy against Pythium For the growers, this will need a change in way of thinking. Ridomil Gold Additional Compost P.fluorescens SS101 Crop rotation Green manure crops Soil Health Management Strategy
20 Thank you for your attention.
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